Baxtli Chandler - Happy Chandler

Baxtli Chandler
44 va 49-chi Kentukki gubernatori
Ofisda 1955 yil 13 dekabr - 1959 yil 8 dekabr
Leytenant	Garri Li Voterfild
Oldingi	Lourens Ueterbi
Muvaffaqiyatli	Bert Kombs
Ofisda 1935 yil 10 dekabr - 1939 yil 9 oktyabr
Leytenant	Kin Jonson
Oldingi	Ruby Laffoon
Muvaffaqiyatli	Kin Jonson
Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari senatori dan Kentukki
Ofisda 1939 yil 10 oktyabr - 1945 yil 1 noyabr
Tomonidan tayinlangan	Kin Jonson
Oldingi	M. M. Logan
Muvaffaqiyatli	Uilyam A. Stenfill
2-chi Beysbol bo'yicha komissar
Ofisda 1945 yil 1 noyabr - 1951 yil 15 iyul
Oldingi	Kenesaw Mountain Landis
Muvaffaqiyatli	Ford Frick
36-chi Kentukki shtati gubernatori
Ofisda 1931 yil 8 dekabr - 1935 yil 10 dekabr
Hokim	Ruby Laffoon
Oldingi	Jeyms Breathitt Jr.
Muvaffaqiyatli	Kin Jonson
A'zosi Kentukki Senati 22-okrugdan
Ofisda 1929 yil 8 yanvar - 1931 yil 8 dekabr
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan	Albert Benjamin Chandler (1898-07-14)1898 yil 14-iyul Korydon, Kentukki, BIZ.
O'ldi	1991 yil 15 iyun(1991-06-15) (92 yosh) Versal, Kentukki, BIZ.
Dam olish joyi	Pisgah Presviterian qabristoni, Versal, Kentukki
Siyosiy partiya	Demokratik
Turmush o'rtoqlar	Mildred Lyusil Uotkins ​ ​ (m. 1925)​
Bolalar	4
Qarindoshlar	Ben Chandler (nabira)
Olma mater	Transilvaniya universiteti Garvard yuridik fakulteti Kentukki universiteti
Kasb	Yurist
Imzo
Harbiy xizmat
Sadoqat	Qo'shma Shtatlar
Filial / xizmat	Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi
Xizmat qilgan yillari	1918–1919
Janglar / urushlar	Birinchi jahon urushi
Beysbol karyerasi
Milliy a'zosi
Beysbol shon-sharaf zali
Induksiya	1982
Saylov usuli	Faxriylar qo'mitasi

Albert Benjamin "Baxtli" Chandler Sr. (1898 yil 14-iyul - 1991 yil 15-iyun) Amerikalik siyosatchi edi Kentukki. U Kentukki vakili AQSh Senati va unga xizmat qilgan 44 va 49-gubernator. Uning siyosiy lavozimlaridan tashqari, u ikkinchi o'rinni egalladi Beysbol bo'yicha komissar 1945 yildan 1951 yilgacha bo'lgan davrga kiritildi Beysbol shon-sharaf zali 1982 yilda. Uning nabirasi, Ben Chandler, keyinchalik bo'lib xizmat qildi kongressmen uchun Kentukki Oltinchi okrugi.

Kollejda ko'p sport turlari bo'yicha sportchi Transilvaniya kolleji, Chandler yuridik diplomini olishga qaror qilishdan oldin qisqacha professional beysboldagi karerasini ko'rib chiqdi. Bitirgandan so'ng, u siyosatga kirdi va a sifatida saylandi Demokrat uchun Kentukki Senati 1928 yilda. Ikki yildan so'ng u saylandi leytenant gubernator, gubernator huzurida xizmat qilmoqda Ruby Laffoon. Chandler va Lafun davlat barpo etish masalasida kelishmovchiliklarga duch kelishdi savdo solig'i va shtat senatining raisi Chandler qonunchilikni blokirovka qilish uchun ishlaganida, Laffunning ittifoqchilari Bosh assambleya uni ko'plab qonuniy vakolatlaridan mahrum qildi. Keyin soliq juda oz farq bilan o'tdi. Laffoon Demokratlar partiyasidan nomzodlar konvensiyasida o'z vorisini tanlashga harakat qilishini bilgan holda, Chandler Laffoon shtatni tark etguncha kutib turdi - Chandlerni gubernator vazifasini bajaruvchi qilib qoldirdi va qonun chiqaruvchini majburiy ravishda qabul qilish uchun sessiyaga chaqirdi. asosiy saylov qonun loyihasi. Qonun loyihasi qabul qilindi va keyingi saylovda Chandler Laffunning tanlovini mag'lub etdi, Tomas Reya. Keyin u mag'lubiyatga uchradi Respublika Qirol Swope Kentukki gubernatorlik poygasining o'sha paytgacha eng katta g'alabasi bilan. Gubernator sifatida Chandler sotilgan soliqning bekor qilinishini nazorat qilib, yo'qolgan daromadni yangi bilan almashtirdi aktsizlar va davlat birinchi daromad solig'i. U, shuningdek, davlat uchun katta tejashni amalga oshirgan holda, davlat boshqaruvini tubdan qayta tashkil etdi. U ushbu jamg'armalarni davlat qarzini to'lash va davlatning ta'lim va transport tizimini yaxshilash uchun ishlatgan.

