Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonunlar mamlakatlar bo'yicha - Freedom of information laws by country

Ushbu maqolada bir nechta muammolar mavjud. Iltimos yordam bering uni yaxshilang yoki ushbu masalalarni muhokama qiling munozara sahifasi. (Ushbu shablon xabarlarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) Ushbu maqola foydalanish tashqi havolalar Vikipediya qoidalari yoki ko'rsatmalariga amal qilmasligi mumkin. Iltimos ushbu maqolani yaxshilang olib tashlash orqali haddan tashqari yoki noo'rin tashqi havolalar va kerak bo'lganda foydali havolalarni aylantirish izohlarga havolalar. (2013 yil oktyabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) Ushbu maqola bo'lishi kerak yangilangan. Iltimos, ushbu maqolani so'nggi voqealarni yoki yangi mavjud ma'lumotlarni aks ettirish uchun yangilang. (2015 yil sentyabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Axborot erkinligi qonunlar milliy hukumatlar tomonidan saqlanadigan ma'lumotlarga keng jamoatchilik tomonidan kirishga ruxsat berish. Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonunchilikning paydo bo'lishi hukumat siyosatini ishlab chiqish va qaror qabul qilish bilan bog'liq maxfiylikdan noroziligining kuchayishiga javob bo'ldi.^[1] Ular "bilish huquqi" qonuniy jarayonini o'rnatadilar, bunda hukumat nazorati ostidagi ma'lumotlarga talablar berilishi, bepul yoki minimal narxlarda olinishi mumkin, standart istisnolar taqiqlanadi. Shuningdek, turli xil deb nomlanadi yozuvlarni ochish, yoki quyosh nurlari to'g'risidagi qonunlar (ichida Qo'shma Shtatlar ), hukumatlar odatda ochiqlikni e'lon qilish va targ'ib qilish majburiyatiga bog'liqdir. Ko'pgina mamlakatlarda ma'lumot olish huquqining konstitutsiyaviy kafolatlari mavjud, ammo agar qo'llab-quvvatlash bo'yicha aniq qonunchilik mavjud bo'lmasa, odatda foydalanilmaydi. Bundan tashqari, Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Barqaror rivojlanish 16-maqsad hisobot beradigan, inklyuziv va adolatli institutlarni ta'minlash vositasi sifatida jamoatchilikning ma'lumotlarga ega bo'lishini ta'minlash va asosiy erkinliklarni himoya qilish maqsadiga ega.^[2]

Kirish

Dunyo bo'ylab 100 dan ortiq mamlakatlar ba'zi bir shakllarini amalga oshirdilar axborot erkinligi qonunchilik.^[3][4] Shvetsiya "s Matbuot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun 1766 yil dunyodagi eng qadimiy hisoblanadi.^[5][6]

Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonunlarning aksariyati xususiy sektorni o'z yurisdiktsiyasidan chiqarib tashlaydi, shu sababli xususiy sektor egallagan ma'lumotlarga qonuniy huquq sifatida kirish mumkin emas. Ushbu cheklash jiddiy oqibatlarga olib keladi, chunki xususiy sektor ilgari davlat sektori bo'lgan ko'plab funktsiyalarni bajaradi. Natijada, ilgari ommaviy bo'lgan ma'lumotlar endi xususiy sektorga tegishli bo'lib, xususiy pudratchilar ma'lumotni oshkor qilishga majbur etilmaydi.^[7]

Boshqa mamlakatlarda bunday qonunlarni joriy etish bo'yicha ish olib borilmoqda va milliy qonunchilikka ega bo'lgan mamlakatlarning ko'plab mintaqalarida mahalliy qonunlar mavjud. Masalan, AQShning barcha shtatlarida shtat va mahalliy soliq sub'ektlariga tegishli davlat hujjatlariga kirish huquqini tartibga soluvchi qonunlar mavjud. Bundan tashqari, AQShning Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonuni federal hukumatga tegishli hujjatlarni ro'yxatdan o'tkazishni boshqaradi.

Bunga tegishli tushuncha ochiq uchrashuvlar qonunchilik, bu nafaqat hukumat yig'ilishlariga, balki ularning yozuvlariga kirish huquqini beradi. Ko'pgina mamlakatlarda, maxfiylik yoki ma'lumotlarni himoya qilish qonunlar axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun hujjatlarining bir qismi bo'lishi mumkin; tushunchalar ko'pincha siyosiy nutqda bir-biriga chambarchas bog'liqdir.

Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonunchilikning asosiy tamoyillaridan biri bu dalil yuki tanaga tushadi deb so'radi shaxs uchun emas, balki ma'lumot uchun so'rab buning uchun. So'rovni yuborgan shaxs, odatda, o'z xatti-harakatlari uchun tushuntirish berishga majbur emas, ammo agar ma'lumot oshkor etilmasa, uzrli sabab ko'rsatilishi kerak.

2015 yilda YuNESKO Bosh konferentsiya 28 sentabrni "Xalqaro ma'lumotga ega bo'lishning xalqaro kuni" deb belgilashga ovoz berdi yoki odatda ma'lum bo'lganidek, Axborot olish kuni. Ushbu sana ilgari 2002 yildan beri "Bilish huquqi kuni" sifatida nishonlanib kelinmoqda. YuNESKO qarori tomonidan tasdiqlanishi tavsiya etiladi BMT Bosh assambleyasi.^[8]

Mamlakatlar bo'yicha qonunchilik

Ushbu bo'lim uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Ma'lumot manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. (2010 yil fevral) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Albaniya

Yilda Albaniya, 1998 yil konstitutsiyasi ma'lumot olish huquqini kafolatlaydi; buni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi qonunchilik - bu Qonun. 119/2014 "Axborot olish huquqi to'g'risida" (Ligji № 119/2014 "Për të drejtën e informimit"). Qonun davlat sektori tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan yoki egalik qiluvchi ma'lumotlarga kirish huquqini tartibga soladi. Ushbu qonunda keltirilgan qoidalar amalda shaxsning huquqlari va erkinliklarini o'z zimmasiga olish, shuningdek, davlat va jamiyatning ahvoli to'g'risida fikrlarni shakllantirish doirasida jamoatchilikning ma'lumotlarga ega bo'lishini ta'minlash uchun belgilangan. , davlat sektori organlarining ochiqligi va hisobdorligi. Ushbu qonunda nazarda tutilgan huquqlar buzilgan deb hisoblagan har bir shaxs ma'muriy ravishda Axborot va ma'lumotlarni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha komissarga shikoyat bilan murojaat qilish huquqiga ega.^[9]

Argentina

Yilda Argentina, "Axborotdan foydalanish to'g'risida" gi qonun (Ley 27.275) 2016 yilda qabul qilingan.

Armaniston

Axborot erkinligi to'g'risida qonun^[10] 2003 yil 23 sentyabrda parlament tomonidan bir ovozdan ma'qullangan va 2003 yil noyabrda kuchga kirgan.

Avstraliya

Yilda Avstraliya, Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun 1982 yil federal darajada 1982 yilda qabul qilingan bo'lib, Hamdo'stlikning barcha "vazirlari, idoralari va davlat hokimiyati organlariga" tegishli. Ushbu hujjat 2010 yilda Radd hukumati tomonidan o'zgartirildi va axborot erkinligini yanada rivojlantirish maqsadida axborot komissari hukumat idorasini tashkil etdi.

Barcha shtatlar va hududlarda o'xshash qonunchilik mavjud:

• Avstraliya poytaxti hududi Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun 1989 yil^[11]
• Yangi Janubiy Uels, Hukumat haqida ma'lumot (jamoatchilikka kirish to'g'risida) qonun 2009 y^[12]
• Shimoliy hudud, Axborot to'g'risidagi qonun 2003 yil^[13]
• Kvinslend, Axborot olish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun 2009 y^[14]
• Janubiy Avstraliya, Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun 1991 yil^[15]
• Tasmaniya Axborot olish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun 2009 y^[16]
• Viktoriya, Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun 1982 yil^[17]
• G'arbiy Avstraliya, Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun 1992 yil^[18]

Ozarbayjon

Yilda Ozarbayjon, Axborot olish to'g'risida qonun 2005 yilda qabul qilingan. U kuchga kirdi. Ilgari 1998 yilda "Axborot erkinligi to'g'risida" gi qonun qabul qilingan, ammo 2005 yilgi qonun rasmiy ma'lumotlarga kirish uchun batafsilroq va xavfsizroq tartibga solishni ta'minladi.

Bangladesh

2008 yil 21 oktyabrda Bangladesh muvaqqat hukumati Bangladesh gazetasida hindlarga erkin asoslanib, ma'lumot olish huquqi to'g'risidagi farmon (2008 y. 50-son) chiqarilgan. Axborot olish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun, 2005.^[19] Farmon 2009 yil 29 martda Bangladeshning amaldagi hukumati tomonidan ushbu parlamentning birinchi sessiyasida qabul qilingan A2i dastur qismi Vizyon 2021, a siyosiy manifest ning Bangladesh Avami ligasi g'alaba qozonishdan oldin partiya 2008 yilgi milliy saylovlar.

Belgiya

Konstitutsiyaning 32-moddasiga 1993 yilda hukumat tasarrufidagi hujjatlar bilan tanishish huquqi kiritilgan o'zgartishlar kiritilgan.

Beliz

Yilda Beliz, Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun 1998 yilda qabul qilingan bo'lib, 2000 yilda o'zgartirilgan va hozirda amal qilmoqda, ammo hukumat komissiyasi "Qonundan unchalik ko'p foydalanilmagan" deb ta'kidladi.^[20]

Butan

Butan Milliy Assambleyasi RTI to'g'risidagi qonunni 2014 yil fevral oyida qabul qildi. Uning maqsadi - jamoatchilikka ma'lumot olish huquqini berish orqali korruptsiyani oldini olish.

Bosniya va Gertsegovina

Bosniya va Gersegovina (BiH) Bolqon mintaqasida birinchi bo'lib Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonunni qabul qildi. Axborot olish erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun yoki FOIA - 2000 yil 17 noyabrda Bosniya va Gertsegovina Parlament Assambleyasi tomonidan qabul qilingan. Ikkala federal tashkilotlar - Srpska Respublikasi va Bosniya va Gertsegovina Federatsiyasi - axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonunlarni 2001 yilda qabul qildilar. Srpska Respublikasining Axborot olish erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun va Bosniya va Gertsegovina Federatsiyasi uchun Axborot olish erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun navbati bilan.

FOIA qonuni BiH davlat darajasida ikki marta o'zgargan. Birinchi o'zgartirish 2006 yilda qabul qilingan bo'lib, BH ma'muriy qonunchiligi doirasida huquqiy himoyani kuchaytirishga imkon berdi. Ikkinchi o'zgartirish 2009 yil dekabr oyida bo'lib o'tdi, unda belgilangan qoidabuzarliklar uchun qonuniy jazo qo'llanildi.