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti bo'lish nasib etganiga amin bo'lgan Chandler e'tiroz bildirdi Senatning ko'pchilik rahbari Alben Barkli 1938 yilda AQSh Senatidagi o'rni uchun. Saylovoldi kampaniyasi davomida Prezident Franklin D. Ruzvelt shtatga Barkli uchun saylov kampaniyasini o'tkazish uchun kelgan va Chandler yaqin poygada yutqazgan. Keyingi yil Kentukki shtatining boshqa senatori, Marvel Mills Logan, lavozimida vafot etdi va Chandler gubernator lavozimidan iste'foga chiqdi, shuning uchun uning vorisi uni bo'sh joyga tayinlashi mumkin edi. A fiskal konservativ va shogirdi Virjiniya "s Garri F. Berd, Chandler Ruzveltning qismlariga qarshi chiqdi Yangi bitim va prezidentning birinchi o'ringa qo'yish to'g'risidagi qarori bilan ochiqchasiga rozi emas edi Evropa operatsiyalari Ikkinchi jahon urushida Tinch okeanidagi urush. 1945 yilda Chandler kechroq muvaffaqiyatga erishish uchun Senatdagi lavozimini tark etdi Kenesaw Mountain Landis beysbolning komissari sifatida. Uning komissar sifatida eng muhim harakati ma'qullash edi Jeki Robinson bilan shartnoma Bruklin Dodjers, samarali integratsiya Beysbolning oliy ligasi. Shuningdek, u Oliy Liga futbolchilari uchun birinchi pensiya jamg'armasini tashkil etdi va unga "futbolchilar komissari" unvonini berdi. Beysbol egalari Chandler boshqaruvidan xafa bo'lishdi va 1951 yilda uning shartnomasini uzaytirmadilar.

Komissarlik lavozimidan keyin Chandler Kentukki shtatiga qaytib keldi va 1955 yilda gubernatorlik lavozimida ikkinchi marta g'olib bo'ldi. Ikkinchi muddatidagi eng katta yutuqlar irqiy integratsiya shtat davlat maktablari va tibbiyot maktabini tashkil etish Kentukki universiteti keyinchalik nomi berilgan Chandler tibbiyot markazi uning sharafiga. Gubernatorlik lavozimidagi ikkinchi muddatidan so'ng, 1963, 1967 va 1971 yillarda yana uchta muvaffaqiyatsiz gubernatorlik saylovlarini o'tkazganligi sababli uning siyosiy ta'siri susay boshladi. Uning qora tanli nomzodni tasdiqlashi Uolles G. Uilkinson 1988 yilda Uilkinsonning muvaffaqiyatli gubernatorlik kampaniyasi uchun muhim deb topildi. Keyinchalik Wilkinson Chandlerni Kentukki universiteti vasiylik kengashidan olib tashlash haqidagi chaqiriqlarga 1988 yilda kengash yig'ilishi paytida Chandlerning irqiy epitetdan foydalanganidan keyin qarshilik ko'rsatdi. Pensiyada bo'lganida, Chandler ko'plab jamoatchilik oldida chiqish qildi. va davlat siyosati va voqealarida faol bo'lib qoldi. Chandler to'qson uchinchi tug'ilgan kunidan bir oy oldin vafot etdi; o'sha paytda, u eng keksa sobiq Kentukki gubernatori va shuningdek, ilgari xizmat qilgan sobiq gubernator edi.^[1]

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Albert Benjamin Chandler fermerlar jamoasida tug'ilgan Korydon, Kentukki, 1898 yilda.^[2] U Jozef Sweet va Kalli (Sonders) Chandlerning to'ng'ich farzandi edi.^[3] Aytishlaricha, Chandlerning otasi onasini bolalar uyidan qutqargan va 15 yoshida unga uylangan, ammo ularning nikohi to'g'risida hech qanday ma'lumot topilmagan.^[4] 1899 yilda Chandlerning akasi Robert tug'ildi. Ikki yil o'tgach, ularning onasi hali o'spirinligida va ikki yosh bolani tarbiyalashga bardosh berolmay, oilani tark etdi. U shtatdan qochib, o'g'illarini otalariga qoldirdi.^[4] O'zining tarjimai holida Chandler onasining ularni tark etishi uning eng qadimgi xotirasi ekanligini aytdi.^[4] Yillar o'tib, u onasini qidirib topdi va uni yashayotgan joyda topdi Jeksonvill, Florida. U yana turmushga chiqdi va uning uchta yarim ukasi bor edi.^[4] Uning to'liq ukasi Robert Chandler 13 yoshida gilos daraxtidan yiqilib vafot etdi.^[5]

Chandler otasi va qarindoshlari tarbiyasida bo'lgan va 8 yoshga kelib u o'zini qog'oz yo'lidan va o'z jamoasida g'alati ishlarni bajarishdan moddiy jihatdan ta'minlagan.^[6] 1917 yilda u Korydon o'rta maktabini tugatgan,^[3] u qaerda edi kapitan beysbol va futbol jamoalar.^[7] Uning otasi uni xizmatda o'qishini xohlagan, ammo Chandler uning o'rniga Transilvaniya kollejiga o'qishga kirgan (hozir Transilvaniya universiteti ) ichida Leksington, Kentukki.^[2][8] U quvnoq tabiati tufayli u bir umrga "Baxtli" laqabini oldi.^[7] U mahalliy fuqarolar uchun uy ishlari bilan o'qish uchun pul to'lagan.^[9] Chandler Transilvaniyaning basketbol va beysbol jamoalari sardori va yarim himoyachi futbol jamoasining. U jamoadoshi edi Gollandiyalik Meyer, kelajakdagi a'zosi Kollejning Shon-sharaf zali.^[9][10] U ham qo'shildi Pi Kappa Alfa birodarlik va Omicron Delta Kappa jamiyatni sharaflash.^[11] 1918 yilda Birinchi Jahon urushi paytida Qo'shma Shtatlar armiyasi a Talaba ofitserlarini tayyorlash korpusi Transilvaniyada va Chandler ofitser bo'lishga tayyorlana boshladi. U faol xizmatga chaqirilishidan oldin urush tugadi.^[10]

1920 yilda Chandler a zararli emas uchun Grafton, Shimoliy Dakota Red River Valley ligasidagi jamoasi.^[12] U professional beysbol musobaqasida qatnashdi Saskatun ammo jamoani yarata olmadi.^[12] U Transilvaniyaga qaytib keldi va 1921 yil iyun oyida san'at bakalavri darajasiga ega bo'ldi.^[11] Keyin u D sinfidagi beysbol jamoasi bilan imzo chekdi Lexington Reds, u erda kelajakdagi jamoadoshi bo'lgan Shuhrat zali Earle taroqlari.^[13] Qisqacha beysboldagi karerasini o'ylab, u nihoyat huquqshunoslikni o'rganishga qaror qildi.^[14] U kirdi Garvard yuridik fakulteti o'sha yili,^[3] o'rta maktab sportiga murabbiylik qilish orqali o'z yo'lini to'laydi Uelsli, Massachusets.^[15] Uning sobiq jamoadoshi Charli Moran, keyin Center College Praying Polonels futbol jamoasi yilda Danville, Kentukki, undan milliy kuch markazini skaut qilishni so'radi Garvard Crimson, Center uchun yaqinlashib kelayotgan raqib.^[14] Chandler Moran uchun juda ko'p eslatmalar oldi va Markaz Garvardni 6: 0 hisobida mag'lub etdi kollej futboli tarixidagi eng katta xafagarchiliklardan biri deb hisoblangan.^[16]