Braziliya

Yilda Braziliya, Konstitutsiyaning 5-moddasi, XXXIII moddasida "har kim o'z manfaati yoki jamoat manfaatlari to'g'risida ma'lumotni qonun hujjatlarida belgilangan muddat ichida beriladigan jamoat tashkilotlaridan olish huquqiga ega" deb belgilab qo'yilgan. Shuningdek, Federal qonunchilikning 8.159 / 1991 yildagi 22-moddasida "ommaviy hujjatlarga to'liq kirish" huquqi berilgan. 2011 yilda qabul qilingan va 2012 yilda kuchga kiradigan nizom (2011 yil 28 noyabrda e'lon qilingan 12.527 / 2011 Federal qonuni). davlat tomonidan beriladigan ma'lumotlarning tartibi va jadvalini tartibga soladi.

Bolgariya

Ushbu bo'lim bo'lishi kerak yangilangan. Iltimos, ushbu maqolani so'nggi voqealarni yoki yangi mavjud ma'lumotlarni aks ettirish uchun yangilang. (2017 yil fevral)

Yilda Bolgariya, Ommaviy axborotdan foydalanish to'g'risidagi qonun Konstitutsiyaviy sudning 1996 yilda bunday qonunni amalga oshirish bo'yicha tavsiyasidan so'ng, 2000 yilda qabul qilingan.

Kanada

Yilda Kanada, Axborotdan foydalanish to'g'risidagi qonun fuqarolarga federal organlardan yozuvlarni talab qilishga imkon beradi. Ushbu hujjat 1983 yilda kuchga kirdi Per Trudeau hukumat, kanadaliklarga hukumat hujjatlaridan ma'lumot olishga ruxsat berib, qanday ma'lumotlarga kirish mumkinligini belgilab, javob berish muddatlarini belgilab qo'ying.^[21] Bu tomonidan amalga oshiriladi Kanada axborot komissari.

Bir-birini to'ldiruvchi ham mavjud Maxfiylik to'g'risidagi qonun 1983 yilda kiritilgan. Maqsad Maxfiylik to'g'risidagi qonun himoya qiladigan Kanadaning ushbu qonunlarini kengaytirishdir maxfiylik federal hukumat muassasasi tomonidan saqlanadigan va shaxslarga ushbu ma'lumotlarga kirish huquqini beradigan shaxsiy ma'lumotlarga nisbatan shaxslarning. Bu Mualliflik huquqi. Qonunning buzilishi mumkinligi to'g'risida shikoyatlar elektron manzilga etkazilishi mumkin Kanada maxfiylik bo'yicha komissari.

Kanadaliklarning qonunlarga kirish huquqi odatda yozuvlarga kirish va o'z ichiga olgan yozuvlarga kirish huquqini ajratib turadi Shaxsiy ma'lumot so'rov yuboradigan shaxs haqida. Istisnolardan tashqari, shaxslar o'zlarining shaxsiy ma'lumotlarini o'z ichiga olgan yozuvlardan foydalanish huquqiga ega Maxfiylik to'g'risidagi qonun ammo keng jamoatchilik boshqalarga tegishli shaxsiy ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan yozuvlardan foydalanish huquqiga ega emas Axborotdan foydalanish to'g'risidagi qonun.Kanadadagi har bir viloyat va hududlar axborot qonunchiligiga ega. Ko'pgina hollarda, bu viloyat davlat sektorining maxfiylik to'g'risidagi qonunchiligidir. Masalan:

• Axborot erkinligi va shaxsiy hayotni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun (Alberta )
• Axborot erkinligi va shaxsiy hayotni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun (Manitoba )
• Axborotdan foydalanish va maxfiylikni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun (Nyufaundlend va Labrador )
• Axborot erkinligi va shaxsiy hayotni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun (Yangi Shotlandiya)
• Axborot erkinligi va shaxsiy hayotni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun (Ontario )
• Axborot erkinligi va shaxsiy hayotni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun (Saskaçevan )
• Davlat organlari tomonidan saqlanadigan hujjatlarga kirish huquqi va shaxsiy ma'lumotlarning muhofazasi bo'yicha harakat (Kvebek )

1989 yildan 2008 yilgacha federal hukumatga qilingan so'rovlar katalogga kiritilgan Axborot so'rovlari tizimiga kirishni muvofiqlashtirish.

Kanadaning bir nechta gazeta guruhlari tomonidan homiylik qilingan 2008 yil sentyabr oyida chop etilgan 393 betlik hisobotda Kanadaning Axborot olish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonuni viloyatlarning va boshqa 68 davlatlarning FOI qonunlari bilan taqqoslangan.^[22]

2009 yilda, Morj (jurnal) Kanadada FOIning batafsil tarixini nashr etdi.^[23]

Kayman orollari

Ushbu bo'lim bo'lishi kerak yangilangan. Iltimos, ushbu maqolani so'nggi voqealarni yoki yangi mavjud ma'lumotlarni aks ettirish uchun yangilang. (2010 yil fevral)

Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun 2007 yilda qabul qilingan va 2009 yil yanvar oyida kuchga kirgan.

Chili

Yilda Chili, 8-moddasi Konstitutsiya axborot erkinligini ta'minlaydi. Ommaviy axborotdan foydalanish to'g'risidagi qonun (Ley de Acceso a la Información Pública) 2009 yil 20 aprelda kuchga kirdi.^[24]

Xitoy

2007 yil aprel oyida Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi Davlat kengashi 2008 yil 1-maydan kuchga kirgan "Xitoy Xalq Respublikasining Ochiq hukumat to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlari to'g'risidagi Nizomini" (中华人民共和国 政府 信息 公开 公开 条例) e'lon qildi.^[25]

Kolumbiya

The Kolumbiyalik konstitutsiya orqali ommaviy axborotga kirish huquqini beradi 1985 yil 57-qonun shu bilan aktlar va rasmiy hujjatlarni nashr etishni majbur qiladi. Bu rasmiy ob'ektlarga (idoralarga yoki shunga o'xshash narsalarga) tegishli bo'lgan hujjatlarga nisbatan qo'llaniladi. Bundan tashqari, piyodalarga qarshi vosita ham mavjud korruptsiya bayonoti 1955 yil 190-sonli qonun shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan korruptsiyaga qarshi harakat bu o'z 51-moddasida davlat idoralariga oy davomida tuzilgan barcha shartnomalar va xaridlarni ko'rinadigan hududlarda ro'yxatlash majburiyatini yuklaydi. Ikkinchisi asta-sekin sodir bo'lmoqda. Eng zamonaviy qonun - "Ley deaffencia y del derecho de acceso a la información pública nacional" uning so'nggi bosqichida.^[26]

23-moddasi konstitutsiya "har bir shaxs umumiy yoki shaxsiy manfaatdorlik uchun rasmiy organlarga iltimosnoma bilan murojaat qilish va ularning tezkor hal qilinishini ta'minlash huquqiga ega. Qonun chiqaruvchi organ asosiy huquqlarni kafolatlash maqsadida xususiy tashkilotlarga murojaatlarni taqdim etishni tartibga solishi mumkin".^[27]

Ushbu maqola petitsiya harakati sifatida ma'lum bo'lgan yurisdiktsiya mexanizmi mavjudligini asoslaydi. Ushbu harakat 2015 yil 1755-sonli qonun bilan tartibga solinadi va Kolumbiya Sud doktrinasi tomonidan insonning asosiy huquqi sifatida qaraladi. Qonunga binoan barcha murojaatlarni 15 ish kuni ichida to'liq ko'rib chiqish kerak. Agar murojaat qilinmasa, murojaatni hal qilish uchun mas'ul bo'lgan mansabdor shaxs noto'g'ri xatti-harakatlar uchun ayblanishi mumkin.^[28]

Kuk orollari

Rasmiy ma'lumotlarga kirish Rasmiy ma'lumot to'g'risidagi qonun 2008 yil. Qonun ko'p jihatdan asoslanadi Yangi Zelandiya qonunchiligi.

Xorvatiya

Yilda Xorvatiya, Zakon o pravu na pristup informacijama (Axborot olish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun) birinchi bo'lib 2003 yilda taqdim etilgan barcha davlat organlariga taalluqlidir.^[29]

Kipr

Kiprda ma'lumot olish huquqi so'z erkinligi to'g'risidagi konstitutsiyaviy qoidalarda kafolatlangan. Mamlakatning Kipr Respublikasining janubiy qismida axborot olish to'g'risida 184 (I) / 2017-sonli qonun 2017 yil 22-dekabrda e'lon qilindi. Kiprning shimoliy bosib olingan qismida Evropa Kengashi standartlaridan past bo'lgan qonun. .^[30] Kipr amalda bo'linib ketgan orolning ikki qismida jamoat ma'lumotlaridan foydalanish huquqi turli xil yo'llar bilan ta'minlanadi.

2011 yilga kelib, Ochiq Kipr Loyihasi tomonidan olib borilgan tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, ma'lumot so'rovlariga javoban orol bo'ylab ma'muriy sukunatning 75% darajasi mavjud.^[31] Ushbu so'rovda qatnashganlarning yarmidan ko'pi amalda asosiy hujjatlarga kirish imkoni yo'qligini ta'kidladilar.^[31]

2013 yil oxiridan boshlab Kipr Respublikasi parlamentida jamoat ma'lumotlaridan foydalanish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi muhokama qilinmoqda.

2017 yil 22 dekabrda qonun nihoyat tasdiqlandi (184 (I) / 2017-sonli qonun) Davlat sektorining axborot olish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun ).