Bir yildan so'ng Chandler Garvardni sotib olishga qodir emas edi.^[15] U Kentukki shahriga qaytib keldi va davom etdi Kentukki universiteti yuridik kolleji,^[3] o'rta maktab sportini murabbiylik qilish Versal va 1923 yilda Kentukki universitetida ayollar basketbolida bosh murabbiy bo'lib ishlagan.^[12][17] U markazda Charli Moran uchun yordamchi murabbiy va skaut bo'lgan va u erda birinchi futbol jamoasini boshqargan.^[16] A'zosi Coif ordeni, u uni qabul qildi Huquqshunoslik bakalavriati 1924 yilda daraja.^[11] U qabul qilindi bar keyingi yil Versalda advokatlik amaliyotini ochdi.^[2][11]

1925 yil 12-noyabrda Chandler Margaret Xoll qizlar maktabining o'qituvchisi Mildred Lusil Uotkinsga uylandi.^[18] Ularning to'rtta farzandi bo'ladi: Marcella, Mildred ("Mimi"), kichik Albert va Jozef Daniel.^[19] Mimi Chandler 1944 yilda suratga olingan to'rtta opa-singillardan birini ijro etgan Va farishtalar qo'shiq aytishadi, bilan paydo bo'ladi Doroti Lamour, Betti Xatton va Diana Lin aktyorlik faoliyatini tark etishdan va Kentukki turizm departamentida ishlashdan oldin.^[20]

Keyingi besh yil davomida Chandler bir vaqtning o'zida huquqshunoslik bilan shug'ullangan, o'rta maktab sporti bilan shug'ullangan va Markaz uchun skaut bo'lib xizmat qilgan.^[9] U ko'plab birodarlik tashkilotlariga, shu jumladan Masonlar, Shriners, Templar ritsarlari, Qirq va sakkiz va Optimist International.^[8]

Dastlabki siyosiy martaba

Chandler siyosat raisi etib tayinlangandan so'ng paydo bo'ldi Vudford okrugi Demokratik qo'mita.^[8] 1928 yilda u Vudford okrugining usta komissari etib tayinlandi tuman sudi.^[21] Keyingi yil u a Demokrat tarkibida 22-tuman vakili bo'lish Kentukki Senati.^[3][19] Senat a'zosi sifatida u Demokratik koalitsiyaning bir qismi bo'lib, qonunchilikni bekor qildi Respublika Hokim Flem D. Sampson uning ko'plab qonuniy vakolatlaridan.^[22]

Sobiq gubernator J. C. V. Bekxem Chandlerning dastlabki siyosiy faoliyatida uning ittifoqchilaridan biri bo'lgan.

1931 yilgi gubernatorlik saylovlari yaqinlashganda, Chandler va Prestonsburg mahalliy Jek Xovard leytenant-gubernatorlikka nomzod sifatida tilga olingan.^[23] AQSh vakili Fred M. Vinson qo'llab-quvvatladi Xovard, hamkasbi Sharqiy Kentukyan, lekin siyosiy boshliqlar Billi Kler, Jonson N. Kamden Jr. va Ben Jonson Chandlerni qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[23] Partiyaning nomzodlar s'ezdida yana bir siyosiy boshliq Mikki Brennanning qo'llab-quvvatlashi Chandlerga ustunlik berdi.^[23] Demokratik gubernator nomzodi Ruby Laffoon shuningdek, uning tanlovi davlatning siyosiy boshliqlari, xususan amakisi, vakili hiyla-nayranglari uchun qarzdor edi Polk lafuni.^[23] Muammoli bo'lib, Chandler sobiq gubernatorning ittifoqchisi bo'lgan J. C. W. Bekxem, Louisville Courier-Journal noshir Robert Uort Bingem va siyosiy boshliq Uni boshchiligidagi Demokratik fraktsiya a'zosi Laffun bilan ziddiyatga keltirgan Persi Xeyli Rassellvill siyosiy boshliq Tomas Reya va Bekxem, Uort va Xeyliga qarshi chiqishdi.^[24] Chipta ichidagi kelishmovchilikka qaramay, yomonlashuvi Katta depressiya respublika prezidenti davrida Gerbert Guver va gubernator Sampson demokratlarning g'alabasini ta'minladi.^[23] Chandler Jon C. Vorsham ustidan 426 247 ovoz bilan 353 573 ovoz bilan saylandi.^[3] Pretsedent bilan tanaffusda Chandler binoning ijro etuvchi qavatida ofis yaratdi davlat kapitoliyi va u erda doimiy ishlagan. Oldingi leytenant-gubernatorlar uyda qolishgan Frankfort faqat qonun chiqaruvchi sessiyalar paytida, ularga shtat senatiga rahbarlik qilish vazifasi yuklanganda.^[25]