Chex Respublikasi

In Chex Respublikasi, Zakon č. 106/1999 Sb., O svobodném přístupu k informacím (Akt № 106/1999 koll. Axborotdan bepul foydalanish to'g'risida) "davlat idoralari, hududiy o'zini o'zi boshqarish organlari va davlat mablag'larini boshqaradigan davlat muassasalari" ni, shuningdek, ushbu vakolat doirasida davlat sektori bilan bog'liq qonuniy qarorlarni qabul qilishga qonun bilan vakolat berilgan har qanday organni qamrab oladi.^[32]

Daniya

Ushbu bo'lim bo'lishi tavsiya etilgan Split sarlavhali boshqa maqolada Daniyada hukumat ma'muriyatiga kirish. (Muhokama qiling) (2018 yil fevral)

1985 yilgi "Davlat ma'muriyati fayllariga kirish to'g'risida" gi qonun a Daniya tomonidan o'tgan akt Folketing davlat yozuvlariga jamoat kirish huquqi to'g'risida. Ushbu Qonun 1987 yilda kuchga kirdi va 1970 yildagi "Jamoat yozuvlari to'g'risida" gi qonun bekor qilindi.^[33] Qonunning yangi tahriri 2014 yil 1 yanvardan kuchga kirdi.^[34] Daniya Shvetsiya, Finlyandiya va Norvegiya bilan bir qatorda FOI sohasida tarixiy kashshof hisoblanadi.^[35]Konstitutsiyaviy asos yo'q Daniya konstitutsiyasi jamoatchilikning ma'lumot olish huquqi uchun.^[36] Daniya ma'lumot olishning global huquqi reytingida 64 ball to'playdi.^[37]

Qo'llash sohasi

1985 yil qonuni bo'yicha 4-bo'lim 1-qism "har qanday shaxs ma'muriy organ tomonidan qabul qilingan yoki berilgan hujjatlarni ko'rishni so'rashi mumkin."^[38] Davlat boshqaruvining ma'muriy masalalariga oid ma'lumotlar; elektr va issiqlik ta'minoti kommunal xizmatlarini, shuningdek davlat mablag'larini oladigan yoki davlat funktsiyalarini bajaradigan xususiy organlarni sotib olish mumkin. Shunga qaramay, sud hokimiyati va qonun chiqaruvchilar faoliyati to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarga kirish imkoni yo'q.^[39][40]

Jarayon

Talab qilish paytida sabablarni ko'rsatish shart emas; ammo, rasmiylar hujjat to'g'risida qo'shimcha ma'lumot so'rashlari mumkin.^[40] So'rovlar iloji boricha tezroq ko'rib chiqilishi kerak; agar 10 kun ichida arizaga javob berilmagan bo'lsa, vakolatli organ kechikish sabablari va qarorning kutilayotgan sanasi to'g'risida xabar berishi kerak.^[41] To'liq protseduralar Qonunda belgilanmagan.^[40]

Istisnolar

Axborotga kirish "maxfiylikni saqlash majburiyati" bilan cheklangan.^{[42]:Ch.4, S.14} Davlat xavfsizligi, mudofaa, tashqi siyosat, tashqi iqtisodiy manfaatlar va jamoat moliyaviy manfaatlarini hisobga olish ma'lumotlarga kirish huquqini cheklashi mumkin.^{[42]:Ch.3, S.13}Elektron shaklda qayta ishlangan registrlar va yozuvlar ma'muriy hujjatlardan foydalanishga ruxsat berilishi mumkin.^{[42]:Ch.2, S.5.2} 10-bo'limda kirish huquqidan chetlatilgan boshqa sohalar, masalan uchrashuvlar yozuvlari ko'rsatilgan Davlat kengashi, protokol, shuningdek bunday uchrashuvlar uchun tayyorlangan hujjatlar; qonunlar va ilmiy tadqiqotlar yoki ommaviy statistika uchun foydalaniladigan materiallar bo'yicha vazirliklar o'rtasidagi yozishmalar.^{[42]:Ch.3, S.10}

Murojaatlar

Kirish huquqini berish yoki bermaslik to'g'risidagi qaror ustidan shikoyat qilish mumkin.^{[43][42]:Ch.4, S.15.2} Qarorlar ustidan tashqi ravishda Folketingets Ombudsmaniga shikoyat qilish mumkin.^[43][44] Ombudsman, shuningdek, fikr bildirishi va qarorlarni ko'rib chiqishi mumkin; ammo, bu odatda amal qilingan bo'lsa ham, majburiy emas.^[44] Ombudsman har yili 200-300 ta shikoyat qabul qiladi; shikoyatlarning taxminan 15 foizi shikoyatchilar foydasiga hal qilinadi.^[44]

Qayta ko'rib chiqish

Evropa Ittifoqi hujjatlariga nisbatan ozod qilish 1991 yilda Qonundan chiqarilgan.^[45] O'zgartirishlar 2000 yilda ham kiritilgan; ular hukumat xodimlari haqidagi ma'lumotlarga taalluqli edi.^[45] 2014 yil yanvar oyida yangi jamoat yozuvlari to'g'risidagi qonun kuchga kirdi.^[46] Yangi akt hukumat va qonunchilik protseduralarida shaffoflikni cheklash deb hisoblanganligi sababli juda munozarali bo'lib qoldi; 2015 yilgi matbuot erkinligi to'g'risidagi hisobot bilan taqqoslaganda, Daniya siyosiy muhit toifasida bir ball kam oldi.^[47] Yangi qonunchilik namoyishlar va noroziliklarga sabab bo'ldi.^[47] Buni 11 sentyabr teraktlariga javob sifatida qaralishi mumkin.^[47] 2013 yildagi "Jamoat yozuvlari to'g'risida" gi qonun kuchga kirgandan so'ng, jamoatchilikka tegishli ma'lumotlarga kirish Razvedka xizmatlari jamoat yozuvlari to'g'risidagi qonunga muvofiq emas, endi Xavfsizlik va razvedka xizmati to'g'risidagi qonun, shuningdek Mudofaa razvedkasi xizmati to'g'risidagi qonun tomonidan boshqariladi.^[47] Bundan tashqari, qonunchilik jarayoniga kirish yanada cheklandi. Yangi Qonunga binoan, loyihani tayyorlash bosqichida "boshqa tegishli siyosiy faoliyat" kabi kirish huquqiga ega emas, shuning uchun cheklov faqat qonun loyihalariga taalluqli emas.^[47] Kelajakda nashr qilinayotgan vazirlarning kalendarlarini topish mumkin bo'lmaydi.^[47] Shunga qaramay, Qonun Ochiq Hukumat loyihasini kuchaytirishni yodda tutgan holda tuzilgan; Qonunda nazarda tutilgan muassasalar ro'yxati, shuningdek davlat-xususiy muassasalari va kompaniyalari ro'yxati kengaytirildi.^[47]

Dominika Respublikasi

Xipolito Mejiya tasdiqlandi Ley №200-04 - Ley General de Libre Acceso a la Información Pública^[48] (200-04-sonli qonun - Axborot olish to'g'risida qonun) 2004 yil 28 iyunda qabul qilingan, bu davlat ishini olib borish uchun davlat pulini oladigan hukumat va xususiy tashkilotlarning ma'lumotlariga jamoatchilik tomonidan kirish huquqini beradi. Ma'muriy protseduraga kirmaydigan qo'pol loyihalar va loyihalar kiritilmagan.

Ekvador

Yilda Ekvador, Shaffoflik va axborotdan foydalanish to'g'risidagi qonun 2004 yilgi ma'lumotlarga kirish huquqi davlat tomonidan kafolatlanganligini e'lon qildi.

Salvador

Yilda Salvador, Ommaviy axborotdan foydalanish to'g'risida qonun 2011 yil 3 martda Salvador Qonunchilik Assambleyasi tomonidan tasdiqlangan.^[49]

Estoniya

Yilda Estoniya, Ommaviy axborot to'g'risidagi qonun^[50] 2000 yildagi "demokratik va ijtimoiy qonun ustuvorligi va ochiq jamiyat tamoyillari asosida jamoatchilik va har bir inson ommaviy foydalanish uchun mo'ljallangan ma'lumotlarga ega bo'lish imkoniyatini ta'minlashga va jamoatchilik uchun jamoat vazifalarini bajarish ". Bu barcha "axborot egalariga", barcha davlat va mahalliy boshqaruv organlarini qamrab oladi, jamoat huquqida yuridik shaxslar va yuridik shaxslar xususiy huquqda, agar ular davlat vazifalarini bajarayotgan bo'lsa (sog'liqni saqlash, ta'lim va hk).

Evropa

Mahalliy, milliy va transchegaraviy muhitga oid masalalarda Orxus anjumani axborot olish, jamoatchilik ishtiroki va hukumat idoralarida odil sudlovdan foydalanish bo'yicha jamoat huquqlarini beradi Qaror qabul qilish jarayonlar. Bu jamoatchilik va davlat hokimiyati organlari o'rtasidagi o'zaro munosabatlarga qaratilgan.

Evropa Kengashi

Ochiq ma'lumotlarga kirish huquqini tan olish 10-modda (shu jumladan "(..) ma'lumot olish erkinligi (..)" Inson huquqlari bo'yicha Evropa konventsiyasi mavzularidan biri edi Guerra va Italiyaga qarshi 1998 yilda Inson huquqlari bo'yicha Evropa sudida ko'rib chiqilgan. Ko'pchilik ko'rib chiqilgan 10-modda shikoyatga nisbatan qo'llanilmagan. Biroq, sud, yuqori xavfli zavod yaqinida yashashni o'z ichiga olgan aniq holatda, ma'lumot bermaslik buzilganligini aniqladi 8-modda (shaxsiy va oilaviy hayotga hurmat). Bundan tashqari, ikkita sudya 10-moddaning amal qilishi to'g'risida norozilik bildirdilar va yana olti sudya boshqa holatlarda ma'lumot olish huquqini 10-modda bilan himoya qilish imkoniyatini saqlab qolishdi.^[51]

The Evropa Kengashining Parlament Assambleyasi 1996 yilda "ushbu mavzu bo'yicha aniq va to'liq ma'lumotlarga (Chernobil fojiasi) va boshqa ko'plab narsalarga jamoatchilikning kirishi insonning asosiy huquqi sifatida qaralishi kerak" deb hisoblagan.^[52] 2009 yilda rasmiy hujjatlarga kirish to'g'risida EK konventsiyasi imzolash uchun ochildi.^[53]

Yevropa Ittifoqi

Ittifoq hujjatlariga kirish huquqi

42-modda CFR va 15-modda TFEU Birlikning har qanday fuqarosiga va a'zo davlatda istiqomat qiluvchi yoki ro'yxatdan o'tgan idorasiga ega bo'lgan har qanday jismoniy yoki yuridik shaxsga [...] tashkilot, tashkilot, idora va idoralarning hujjatlariga kirish huquqini berish. Birlik, ularning vositasi nima bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar. "TFEUning 15-moddasidan kelib chiqadiki, bu huquq qonun hujjatlarida" belgilanadigan tamoyillar va shartlarga bo'ysunadi ".

Evropa Parlamenti va Kengashining 2001 yil 30 maydagi 1049/2001-sonli Evropa Parlamenti, Kengashi va Komissiya hujjatlariga jamoatchilik kirish huquqi to'g'risidagi Nizomi (EC).^[54] uchta tashkilot hujjatlariga kirish huquqini yanada aniqlaydi; Evropa Ittifoqining boshqa ko'plab organlari va idoralari uchun ularni tashkil etuvchi normativ-huquqiy hujjatda ularga tegishli bo'lgan 1049/2001-sonli qoidalar mavjud.^[55] Boshqa ba'zi hollarda, muayyan qoidalar qo'llaniladi (masalan EESC,^[56] The CoR,^[57] The Adliya sudi,^[58] The Auditorlar sudi^[59] va ECB ).^[60] "Hujjat" keng ma'noda belgilanadi va barcha hujjatlar, hatto tasniflangan bo'lsa ham, istisnolardan biriga kirmasa, kirish huquqiga ega bo'lishi mumkin deb taxmin qilinadi. Agar kirish rad etilsa, ariza beruvchiga tasdiqlovchi so'rovga ruxsat beriladi. Rad etish to'g'risida shikoyat Evropa Ombudsmaniga berilishi va / yoki Evropaga shikoyat qilinishi mumkin Bosh sud.