Ular saylanganidan ko'p o'tmay, davlatni amalga oshirish masalasida Chandler va Lafun o'rtasidagi tafovut yanada kengaydi savdo solig'i.^[3] Laffoon soliqni afzal ko'rdi, ammo Chandler unga qarshi chiqdi.^[3] Shtat senatining raisi sifatida Chandler bilan ishlagan Uy spikeri Jon Y.Broun, Sr., soliqni o'tkazishni taqiqlash.^[26] Qasos sifatida Lafunning ittifoqchilari Kentukki Bosh assambleyasi Chandlerni gubernator-leytenant lavozimidagi ba'zi vakolatlaridan mahrum qildi va keyinchalik ular qonun chiqaruvchi har bir palatada bitta ovoz berish yo'li bilan soliq to'lashga muvaffaq bo'lishdi.^[26]

Sessiyalar oralig'idagi vaqt ichida har qanday konstitutsiyaviy vazifalardan xoli bo'lgan Chandler deyarli leytenant-gubernatorlik muddatining boshidanoq Laffonni gubernator lavozimiga egallash uchun zamin yaratishni boshladi.^[25] Biroq, Lafun Tomas Riyani o'zining o'rnini egallashini ma'qul ko'rganligini aniq aytgan edi.^[27] Reya ko'tarilayotgan siyosiy boshliq xizmatlarini ta'minladi Earle C. Clements uning saylov kampaniyasi menejeri sifatida.^[27] Salom Morganfild, Chandlerning tug'ilgan shahri Koridondan bir oz narida, Klements keyinchalik Chandler undan so'raganida, Rening o'rniga, Chandler kampaniyasini boshqargan bo'lishi mumkinligini aytdi.^[27] Buning o'rniga, qarama-qarshi kampaniyani boshqarish fazilati bilan Klements keyingi o'ttiz yil davomida Chandlerga qarshi bo'lgan Demokratik fraksiyaning etakchisiga aylandi.^[27]

Chandler, Demokratik Demokratik Markaziy Qo'mitani boshqargan Laffoon, Demokratik gubernator nomzodini ushlab turish o'rniga, nomzodlar konvensiyasini chaqirib, qo'l urishga urinishidan qo'rqdi. asosiy saylov va shuning uchun Chandler dadil harakat bilan Laffunning bunday harakatni amalga oshirish qobiliyatini chetlab o'tdi.^[3] Ostida Kentukki Konstitutsiyasi, Chandler Laffun shtatni tark etganida gubernator vazifasini bajaruvchiga aylanadi. Laffun Prezident bilan uchrashish uchun sayohat qilganida Franklin Ruzvelt yilda Vashington, DC, 1935 yil 6-fevralda Chandler o'z vakolatidan foydalanib, qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyatni sessiyaga chaqirdi, chunki har bir partiyaning gubernatorlik nomzodlarini nomzodlar konvensiyasi emas, balki birlamchi saylovchilar tomonidan tanlanishi kerak edi.^[3][24] Ertasi kuni Laffoon shtatga qaytib keldi va Chandlerning qo'ng'iroq qilish vakolatiga da'vo qildi, ammo Chandlerning harakatlari Kentukki apellyatsiya sudi 26 fevralda.^[28]

Laffoon birlamchi qonun loyihasi Bosh assambleyada keng qo'llab-quvvatlanishini bilar edi, chunki qonun chiqaruvchilar ham, ularning saylovchilari ham partiyalarning nomzodlarini ko'rsatadigan konventsiyalariga ishonchsizlik paydo bo'ldi.^[29] Shunga ko'ra, u majburiy ikki bosqichli boshlang'ichni qabul qiladigan qonun loyihasini taklif qildi, unda a ikkinchi saylov birinchi bosqichda eng yaxshi ikki nomzod o'rtasida o'tkaziladi.^[24] Tarixchi Lowell H. Harrison Laffoon raqib fraktsiyasining keksa yoshdagi Bekxemni Rhega qarshi chiqishini kutishini va Laffoon ikki bosqichli boshlang'ich Bekxemni yiqitadi deb umid qilgan.^[24] Jurnalist Jon Ed Pirsning ta'kidlashicha, Bekxem o'zining va o'g'lining sog'lig'ini aytib, maxsus sessiya chaqirilishidan oldin nomzod bo'lishdan bosh tortgan.^[30] Qanday bo'lmasin, qonun chiqaruvchi Laffoon taklif qilgan qonun loyihasini qabul qildi.^[29]