Davlat sektori ma'lumotlarini qayta ishlatish

Bunga qo'chimcha, Evropa parlamenti va Kengashining 2003 yil 17 noyabrdagi 2003/98 / EC-sonli davlat sektori ma'lumotlarini qayta ishlatish bo'yicha ko'rsatmasi^[61] keyingi foydalanish uchun davlat sektori axborot resurslaridan foydalanish qoidalari va amaliyotini belgilaydi. Ushbu ko'rsatma 2013 yilda qayta ko'rib chiqilgan Evropa Parlamenti va 2013 yil 26 iyundagi 2013/37 / EU direktivasi 2003/98 / EC ko'rsatmalariga davlat sektori ma'lumotlarini qayta ishlatish bo'yicha o'zgartirishlar kiritdi.^[62]

Lobbistlar ro'yxati

2008 yildan beri Evropa komissiyasi Evropa ittifoqida lobbichilarning ixtiyoriy ro'yxati bo'lgan "Qiziqishlar ro'yxati" ni boshqaradi.^[63]

Atrof-muhit to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlardan foydalanish

2003/4 / EC direktivasi Evropa Parlamenti va Kengashining talablariga muvofiq har bir mamlakat fuqarolari atrof-muhit to'g'risida ma'lumot olish erkinligini ta'minlaydilar. Orxus konvensiyasi. Hukumatlar ushbu yo'riqnomani milliy qonunchilikka ko'chirishi shart (masalan, Buyuk Britaniyada Atrof-muhit to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar to'g'risidagi qoidalar 2004 yil ).

Shaxsiy malumot

95/46 / EC direktivasi, Ma'lumotlarni himoya qilish bo'yicha ko'rsatma, shaxsiy ma'lumotlarga nisbatan turli xil huquqlarni, shu jumladan kirish huquqini beradi. Bu, masalan, milliy qonunchilikka kiritilgan Ma'lumotlarni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun 1998 yil (Buyuk Britaniya) va 2003 yil ma'lumotlarni himoya qilish (Irlandiya).

Finlyandiya

Yilda Finlyandiya, Laki yleisten asiakirjain julkisuudesta 9.2.1951 / 83 (Davlat hujjatlari ochiqligi to'g'risidagi qonun 1951 y.) davlat, munitsipalitetlar va ro'yxatdan o'tgan diniy jamoalarning mansabdor shaxslaridagi barcha yozuvlar va hujjatlarning ochiqligini o'rnatdi. Asosiy printsipdan istisnolar faqat qonun bilan yoki milliy xavfsizlik kabi sanab o'tilgan sabablarga ko'ra ijro etuvchi buyruq bilan amalga oshirilishi mumkin. Imzo qo'yilmagan hujjatlar loyihalarining ochiqligi majburiy emas, balki davlat xizmatchisining ko'rib chiqishigacha bo'lgan. Qonunning bu zaifligi, 90-yillarda qonun qayta ko'rib chiqilganda olib tashlandi. Qayta ko'rib chiqilgan qonun Laki viranomaisten toiminnan julkisuudesta 21.5.1999 / 621 (Hukumat faoliyatining ochiqligi to'g'risidagi qonun 1999 yil), qisqacha "Ochiqlik to'g'risidagi qonun" deb nomlangan (Finlyandiya: Julkisuuslaki), shuningdek, pensiya jamg'armalari va kommunal xizmatlar kabi qonuniy majburiy davlat majburiyatlarini bajaradigan korporatsiyalarga va kompyuter hujjatlariga ochiqlik printsipini kengaytirdi.^[64]

Ochiqlik to'g'risidagi qonun har qanday shaxs vakolatiga ega bo'lgan har qanday yozuvga kirishi mumkin bo'lgan jarayonni belgilaydi. Shaxs hokimiyatdan hujjatni shaxsan yoki yozma ravishda so'rashi mumkin. So'rovni amalga oshirayotganda, so'rovchi hujjatni aniqlab olishi uchun uni ko'rsatishi kerak. Shu bilan birga, hokimiyat ushbu vazifada shaxsga hujjat registrlari va indekslari bilan yordam berishga majburdir. So'rovni olgandan so'ng, hokimiyat hujjatni berishi uchun ikki hafta bor. Agar qaror salbiy bo'lsa va hujjat saqlansa, so'rov o'tkazuvchi ma'muriy sudga murojaat qilishi mumkin. Hujjat og'zaki ravishda, hokimiyat binosida o'qish va nusxalash uchun yoki shaxsning iltimosiga binoan elektron yoki qog'oz nusxada berilishi mumkin. Biroq, nusxa ko'chirish, agar u hujjatlarning ko'pligi yoki boshqa texnik jihatdan qiyin bo'lganligi sababli amalga oshirilmasa, rad etilishi mumkin. Shaxsiy shaxsiy hayotni himoya qilish uchun mo'ljallangan elektron hujjatlarni chiqarishda bir qator cheklovlar mavjud.^{[65]:§§13, 14, 15}

Hujjatni ushlab qolish sabablari Qonunning 24-moddasida keltirilgan. Ular uchta toifaga birlashtirilishi mumkin: avtomatik ochilmaslik, shartli ochiqlik yoki shartli ochiqlik. Avtomatik ravishda ochilmaslik belgilanadigan hujjatlar barcha hollarda saqlanib qoladi. Shartli ravishda ochiq bo'lmaganda, oshkoralikning asosliligi vakolatli organ tomonidan har holda ko'rib chiqiladi va agar shikoyat qilingan bo'lsa, sud tomonidan ko'rib chiqiladi. Uchinchi toifada ochiqlik qoidadir va ochiq bo'lmaslikning sababi vakolatli organ tomonidan belgilanishi kerak.^[65]:§24

Ochiq bo'lmaslikning mutlaq sabablari quyidagilardir (24-moddaning pastki qismida)^[65]:§24

• Tashqi siyosat qo'mitasining hujjatlari Davlat kengashi, tashqi ishlar vazirligining siyosiy maqomi, tashqi hukumatlar yoki tashkilotlar bilan muzokaralar va diplomatik kriptogrammalar to'g'risidagi tashqi siyosiy eslatmalari, agar vazirlik tomonidan chiqarilmasa (1)
• huquqni muhofaza qilish idoralarida jinoyatlarni tergov qilish va oldini olish uchun ushlab turilgan registrlar, shuningdek pasport yoki shaxsiy karta fotosuratlari va ulardagi biometrik ma'lumotlar (4)
• moliyaviy bozorlarga ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin bo'lgan iqtisodiy siyosat to'g'risidagi statistika va boshqa hujjatlar, ular jamoatchilikka e'lon qilinmaguncha (13)
• statistika tuzish uchun statistika organiga topshirilgan hujjatlar va tadqiqot va statistika uchun vakolatli organga ixtiyoriy ravishda topshirilgan hujjatlar (16)
• tibbiy ma'lumot, jinsiy orientatsiya to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar yoki mehnat ma'muriyati yoki ijtimoiy xizmatlar mijoziga tegishli ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan hujjatlar (25)
• sud-psixiatriya ekspertizasi yoki qamoq jazosini ijro etish va shu kabi ozodlikdan mahrum qilish jazosini ijro etish bilan bog'liq ayrim shaxsiy tergovlar to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan hujjatlar (26)
• shaxsiy psixologik test natijalari yoki ma'lumotlarini o'z ichiga olgan hujjatlar (29)
• talabalarga g'amxo'rlik qilish bilan bog'liq hujjatlar, shuningdek talabaning shaxsiy fazilatlari to'g'risida og'zaki ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan har qanday talabalar baholari (30)
• maxfiy telefon raqami yoki uyali aloqa moslamasi joylashgan joyni o'z ichiga olgan hujjatlar (31)
• anonim guvohni tasdiqlovchi hujjatlar (31a)
• shaxsning siyosiy qarashlari, sevimli mashg'ulotlari, shaxsiy odatlari, uyushmalarga a'zoligi va faoliyati, oilaviy hayot yoki shaxsiy hayotda bildirilgan fikrlar to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan hujjatlar. Shu bilan birga, mas'ul lavozimlarni egallaganligi yoki ularga nomzod bo'lganligi to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar ochiq, shuningdek siyosiy partiyaning yoki saylov birlashmasining ta'sis a'zosi ekanligi. (32)

Shartli ravishda ochiq bo'lmaslik quyidagi toifadagi hujjatlar uchun majburiydir, agar himoyalangan manfaat xavf ostida emasligi "aniq" bo'lsa.^[65]:§24.1

• Finlyandiya, Finlyandiya tashkilotlari yoki Finlyandiya xalqaro aloqalariga oid hujjatlar, agar hozir yoki kelajakda Finlyandiya tashqi aloqalariga hech qanday zarar yetkazilmasligi aniq bo'lmasa (2)
• tergov tugaguniga qadar yoki prokuratura da'vo qilmaguncha, jinoiy ishlarni tergov qilish yoki jinoiy ish qo'zg'atishni kutayotgan hujjatlar, agar tergov yoki prokuratura zarar ko'rmasligi va hech qanday jismoniy shaxs moddiy zarar ko'rmasligi yoki azob chekmasligi aniq bo'lsa (3)
• binolar, inshootlar, aloqa yoki axborot tizimlarining xavfsizligi to'g'risidagi hujjatlar, agar xavfsizlik uchun xavf tug'dirmasligi aniq bo'lsa (7)
• ning barcha hujjatlari Finlyandiya xavfsizlik razvedka xizmati davlat xavfsizligiga oid boshqa hujjatlar, agar davlat xavfsizligiga xavf tug'dirmasligi aniq bo'lmasa (9)
• milliy mudofaa yoki harbiy razvedka bilan bog'liq hujjatlar, agar milliy mudofaa hech qanday zarar ko'rmasligi yoki xavf ostida qolmasligi aniq bo'lmasa (10)
• akademik tezis, ilmiy yoki ilmiy tadqiqotlar yoki mahsulotlarni ishlab chiqish uchun asos bo'lgan yoki foydalanilgan hujjatlar, yozuvlar va ma'lumotlar, agar tadqiqot, ishlab chiqish yoki o'rganish, ularni to'g'ri baholash, talaba yoki tadqiqotchi yoki pul mablag'larini etkazib beruvchisi ekanligi aniq bo'lmasa. ish zarar ko'rmaydi (21)
• qochoq yoki viza, yashash uchun ruxsatnoma yoki boshpana olish uchun ariza beruvchiga tegishli hujjatlar, agar bu shaxsga yoki uning yaqinlariga zarar yetkazilmasligi aniq bo'lmasa (24)
• tarkibidagi ma'lumotlar jinoiy reestr va jazolarning bajarilishini nazorat qiluvchi organlar tomonidan saqlanadigan boshqa registrlarda, shuningdek shaxsiy erkinligini yo'qotgan yoki guvohlarni himoya qilish dasturida ishtirok etgan shaxslar to'g'risidagi shaxsiy ma'lumotlar bo'lsa, agar xavfsizlik, kelajak haqida aniq ma'lumot bo'lmasa shaxsning ish bilan bandligi va ijtimoiy moslashuvi xavf ostida qolmaydi va ko'rib chiqilayotgan aniq ma'lumotlarni chiqarish uchun asosli sabablar mavjud (28)