Birinchi muddat gubernator

Bekxem gubernatorlik lavozimiga nomzodini qo'yishni rad etgandan so'ng, Laffoonga qarshi guruh Chandlerni Rhega qarshi qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[24] Birlamchi kampaniya davomida Chandler mashhur bo'lmagan sotish soliqlarini qo'lga kiritdi, Rhega "Sotuv solig'i Tom" degan yozuv qo'ydi va saylovchilarni davlatni "Ruby, Rhea va Ruin" dan qutqarishga chaqirdi.^[24] Dastlabki bosqichning birinchi bosqichida Reya 203,010 ovoz to'plab, Chandlerning 189,575 ovoziga ega bo'ldi.^[31] Frederik A. Uollis 38410, Elam Xaddlston 15501 ovoz oldi.^[30] Uollis va Xaddlstonga berilgan ovozlar shuni anglatadiki, na Rya va na Chandler ko'pchilik ovozni qo'lga kirita olmadilar, bu esa ikkinchi bosqichning boshlang'ich bosqichiga sabab bo'ldi.^[31] Uollis ham, Xaddlston ham saylovning ikkinchi bosqichida Chandlerni qo'llab-quvvatladilar va Chandler Rheani 260.573 ovoz bilan 234.124 ga ovoz berib, nomzodni qo'lga kiritdi.^[30]

Qirol Swope 1935 yilda Chandlerga gubernatorlik taklifini yo'qotdi.

Chandler mashhur savdo solig'ini bekor qilishni va'da qildi benzin solig'i, mol-mulk solig'ining ko'tarilishiga qarshi turing va davlat xizmatchilarining ish haqi foizlarini saylov kampaniyasi uchun ishlatilishini hisoblashning odatiy amaliyotiga barham bering.^[32] Yo'qotishlaridan g'azablangan Laffun va uning ittifoqchilari partiyadan voz kechib, respublikachi nomzodni qo'llab-quvvatladilar, Qirol Swope.^[24] Siyosat nuqtai nazaridan ikkalasi o'rtasida farqlar kam bo'lgan va shaxsiy hujumlar ikkala tomon tomonidan ishlatilgan.^[24] Svopning qattiq sudyalik obro'si Chandlerning xarizmasi bilan keskin farq qilar edi va Chandler shundan foydalanib Svopni "o'zining ulug'vorligi" deb nomlagan.^[33] Chandler Birinchi Jahon urushi paytida o'z xizmatini ta'kidlaganida, Laffooniki yordamchi general Genri Denxardt Chandler faqat mashg'ulotlarda kursant bo'lgan va hech qachon urushda faol xizmat qilmaganligini ta'kidlab, qarshi chiqdi.^[34] Oxir oqibat, kampaniya respublikachilarning sobiq prezidenti Guverning va o'tirgan prezident Demokrat Ruzveltning muvaffaqiyatsiz prezident ma'muriyatiga aylandi.^[24] Chandler Svopni umumiy saylovlarda 556 262 ovoz bilan 461 104 ovoz bilan mag'lub etdi.^[3] O'shanda Kentukki shtatidagi gubernatorlik saylovlarida qayd etilgan eng katta 95 ming ovozli g'alaba va 37 yoshida Chandler AQShning eng yosh gubernatori bo'lgan.^[19][33]

Chandlerning gubernatorlikdagi birinchi harakatlaridan biri Laffun davrida qabul qilingan savdo soliqlarining bekor qilinishini ta'minlash edi.^[28] Shuningdek, u qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyatni kelajakdagi saylovlar uchun bitta asosiy saylov foydasiga ikki bosqichli boshlang'ichni bekor qilish uchun muvaffaqiyatli ravishda lobbiya qildi.^[24] Sotish soliqining bekor qilinishini qoplash va davlat xarajatlarini uning daromadlariga moslashtirish uchun daromadlarni ko'paytirish kerakligini bilgan Chandler sobiq gubernator Bekxem boshchiligida taklif qilingan byudjet qonunchiligini ishlab chiqish uchun komissiya tayinladi.^[35] Buni bilish lobbistlar takliflarga dushman, ehtimol konstitutsiyaviy vakolat bilan 60 kunlik sessiya tugaguniga qadar qonunchilik to'siqlarini rag'batlantirishga urinishi mumkin edi, Chandler Bosh assambleyadagi ittifoqdoshlaridan 39 kundan keyin tanaffus qilishni so'rab, unga maxsus qonunchilik sessiyasini chaqirishga ruxsat berishini so'radi. vaqt cheklangan va faqat u belgilagan kun tartibini qiziqtirishi mumkin.^[35] Qonun chiqaruvchilar ushbu talabni majburlashdi.^[35]

Bekxem komissiyasining tavsiyalari asosida ish olib borgan qonun chiqaruvchilar savdo solig'i bo'yicha yo'qotilgan daromadlarni yig'ish orqali qoplashga yordam berishdi aktsizlar, xususan soliq viski, bu davlatning bekor qilinishi natijasida amalga oshirildi Taqiq, 1935 yilda.^[28] Qonun chiqaruvchilar davlatning birinchi qonunini ham qabul qildilar daromad solig'i sessiya davomida.^[35] Keyinchalik Chandler 1936 yildagi hukumatni qayta tashkil etish to'g'risidagi qonun orqali tejashga erishishni taklif qildi.^[35] Ushbu qonun loyihasi shtat hukumatini qayta tuzish va ijroiya hokimiyatdagi kengashlar va komissiyalar sonini 133 dan 22 gacha qisqartirish hisobiga sezilarli tejashga erishdi.^[3][11]

Tanqidchilarning ta'kidlashicha, ushbu harakat gubernator qo'lidagi ko'proq hokimiyatni markazlashtirgan va Chandlerni aktni qo'llab-quvvatlashda g'arazli maqsadlarda ayblagan.^[36]

Chandler hukumatni qayta tashkil etishda tejamkorlikni davlat byudjeti kamomadini bartaraf etish va davlat qarzining katta qismini to'lash uchun ishlatgan.^[3][21] Bu shtat infratuzilmasi va ta'lim muassasalarini takomillashtirishga sarflangan qarzlarni to'lash bo'yicha xizmat xarajatlarini yo'q qilish orqali qo'shimcha tejashga olib keldi.^[37] Chandler shtatning maktab o'quvchilari uchun bepul darsliklar uchun mablag 'ajratdi, o'qituvchilarning pensiya jamg'armasini yaratdi va shtatdagi kollej va universitetlarni katta miqdordagi mablag' bilan ta'minladi.^[37] Segregatsiya shtatdagi qora tanlilarning aspiranturada tahsil olishiga to'sqinlik qilganligi sababli, Chandler qora tanlilarga shtatdan tashqari aspiranturalarda o'qishlariga yordam berish uchun har yili 5000 AQSh dollari miqdorida mablag 'ajratdi.^[38] Biroq, u shtatdagi universitetlarni ajratib tashlashdan to'xtadi va bir guruh qora tanli o'qituvchilarga: "Janubdagi bir xil maktabda oq va rangli ranglarni o'qitish oqilona emas. Bu unga hali tayyor emas", dedi.^[39]

1939 yilda u Kentukki universiteti Vasiylik kengashining birinchi ayol vakili etib tayinlandi, Ashlend shtatidan M. Bleyzer. U 1939 yildan 1960 yilgacha xizmat qilgan.^[40]

1936 yilda Chandler shtatning birinchi qishloq yo'llari dasturini amalga oshirishni va federal yordam yordamida elektr infratuzilmasini rivojlantirishni talab qildi Qishloqlarni elektrlashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun.^[37] U ilgari konstitutsiyaviy tuzatish bilan tasdiqlangan keksa yoshdagi yordam dasturini amalga oshirdi va 1938 yilda u davlatning yordam ro'yxatiga qaramog'idagi bolalar va muhtoj ko'zi ojizlarni qo'shadigan yana bir o'zgartirish kiritishni taklif qildi.^[37] U shtatdagi kasalxonalar va boshpana mablag'larini ko'paytirdi va u shaxsan evakuatsiya qilishga yordam berdi Frankfort jazoni ijro etish muassasasi davomida 1937 yil Ogayo daryosi toshqini.^[41] To'fondan keyin Chandler qonun chiqaruvchini yangi qurilishga ishontirdi Kentukki shtati islohoti, da La Grange.^[38]