Shartli ochiqlik quyidagi ma'lumot toifalari uchun belgilanadi:^[65]:§24.1

• politsiyaning texnik va taktik usullari, Finlyandiya chegara xizmati va qamoqxona ma'murlari, agar ularning ozod etilishi bunday idoralarning ishini qiyinlashtirsa (5)
• ma'muriy shikoyatlar, ularni ko'rib chiqish paytida, agar ularning chiqarilishi tergovga zarar etkazsa yoki bu masalada biron bir tomonga zarar etkazishi yoki zarar etkazishi mumkin bo'lsa, agar ma'lumotni chiqarish uchun jiddiy sabablar bo'lmasa (6)
• fuqarolik mudofaasi yoki qutqaruvga tayyorgarlik va xavfsizlik bo'yicha tekshiruvlar to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar, agar ozod qilish qutqaruv ishlariga, fuqaro muhofazasiga tayyorgarlik ko'rishga, xavfsizlik yoki xavfsizlikka yoki ularning rivojlanishiga xavf tug'dirsa yoki kelajakdagi xavfsizlik tekshiruvlarida ma'lumot olish uchun xavf tug'dirsa yoki avariya qurbonlariga zarar etkazsa. , ularning xotirasi yoki ularning yaqinlari (8)
• moliyaviy, pul-kredit, mehnat yoki soliq-byudjet siyosati choralari yoki ularni tayyorlash yoki oldindan tadqiqotlar to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar, agar ushbu choralar ushbu maqsadlardan mahrum bo'lsa, davlatning muzokaralar mavqeiga xavf tug'dirsa yoki boshqa yo'l bilan bunday siyosatni boshqarishga katta zarar etkazsa (11)
• moliya va pensiya institutlarining nazorat qiluvchi organlari tomonidan olib boriladigan tadqiqotlar, agar tadqiqotlar tartibga solinadigan organlar to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olsa va ularni chiqarish moliyaviy bozorlarning to'g'ri ishlashiga xavf tug'dirsa (12)
• yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan turlar yoki qimmatbaho tabiiy hududlar to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan hujjatlar, agar ularni chiqarib yuborish ularning saqlanishiga xavf tug'dirsa (14)
• organ tomonidan tekshiruv yoki boshqa nazorat choralariga taalluqli hujjatlar, agar ozod qilish me'yoriy nazorat chorasi yoki uning maqsadiga xavf tug'dirsa (15)
• siyosiy nomzodlarning saylovoldi kampaniyasini moliyalashtirish bo'yicha batafsil daromadlari (15)
• davlat organlarining biznes va kasbiy sirlari, agar raqobatdosh organ iqtisodiy zarar ko'rsa yoki raqobatdosh yoki shunga o'xshash faoliyatni olib boradigan davlat yoki xususiy tashkilot ozod qilinish orqali raqobatdosh ustunlikka ega bo'lsa yoki agar Ochiqlik to'g'risidagi qonun bilan bog'langan tashkilotning imkoniyatlari foydali xaridlarni amalga oshirish yoki boshqa moliyaviy kelishuvlarga zarar etkazilishi mumkin (17)
• jamoat shartnomasida yoki mehnat shartnomasida davlat organi tomonidan qo'llaniladigan hujjatlar, agar ozod qilish ish beruvchiga davlat organiga zarar etkazadigan bo'lsa (18)
• sud jarayonini tayyorlash uchun foydalaniladigan hujjatlar, agar ozod qilish da'vo tarafi sifatida davlat organiga zarar etkazsa (19)
• kirish imtihonlari yoki boshqa imtihonlar yoki testlar to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan hujjatlar, agar bu test sinovi yoki imtihonning maqsadini buzsa yoki undan kelajakda foydalanishga to'sqinlik qiladigan bo'lsa
• gumon qilinuvchining, da'vogarning, guvohning yoki jinoiy tergovning boshqa ishtirokchisining shaxsiy hayoti to'g'risidagi maxfiy ma'lumotlarni yoki jabrlanuvchi to'g'risida jabrlanuvchining yoki uning yaqinlarini xotirasiga zarar etkazadigan ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan hujjatlar, agar ozod qilish ishini olib borish uchun zarur bo'lmasa. hokimiyat (26)

Ochiq bo'lmagan ma'lumotlar organ tomonidan yaratilganidan yoki olinganidan keyin 25 yil davomida ochiq qoladi. Shaxsiy shaxsiy hayotini himoya qilish uchun ochiq bo'lmagan hujjatlar himoyalangan shaxs vafot etganidan keyin 50 yil davomida ochiq qoladi.^{[65]:§31.2,31,5}

Agar ma'lumotlar hali ham, 25 yildan so'ng, kuchga ega bo'lsa va bino, inshoot, tizim yoki usulning xavfsizlik choralarini tavsiflasa yoki u hali ham milliy mudofaa yoki fuqaro mudofaasi uchun ishlatiladigan rejaning bir qismi bo'lsa, ma'lumot ochiq ekan, ochiq qoladi maqsadga muvofiqdir. Xuddi shu noma'lum ochiqlik xalqaro xavfsizlik majburiyatlari bo'yicha barcha hujjatlarga nisbatan qo'llaniladi, agar ushbu chiqish Finlyandiyaning tashqi aloqalariga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin bo'lsa. Boshqa hujjatlarning ochiq emasligi 55 yilgacha uzaytirilishi mumkin Davlat kengashi, agar kerak bo'lsa, himoyalangan foizlarni himoya qilish.^{[65]:§31.3–4}

Frantsiya

Yilda Frantsiya ga ko'ra, davlat xizmatchilarining javobgarligi konstitutsiyaviy huquqdir Inson va fuqaro huquqlarining deklaratsiyasi.

Amalga oshiruvchi qonunchilik - bu Loi n ° 78-753, 17-iyul, 1978 yil portant diverses mesures d'amélioration des Relations entre l'administration et le public and diverses dispositions d'ordre administratif, social and fiscal (Act No. 78-753 of 17 July 1978. On various measures for improved relations between the Civil Service and the public and on various arrangements of administrative, social and fiscal nature). It sets as a general rule that citizens can demand a copy of any administrative document (in paper, digitised or other form), and establishes the Commission d’Accès aux Documents Administratifs, an independent administrative authority, to oversee the process.

Gruziya

Yilda Gruziya, the General Administrative Code contains a Law on Freedom of Information.

Germaniya

Yilda Germaniya, the federal government passed a freedom of information law on September 5, 2005; it was last updated on August 7, 2013.^[66] The law grants each person an unconditional right to access official federal information. No legal, commercial, or any other kind of justification is necessary.

Thirteen of the sixteen Bundesländer —Baden-Vyurtemberg, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Gamburg, Xesse, Meklenburg-Vorpommern, Nordrhein-Vestfalen, Reynland-Pfalz, Saarland, Saksen-Anxalt, Shlezvig-Golshteyn va Thüringen —have approved individual "Informationsfreiheitsgesetze " (Freedom of Information laws).

Gretsiya

Yilda Gretsiya, the 1975 Greek Constitution guaranteed the right of access to administrative documents and the right of citizens to obtain information. However it was not until 1986 that the first law was passed to provide for access to information.^[67]

Article 16 (Right to Access Administrative Documents—Δικαίωμα γνώσης διοικητικών εγγράφων) of Law 1599/1986 (State-citizenry Relationship—Σχέσεις Κράτους-πολίτη) introduced the right of all citizens to read most administrative documents. This right is now codified as article 5 (Access to documents—Πρόσβαση σε έγγραφα) of the Administrative Procedural Code (Κώδικας Διοικητικής Διαδικασίας), Law 2690/1999. Under this article, citizens have a right to know the content of administrative documents. Administrative documents are defined as those produced by public sector entities, such as reports, studies, minutes, statistical data, circulars, instructions, responses, consultatory responses, and decisions. In addition, citizens with a legitimate interest may also access xususiy documents stored by public services. The right cannot be exercised if the document concerns the private or family lives of others, or if the document's confidentiality is safeguarded by specific legal provisions. Furthermore, the public body can refuse access if the document refers to discussions in the Cabinet, or if accessing the document can seriously hamper criminal or administrative violation investigations carried out by judicial, police, or military authorities.

Citizens may study the documents at the place where they are archived, or they may obtain a copy at their own cost. Access to one's own medical data is provided with the help of a doctor. Access to documents should take into account whether they be covered by copyright, patent, or trade secret regulations.

Bundan tashqari, davlat sektori ma'lumotlarini qayta ishlatish to'g'risidagi 3448/2006-sonli qonun, milliy qonunlarni talablarga muvofiqlashtiradi. Evropa Ittifoqining 2003/98 / EC direktivasi.^[68]

Gayana

Guyana has a freedom of information act, which came into force in 2013, but it has relatively weak provisions.A commission tasked with ensuring asset declarations by government officials has begun functioning since 2018.Guyana also entered into the EITI, which guarantees the transparency of the proceeds of oil reserves of countries.^[69]

Gonkong

Yilda Gonkong there are no laws specifically enacted to guarantee the freedom of information.

Since March 1995, the Gonkong hukumati has promulgated a "Code on Access to Information" to serve a similar purpose. This code, like other internal regulations of the Government, was not legislated by the Qonunchilik kengashi and has a minimal legal status. It requires government agencies listed in its appendix to appoint Access to Information Officers to answer citizens' requests for governmental records. A fee may be charged prior to the release of information. The code does not require the government to archive information.^[70]

Vengriya

Yilda Vengriya, Act on the Protection of Personal Data and Public Access to Data of Public Interest of 1992 extends a right of access to all data of public interest, defined as any information processed by a body performing a governmental function. Complaints and contested applications may be appealed to the Data Protection Commissioner or to the court.

In 2005 the Parliament adopted the Act on the Freedom of Information by Electronic Means (Act XC of 2005). The Act has three basic parts: 1. electronic disclousure of certain data by public sector bodies, 2. publicity of legislation and 3. openness of Court decisions.

Islandiya

Yilda Islandiya the Information Act (Upplysingalög) Act no. 50/1996^[71] gives access to public information.

Hindiston

The Axborot olish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun (RTI Act) was passed by Parlament on 11 May 2005 and was published in the gazette of India on 15 June 2005. It came into effect on 12 October 2005^[72][73] replacing the erstwhile Freedom of information Act, 2002. The Supreme Court of India had, in several Judgments prior to enactment of both Acts, interpreted Indian Constitution to read Right to Information as the Fundamental Right as embodied in Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression and also in Right to Life. RTI Act laid down a procedure to guarantee this right. Under this law all Government Bodies or Government funded agencies have to designate a Public Information Officer (PIO). The PIO's responsibility is to ensure that information requested is disclosed to the petitioner within 30 days or within 48 hours in case of information concerning the life or liberty of a person. The law was inspired by previous legislation from select states (among them Tamil Nadu (1997), Goa (1997), Rajastan (2000), Karnataka (2000), Dehli (2001), Maharashtra (2002) etc.) that allowed the right to information (to different degrees) to citizens about activities of any State Government body.12.Question No.115Starred

28.11.2019

India Justice Report 2019

Legal Aid to PoorA number of high-profile disclosures revealed corruption in various government schemes such scams in Public Distribution Systems (ration stores), disaster relief, construction of highways etc. The law itself has been hailed as a landmark in India's drive towards more openness and accountability.

However the RTI has certain weaknesses that hamper implementation. There have been questions on the lack of speedy appeal to non-compliance to requests. The lack of a central PIO makes it difficult to pin-point the correct PIO to approach for requests. There is also a criticism of the manner in which the Information Commissioners are appointed to head the information commission. It is alleged by RTI Activists that bureaucrats working in close proximity with the government are appointed in the RTI Commissions in a non-transparent manner.^[74] The PIO, being an officer of the relevant Government institution, may have a vested interest in not disclosing damaging information on activities of his/her Institution, This therefore creates a conflict of interest. In the state of Maharashtra it was estimated that only 30% of the requests are actually realised under the Maharashtra Right to Information act. The law does not allow disclosure of information that affects national security, defence, and other matters that are deemed of national interest.^{[75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82]}

Eron

The Law on Dissemination of and Free Access to Information was approved by Iranian Parliament in 2008. Its English and Arabic renditions were officially released as part of the government's efforts to promote Freedom of Information (FOI) in October 2018.^[83]

Irlandiya

Yilda Irlandiya the Freedom of Information Act 1997^[84] came into effect in April, 1998. This provided for members of the public to access information specifically about themselves, amend incorrect information, and request an explanation behind administrative decisions concerning themselves, as well as allowing any person to access records generated by a list of specified public bodies. The Act is seen as having led to a sea-change in the relationship between the citizen, journalists, government departments va davlat organlari. Disclosure is the default assumption of the Act; bodies can withhold information only by citing exemptions specified in the legislation. Decisions of public bodies in relation to requests for information may be reviewed by the Information Commissioner.

The Act was subsequently amended by the Freedom of Information (Amendment) Act 2003.^[85] The amendments introduced fees for non-personal requests and restricted the kinds of material which could be accessed.

On 14 October 2014, the Freedom of Information Act 2014 repealed the 1997 and 2003 Acts, removing most of the restrictions introduced in 2003 and widened the range of bodies covered to all public bodies, unless specifically exempt. It also allowed for the Government to prescribe (or designate) other bodies receiving significant public funds, so that the FOI legislation applies to them also.

One particular controversy which has caused concern to journalists and historians is that traditionally government ministers would annotate and sign any major policy or report documents which they had seen. However this practice has fallen out of favour because of the new openness. This annotation and signing of documents has often given a qog'oz izi and unique insight as to "what the minister knew" about a controversy or how he or she formed an opinion on a matter. Also civil and public servants have become more informal, in keeping written records of potentially controversial meeting and avoiding writing memos as a result.^[86] While this information would not often be released, and sometimes only under the thirty year rule, the fact that government ministers now do not annotate and sign documents creates the concerns that while government is open it is not accountable as to who did or saw what or how decision making process works.

Isroil

Yilda Isroil, the Freedom of Information Law, 5758-1998, supported by the Freedom of Information Regulations, 5759-1999, controls freedom of information. It defines the bodies subject to the legislation by a set of listed categories - essentially, most public bodies - and provides for the government to publish a list of all affected bodies. However, this list does not seem to have been made publicly available, if indeed it was ever compiled.^{[POV? – muhokama qilish]} Many public bodies are not obliged to follow the law, which limits the potential for use by the public.

The Israeli Freedom of Information Law has, in some cases, actually achieved the opposite intended result.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} some Government agencies now take the position that a citizen may only request information via FOIL—i.e., an official letter designated as such and including the 95 shekel haq. Thus an Israeli citizen in many cases cannot simply write a letter asking a question, and can be asked to file a FOIL application with a fee and wait the minimum statutory 30 days for a reply, which the agency can extend to 60 days. In many cases FOIL letters are simply ignored,^{[iqtibos kerak ]} or some laconic response is sent stating the request is either unclear, unspecific, too vague or some other legalese, anything in order to keep the information away from the public.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} When the 60 days are up, if the anticipated result usually yield nothing significant,^{[iqtibos kerak ]} the applicant must petition the District Court to compel disclosure, a procedure that requires attorneys to draft pleadings and a payment of (approximately) $420 court fee. A judgement in such FOIL appeals in Israel can take many months, and again the agency can easily^{[betaraflik bu bahsli]} avoid disclosure by simply not complying, although risking being charged with contempt of court. While there are some successes in courts compelling Israeli government agencies to disclose information, they are usually in non-controversial areas. The law provides for the expected^{[POV? – muhokama qilish]} "security" exemption and an applicant applying for such information can expect not to benefit from FOIL (and also have his or her court appeal rejected). Applicants can sometimes be helped by The Movement for Freedom of Information.^[87]

Italiya

Chapter V of Law No. 241 of 7 August 1990 provides for access to administrative documents. However, the right to access is limited. The law states that those requesting information must have a legal interest. The 1992 regulations require "a personal concrete interest to safeguard in legally relevant situations." The courts have ruled that this includes the right of environmental groups and local councilors to demand information on behalf of those they represent. It was amended in 2005. The revision appears to adopt the court rulings and relax the interest somewhat to allow access when an individual can show they represent a more general public interest.

Yamayka

In Jamaica, the relevant legislation is the Access to Information Act, 2002.^[88]

Yaponiya

Yilda Yaponiya, the "Law Concerning Access to Information Held by Administrative Organs" (行政機関の保有する情報の公開に関する法律) was promulgated in 1999. The law was enforced in 2001.

Small town governments, rather than the federal government, were the first to take measures to enact freedom of information as the national government was "not...as eager as local governments to deal with freedom of information legislation"^[89]

Local efforts in some ways predate national efforts; In many local governments, regulations about information disclosure (情報公開条例) were established starting from the latter half of the 1980s.^[90]

Latviya

The Constitution of Latvia states: "Article 100. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression, which includes the right to freely receive, keep and distribute information and to express his or her views. Censorship is prohibited." The right to access state held information has been repeatedly recognised by the Constitutional Court of Latvia, most notably in its judgment "On Conformity of the Cabinet of Ministers 21 January 1997 Regulations No.46 "On Government Agreements" with the 20 November 1998 "Information Accessibility Law"^[91][92]

The Law on Freedom of Information was signed into law by the State President in November 1998 and has been amended a number of times recently. Any person can ask for information in "any technically feasible form" without having to show a reason. The request can be oral or written. Bodies must respond in 15 days.

Maltada

On the 1st of September 2012, Legal Notice 156 of 2012 brought the Freedom of Information Act (Chapter 496 of the Laws of Malta) fully into force, allowing the public (resident citizens of Malta, the EU and the EEA) to submit requests for documents/information held by the Government. FOI requests are submitted free of charge but processing of documents by public authorities may require the public to pay fees which never exceed Eur 40. When access to documents is refused, the FOIA in Malta provides for a complaint and appeal mechanism that can be ultimately resolved through the Courts of Appeal.

Liberiya

Prezident Ellen Jonson Sirlif signed the Freedom of Information Act of 2010 into law in October 2010. Liberiya became only the fourth country in Afrika va birinchi G'arbiy Afrika, to pass such legislation.^[93] The law allows both the media and individual citizens to demand information from any public authority or any private authority that carries out government functions.^[94]

Shimoliy Makedoniya

Ushbu maqola haqiqat aniqligi eskirgan ma'lumotlar tufayli buzilishi mumkin. Iltimos, ushbu maqolani so'nggi voqealarni yoki yangi mavjud ma'lumotlarni aks ettirish uchun yangilang. (2017 yil fevral)

Article 16 of the Constitution of North Macedonia guarantees "access to information and the freedom of reception and transmission of information".

The Law on Free Access to Information of Public Character was adopted on 25 January 2006. It is scheduled to go into force in September 2006.The law allows any natural or legal person to obtain information from state and municipal bodies and natural and legal persons who are performing public functions. The requests can be oral, written or electronic. Requests must be responded to in 10 days.

Malayziya

Holati Selangor passed the Freedom of Information Enactment (Selangor) 2010 on 1 April 2011, allowing the Malaysian public an access to the state documents including that of local councils, city halls and state government-linked companies.^[95] Keyinchalik, holati Penang passed the Freedom of Information bill on 4 November 2011, allowing the public to access to state documents.^[96] Both states are under the ruling of the federal opposition Pakatan Rakyat.

Maldiv orollari

The Maldives passed the Right to Information Act (RTI) on January 12, 2014.^[97]

Meksika

The Constitution was amended in 1977 to include a right of freedom of information. Article 6 says in part, "the right of information shall be guaranteed by the state." The Supreme Court made a number of decisions further enhancing that right.

The Federal Law of Transparency and Access to Public Government Information was unanimously approved by Congress in April 2002 and signed by President Fox in June 2002. It went into effect in June 2003.

Moldova

Article 34 of the Constitution provides for a right of access to information.

The Law of the Republic of Moldova on Access to Information^[98] was approved by Parliament in May 2000 and went into force in August 2000. Under the law, citizens and residents of Moldova can demand information from state institutions, organisations financed by the public budget and individuals and legal entities that provide public services and hold official information.

Chernogoriya

A freedom of information law was passed in Montenegro late in 2005, after a process of several years.

Nepal

Nepal Government passed a draft of information act on September, 2007 on behalf of freedom. Based on that draft, the government enacted a specific law to regulate right to information on July 18, 2007. However, on February, 2009 for the protection, promotion and execution of Right to Information in Nepal National Information Commission formed Right to Information Act, 2007.^[99]

Gollandiya

Article 110 of the Constitution states: "In the exercise of their duties government bodies shall observe the principle of transparency in accordance with the rules to be prescribed by Act of Parliament."

The Dutch act on public access to government information entered into force in 1980 and is updated several times later. Under the act known as the Wet Openbaarheid van Bestuur [nl ], yoki Vob for short, any person can demand information (called wobbing) related to an administrative matter if it is contained in documents held by public authorities or companies carrying out work for a public authority. The request can either be written or oral. The authority has two (on environmental issues) or four weeks to respond. The act also obliges the government to provide information unsolicited as it is in the interest of good and democratic governance.

Yangi Zelandiya

In New Zealand, the relevant legislation is the Rasmiy ma'lumot to'g'risidagi qonun 1982 yil. This implemented a general policy of openness regarding official documents and replaced the Official Secrets Act.

Nigeriya

Sobiq prezident Goodluck Jonathan signed into law the Freedom of Information (FoI) Bill, awaited for 12 years by media proprietors and practitioners alike, during which the Villa got knocks for filibustering and lawmakers complained of bombardment by campaigners.

The House of Representatives passed the Bill on February 24, 2011 and the Senate dialled up integrity on March 16 as it delivered on promise to pass it.

The harmonised version was passed by both Chambers on May 26, 2011.It was conveyed to Jonathan on May 27, and he signed it on May 28, 2011, according to a statement Aso Rock issued on Tuesday.^[100]

Two states in Nigeria (namely Ekiti and Lagos State) have adopted the Freedom of Information Act at State level but they have extended the response date at State level from 7 days to 14 days. More states are expected to adopt the bill and come up with their own version.

Norvegiya

The current freedom of information legislation was enacted May 19. 2006,^[101] and superseded the previous law of 1970^[102] by January 1, 2009. Article 100 of the Constitution gives access to public documents.^[103] The basic principle of the law is everyone has the right to access to State and municipal documents and to be present at sittings of courts and elected assemblies.

Pokiston

Prezident Parvez Musharraf promulgated the Freedom of Information Ordinance 2002 in October 2002.^[104] The law allows any citizen access to public records held by a public body of the federal government including ministries, departments, boards, councils, courts and tribunals. It does not apply to government owned corporations or provincial governments. The bodies must respond within 21 days.

More recently, by virtue of the 18th Amendment of 2010, article 19A has been inserted in the Pokiston konstitutsiyasi.^[105] It gives the right to access to information the status of a fundamental constitutional right. Article 19A "Right to Information" reads: "Every citizen shall have the right to have access to information in all matters of public importance subject to regulation and reasonable restrictions imposed by law".

Paragvay

The National Constitution of Paragvay^[106] enacted in 1992, guarantees the right to be informed and to receive true, responsible, and equitable information (Art. 28). The same article states that public sources of information are free, and that a law will regulate the modalities, time periods, and sanctions “in order to make this right effective”. In practice, this last provision delayed the recognition of the right due to the absence of a law making it “effective”. Congress, government agencies and Courts were reluctant to enforce the right to access public sources of information until 2013. A Supreme Court judgment (No. 1306 of 15 October 2013),^[107] marked the beginning of what has been called a “Transparency Spring^[108]”.

The ruling from the Supreme Court was made in the context of an Amparo filed by a citizen called Jose Daniel Vargas Tellez, after the San Lorenzo Municipality denied him access to the information about the names, the job descriptions and the wages of all the employees that were working in that public office. The Court of First Instance and the Court of Appeals rejected the Amparo on the grounds that information of that type was considered sensitive by the Data Protection and Privacy Act (Law 1682/02 and 1969/02). The latter rulings were challenged on constitutional grounds and the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Vargas Tellez holding that while this information relating to the identity and wages of public employees and officers constitutes personal propriety data, it is nonetheless registered in a “public source of information”, which makes it available to any citizen who requests it. The right to access to these informations is recognised under the Constitution and international instruments such as the Inson huquqlari bo'yicha Amerika konventsiyasi (Art. 13); The Fuqarolik va siyosiy huquqlar to'g'risidagi xalqaro pakt (Art. 19); va Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Korrupsiyaga qarshi konvensiyasi (Art. 13).

Following the Supreme Court's decision, and with the support of the civil society and President Horacio Cartes, the first Transparency law was enacted (Law No. 5189/14) requiring all public offices to disclose information regarding the use of public funds to pay salaries. In addition, The Freedom of Information and Government Transparency Law (Law 5282/2014) was enacted in 2014 and a final regulation of 2015 (Executive Decree 4064/15) set the final step in the road to Transparency. These rules expressly recognize that the right to access public information is a human right, which improves the State, promotes citizen participation and public accountability, and serves as a tool to combat corruption. Currently, all requests to access public information can be done onlayn through a single portal, and government offices are obliged to respond within 15 days.

Paraguay became internationally committed to promote transparency, empower citizens, fight corruption, and harness new technologies to strengthen governance after becoming a member of the Ochiq hukumat bilan hamkorlik. Presently, most government offices have Transparency offices and can provide information to citizens and receive reports of corruption. The main Executive agency in charge of promoting Electronic Government is the SENATICS.

Art 28 of the Constitution also states that any person affected by the diffusion of a false, distorted, or ambiguous information has the right to demand its rectification or its clarification by the same means and under the same conditions in which it was divulged, without prejudice to the other compensatory rights. There is also a specific law that regulates Habeas ma'lumotlari, and any citizen can request a copy of publicly or privately held information relating to him, and can demand that any inaccurate data found be destroyed.

Filippinlar

On July 23, 2016, Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte imzolagan executive order on freedom of information to be implemented effectively in all offices under the executive branch of government.^[109]

Pitkarn orollari

Section 13(4) of the Constitution of the Pitcairn Islands provides that "Freedom of information in Pitcairn shall be provided by Ordinance, which shall reflect the freedom of information legislation of the United Kingdom adapted to the circumstances of Pitcairn".^[110]

The Freedom of Information Ordinance 2012 implements this requirement.^[111]

Polsha

Article 61 of the Constitution provides for the right to information and mandates that Parliament enact a law setting out this right.

The Law on Access to Public Information was approved in September 2001 and went into effect in January 2002. The Act allows anyone to demand access to public information, public data and public assets held by public bodies, private bodies that exercise public tasks, trade unions and political parties. The requests can be oral or written. The bodies must respond within 14 days.

Ruminiya

Since 2001 there is one law on Freedom of Information and one on transparent decision making processes in publicadministration (a quyosh qonuni ).^[112][113]

Ruanda

The law Relating to Access to Information was passed on the 08/02/2013. It puts forth the purpose of the law, recognises the right to access to information, the procedures for accessing information, and compliance related issues.available at http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/postoftheday/2013/18/Rwanda_ATI_Law_March2013_NewDelhi_SatbirS.pdf

Serbiya

Serbiyada Access to Public Information Act gives access to documents of public authorities.

Seyshel orollari

The President of the Republic, Mr Danny Faure assented to the Access to Information Act on July 2018. The Access to Information Bill 2018 was published in the Official Gazette on the 24th of March 2017. The Right of Access to Information is guaranteed under Article 28 of the Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles. This Act gives the public with the constitutional right of access to information held by public authorities performing a governmental function.The Act will is administered and applied by an independent Information Commission, the setting of which has been cleared with the enactment of the Law. The Commission is appointed by the President in consultation with the Speaker of the National Assembly on the recommendation of the Constitutional Appointments Authority (CAA).The Information Commission strives to promote awareness, educate and popularise the right to access to information and fosters good governance by enhancing transparency, accountability and integrity in the Public Service and Administration. https://www.infocom.sc/

Slovakiya

Slovakia passed the Freedom of Information Act in May 2000 (Num. law: 211/2000 Z. z.). Under the law, everybody can demand information from state institutions, organisations, from municipalities, individuals and legal entities financed by the public budget.^[114]

Sloveniya

Slovenia passed the Access to Public Information Act in March 2003.^[115] The Act governs the procedure which ensures everyone free access to public information held by state bodies, local government bodies, public agencies, public funds and other entities of public law, public powers holders and public service contractors.^[116]

Janubiy Afrika

Section 32 of the Janubiy Afrika Konstitutsiyasi guarantees "the right of access to any information held by the state; and any information that is held by another person and that is required for the exercise or protection of any rights." This right is implemented through the Promotion of Access to Information Act, which was enacted on 2 February 2000. The right of access to xususiy ravishda held information is an interesting feature, as most freedom of information laws only cover governmental bodies.

Janubiy Koreya

The Constitutional Court ruled in 1989 that there is a constitutional right to information "as an aspect of the right of freedom of expression and specific implementing legislation to define the contours of the right was not a prerequisite to its enforcement."

The Act on Disclosure of Information by Public Agencies was enacted in 1996 and went into effect in January 1998. It allows citizens to demand information held by public agencies.

Shri-Lanka

Sri Lanka's Right to Information Act No 12 of 2016 was certified on 4 August 2016. After much debate and many amendments to the draft Bill, the final Act comprising 44 Sections was certified in early August 2016. The implementation of the Act is expected to take time due to the necessity of establishing cadre positions in government institutions to provide information to the general public. The Act is considered to hold many strengths and positive features that would effectively authorize citizens to be actively involved in the process of governance. Moreover, Article 14A(1) introduced by virtue of 19th Amendment to the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka has paved the way for the recognition of right to information as a fundamental right.

Shvetsiya

Yilda Shvetsiya, Shvetsiyadagi matbuot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun grants public access to official documents and is included in the Shvetsiya Konstitutsiyasi. Dating back to 1766, it is the first freedom of information legislation in the modern sense. In modern times the right has become known as the Principle of Public Access (Shved: offentlighetsprincipen).^[117]

The Principle of Public Access means that the general public is guaranteed insight into activities pursued by government agencies. All official documents handled by government agencies are public unless they contain information specified as secret under the Axborotdan ommaviy foydalanish va maxfiylik to'g'risidagi qonun. Each request to take part of official documents is handled individually and classifying documents or information as secret is subject to appeal. The constitution also grants the right for government employees to pass on information without risk of criminal charges or repercussions and the right to attend court proceedings and meetings of legislative assemblies like the Riksdag.

Shveytsariya

Switzerland is a federal state. Access to federal documents is governed by the Swiss Federal Act on the Principle of Freedom of Information in Public Administration, and supervised by the Federal ma'lumotlarni himoya qilish va axborot komissari.^[118] Access to documents at the kantonal daraja is governed by cantonal laws, which are mostly similar to the federal law.As of 2018, the cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden, Glarus, Lucerne, Nidvalden, Obvalden va Thurgau do not have freedom of information legislation.^[119]

Tayvan

The "Freedom of Government Information Law" (政府資訊公開法), enacted by the Qonunchilik yuan ning ROC government in Taiwan, has been in force since 28 December 2005.^[120]

Tanzaniya

Tanzaniya Access to Information Act was passed in 2016.

Tailand

In Thailand, the relevant legislation is the Official Information Act of 1997.

Trinidad va Tobago

Yilda Trinidad va Tobago, tegishli qonun hujjatlari Freedom of Information Act, 1999.

Tunis

Tunisia adopted a freedom of information law after the revolution, in 2016. However the law was criticized for security related exemptions. A 2018 law requiring public officials revealing their assets was a step forward to transparency.^[121]

kurka

Yilda kurka, Turkish Law on the Right to Information (Bilgi Edinme Hakkı Kanunu) was signed on October 24, 2003 and it came into effect 6 months later on April 24, 2004.

Uganda

Yilda Uganda, Access to Information Act (ATI) was approved in 2005 but its regulations were not passed until 2011. The laws states that citizen and especially journalists can demand accountability from a government official. The Hub for Investigative Media (HIM) in Uganda offers training programs that teaches East-African journalists in matters of fact-checking and digital security. HIM also has made government officials are of the ATI law and its provision. They have also conducted a nationwide campaign to train journalists on the knowledge and application of the ATI laws as right holders.^[122]

Ukraina

1996 yil Konstitutsiya does not include a specific general right of access to information but contains a general right of freedom of collect and disseminate information and rights of access to personal and environmental information.

San'at. 5 of The Law on Information of 1992 (revised in 2011) provides the term «right for information» which includes the possibility of free collection, usage, distribution, storage and protection of information necessary for the exercise of person's rights, freedoms and legitimate interests.^[123]

Law on Access to Public Information was adopted 13 January 2011 and go into force from 9 May 2011. It widens the range of subjects, obliged to provide information, gives legislative definition of public information and makes public information accessible with statutory restrictions.^[124][125]

Birlashgan Qirollik

The Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun 2000 yil (2000 c. 36) is the implementation of freedom of information legislation in the Birlashgan Qirollik on a national level, with the exception of Scottish bodies, which are covered by the Axborot erkinligi (Shotlandiya) to'g'risidagi qonun 2002 yil (2002 asp. 13). Environmental information is covered by further legislation Atrof-muhit to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar to'g'risidagi qoidalar 2004 yil. Toni Bler, the UK Prime Minister who introduced the Freedom of Information Act, later expressed regret over the Act, claiming that the Act impeded the ability of officials to deliberate "with a reasonable level of confidentiality".^[126]

Qo'shma Shtatlar

Qo'shma Shtatlarda Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun Prezident tomonidan imzolandi Lyndon B. Jonson on July 4, 1966 and went into effect the following year. Ralf Nader has been credited with the impetus for creating this act, among others.^[127] The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments were signed by President Bill Klinton 1996 yil 2 oktyabrda.^[128]

The Act applies only to federal agencies. However, all of the states, as well as the District of Columbia and some territories, have enacted similar statutes to require disclosures by agencies of the state and of local governments, though some are significantly broader than others. Some state and local government agencies attempt to get around state open records laws by claiming copyright for their works and then demanding high fees to license the public information.^{[129]:441–42} Some states expand government transparency through ochiq yig'ilish qonunlari, which require government meetings to be announced in advance and held publicly.

Urugvay

The Act was enacted in 2008 under President Vazquez's Administration and is mainly implemented by the Judiciary.

Zimbabve

Yilda Zimbabve, Access to Information and Privacy Act (AIPPA) was signed by their President Robert Mugabe in February 2002.

Pending legislation by country

Parts of this article (those related to section: "(Unless stated otherwise, information is current as of July 2008).") need to be yangilangan. Iltimos, ushbu maqolani so'nggi voqealarni yoki yangi mavjud ma'lumotlarni aks ettirish uchun yangilang. (Noyabr 2019)

• Yilda Argentina, the national freedom of information legislation has been enacted by law 27.275 (2016), but only a few states have their own legislation on a local level. Such is the case of the City of Buenos Aires.^[130]
• Yilda Barbados, the Government headed by Devid Tompson has proposed to put in place a Freedom of Information Bill.^[131] The Government has launched various initiatives to vett the proposed bill with the citizens of the country for comment.
• In [Botswana] Botswana enacted the Freedom of Information Act and it commenced in 2018. The Data Protection Act was also assented to by Parliament in 2018 and is awaiting commencement.
• In Kayman orollari, Freedom of Information Regulations Act 2008 is expected to go into effect on January 1, 2009.^[132]
• Yilda Fidji, the constitution gives a general right of access, but enabling legislation has not yet been passed. "Axborot erkinligi to'g'risida" gi qonun loyihasi 2000 yilda tarqatilgan, ammo siyosiy notinchlik tufayli izdan chiqqan; hukumat hali ikkinchi qonun loyihasi ustida ish boshlamagan.
• Yilda Gana, Ma'lumot olish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun 2003 yil 2005 yilda Vazirlar Mahkamasiga qayta kiritilgan.
• Yilda Indoneziya, Vakillar Palatasi 2004 yilda "Axborot erkinligi to'g'risida" qonun loyihasini ishlab chiqdi va taqdim etdi va 2008 yilda "Axborotning ochiqligi to'g'risida" gi qonun bilan qabul qilindi.
• Yilda Iordaniya to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi mavjud Axborotdan foydalanish kafolati 2005 yil oxirida parlamentga qabul qilingan.
• Yilda Keniya, 2007 yilgi Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi tez orada parlamentga kiritiladi.
• Yilda Lesoto, Axborot olish va olish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi 2003-4 yillarda parlament oldida bo'lgan, ammo qonunchilikning amaldagi holati noma'lum
• Yilda Mavrikiy, hozirda axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonunchilik mavjud emas. 2005 yilda hukumat "Axborot erkinligi to'g'risida" gi qonunni qabul qilishga va'da bergan, ammo hali hech qanday qonun qabul qilinmagan.
• Yilda Mozambik, hukumat 2005 yil avgustida "Axborot erkinligi to'g'risida" gi qonun loyihasini ishlab chiqdi. Ikki yil ichida qonun qabul qilinishi kutilmoqda.
• Yilda Nauru, 2004 yilda "Axborot erkinligi to'g'risida" gi qonun parlament oldida ishlab chiqilgan, ammo qabul qilinmagan. Mamlakat Konstitutsiyasi qayta ko'rib chiqilguniga qadar qonunchilik bo'yicha keyingi ishlar to'xtatib turilmoqda.
• Yilda Shri-Lanka, 2004 yilgi "Axborot erkinligi to'g'risida" gi qonun loyihasi ikkala yirik tomonlar tomonidan ma'qullangan, ammo 2005 yil yanvaridan qabul qilinmagan. 2016 yil avgustda "Axborot olish huquqi to'g'risida" gi qonun parlament tomonidan bir ovozdan tasdiqlangan. Ma'lumot olish huquqi 2017 yil 3 fevralda o'tgan^[133][134]

Shuningdek qarang

• Axborot olish, qaror qabul qilishda jamoatchilik ishtiroki va atrof-muhit masalalarida odil sudlovdan foydalanish to'g'risida Orxus konvensiyasi
• Ommaviy ma'lumotlarga kirish
• Dunyoda erkinlik
• Axborot erkinligi
• Axborot komissari
• Bilish kerak
• Notijorat tashkilotlar va jamoat ma'lumotlariga kirish
• Ochiq hukumat
• Bilish huquqi
• Maxfiylik
• Xulq-atvorning shaffofligi

Odamlar

• Devid Banisar^[135]
• Alasdair Roberts^[136]
• Zev Yaroslavskiy, Los-Anjeles shahar kengashi a'zosi (1974–94), shaharning axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi farmoniga mualliflik qilgan

Adabiyotlar

RTI yuboring RTI dasturini topshirish uchun portal

Tashqi havolalar

Xalqaro:

• Freedominfo: dunyo bo'ylab axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonunlar va harakatlar uchun yagona oyna portali.
• Right2Info: dunyodagi yaxshi qonun va amaliyot, shu jumladan, RTI va boshqa tegishli qonunlar va 100 ga yaqin mamlakatlarning konstitutsiyaviy qoidalariga havolalar.
• Ochiq hukumat: Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi jurnal. Dunyo bo'ylab FOI bo'yicha tadqiqotlar va sharhlar bilan ko'rib chiqilgan ochiq elektron jurnal. Endi ishdan chiqqanmi?
• FOIAnet
• 19-modda: so'z erkinligi va ma'lumot olish huquqini targ'ib qiluvchi inson huquqlari bo'yicha global tashkilot
• Kirish tashabbusi
• Jamiyatning bilish huquqi
• Ma'murlar uchun ma'lumot berish erkinligi bo'yicha qo'llanma
• Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun to'g'risidagi qonun
• Axborot olish uchun milliy huquq, qonunlar, qoidalar va qonun loyihalari xaritasi, 2011 yil noyabr
• Global Integrity Transparency Report, har yili yangilanadigan 80 dan ortiq mamlakatni qamrab oladi
• FOI to'g'risidagi qonunlarni xalqaro tadqiq qilish, 2005 yil o'rtalarida
• Jahon FOI jadvali, FOI qonunlarining qiyosiy jadvali
• FOI qarorlarining global ko'rsatkichi

Evropa:

• Info Europe-ga kirish
• Buyuk Britaniyaning Axborot erkinligi bo'yicha kampaniyasi
• Maxfiylik va ma'lumotlarni himoya qilish: FOI masalalari bo'yicha Buyuk Britaniyaning etakchi jurnali.
• Huquqiy qochqinlar - Axborot va jurnalistika erkinligi
• Transparency International BiH

Braziliya:

• Braziliyada ma'lumot olish, shaxsiy hayot va sog'liqni saqlash sohasidagi tadqiqotlar to'g'risida qonun (ingliz tili)
• Shaffof ma'lumotlarga ega Braziliya qonunchiligi (portugalcha)
• Braziliya axborotdan foydalanish (portugalcha)^{[doimiy o'lik havola ]}
• Braziliya shaffofligi jamoatchiligi (portugalcha)

Hindiston:

• Axborot olish huquqi bo'yicha hukumat portali
• RTI Online-ni topshirish uchun hukumat portali - faqat markaziy hukumat
• Har ikki shtat va markaziy hukumatlar uchun RTI arizalarini topshirish uchun onlayn xizmat

Kurka:

• Turkiyani bilish huquqi - fuqarolik portali

Qo'shma Shtatlar:

• Milliy axborot erkinligi koalitsiyasi
• WikiFoia Shtat va mahalliy qonunlar, yangiliklar va yordam uchun viki
• Milliy xavfsizlik arxivi - orqali sotib olingan maxfiy ma'lumotlar o'chirilgan hujjatlar to'plami FOIA
• AQSh hukumatidagi FOIA xodimlarining to'liq ro'yxati
• FOIA qo'llanmasi - AQSh Adliya vazirligi Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun, 2009 y
• Gruziya ochiq yozuvlar to'g'risidagi qonun, Ballotpedia

Nepal

• Axborot olish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun 2007 y

Ochiq uchrashuvlar:

• Jamoatchilik xabarnomalari bo'yicha resurs markazi - Ochiq yig'ilishlar to'g'risidagi qonunlarni himoya qiladigan notijorat guruh
• Rekordlarni yangilaydigan PNRC yangiliklari blogi

Janubiy Koreya:

• Seul Information Communication Plaza - Seul shahri tomonidan ma'lumotni oshkor qilish