Odatda do'stim uyushgan mehnat, Chandler konchilarning kasaba uyushma harakatlarini qo'llab-quvvatladi, davlat sanoat aloqalari bo'limini tashkil qildi va minalar operatorlarining sherif o'rinbosarlari etib tayinlanishini taqiqladi.^[41] Shuningdek, u taklif qilinganlarni ma'qulladi Bolalar mehnatini o'zgartirish uchun AQSh konstitutsiyasi va bolalar qonunchiligida ikki marotaba mag'lubiyatga uchragan bolalar mehnatiga qarshi davlat qonunining katta ustunlik bilan qabul qilinishi ta'minlandi.^[41][42] Biroq, u qarshi chiqdi yopiq do'konlar va ish tashlash va u ishlatgan Kentukki milliy gvardiyasi yilda mehnat bilan bog'liq zo'ravonlikni bostirish Xarlan okrugi.^[3]

1936 yil Kentukki shtatidagi AQSh Senati tanlovida amaldagi demokrat Marvel Mills Logan himoyasiz deb topilgan va Chandler Demokratlar partiyasidagi asosiy partiyada Demokratik da'vogar J. C. W. Bekxemni qo'llab-quvvatlagan.^[43] Ushbu tasdiq Chandlerning sobiq ittifoqchisi, Demokratik Vakil Jon Braunning g'azabini qo'zg'atdi, u 1935 yilgi gubernatorlik poygasida Chandlerni qo'llab-quvvatlash evaziga Chandler uni senatorlar bahsida qo'llab-quvvatlaydi deb ishongan.^[43] G'azablangan Braun baribir musobaqaga kirdi va Bekxemdan olgan ovozlari Loganga joyni saqlab qolishiga imkon berdi.^[43] Braun siyosiy faoliyatining qolgan qismida Chandlerning siyosiy dushmani bo'lib qoldi.^[43]

1936 yilda Chandler an faxriy Yuridik fanlari doktori Kentukki Universitetining ilmiy darajasi. Keyingi yil, Garvard universiteti unga xuddi shu darajani topshirdi.^[11]

AQSh senatori

Orzular

Robert Bingem ham, Persi Xeyli ham 1937 yilda vafot etdilar. J. C. W. Bekxemning qarishi bilan (u 1940 yilda vafot etadi) Chandler fraktsiyadagi etakchi bo'shliqni to'ldirishga harakat qildi.^[38] Tez orada u Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti bo'lish taqdiriga ishongan.^[24] 1937 yil o'rtalarida u Kentukki shtatining kichik senatori Marvel Mills Loganni tayinlash uchun targ'ib qila boshladi. AQSh Oliy sudi Chandler o'zini gubernator sifatida tayinlashi mumkin bo'lgan Senat vakansiyasini yaratdi.^[44] Adolat o'limi Jorj Sazerlend 1938 yil yanvarida Prezidentga berdi Franklin Ruzvelt Chandlerning istaklarini qondirish imkoniyati, ammo Ruzvelt yoshroq odillarni afzal ko'rdi (Logan 63 yoshda) va Kentukki shtatining senatori, Alben Barkli, tavsiya etiladi Bosh advokat Stenli Forman Rid uchrashuv uchun.^[44] Ruzvelt Barklining maslahatiga quloq tutdi va Logan o'rniga Ridni tayinladi.^[44]

O'z kuchini oshirmoqchi bo'lgan va Ruzvelt va Barklining Loganni Oliy sudga tayinlash haqidagi taklifini qabul qilishdan bosh tortganidan g'azablangan Chandler 1938 yil 22 yanvarda Barkli sharafiga uzoq vaqt rejalashtirilgan kechki ovqatga qatnashmadi. Buning o'rniga u tadbir o'tkazdi. o'z-o'zidan Louisville eksklyuziv Pendennis klubi va yaqinda bo'lib o'tadigan Demokratik senatorlik saylovida Barklini tanqid qilish niyati haqida gapirdi. Barkli ertasi kuni qayta saylanishini rasman e'lon qildi. 26 yanvarda yana bir federal sudyaning o'limi Ruzvelt uchun senator Loganni sudyalikka tayinlash va Chandlerni tinchlantirish uchun ikkinchi imkoniyat yaratdi, ammo Logan tayinlanish to'g'risida o'ylashdan bosh tortdi. 31 yanvar kuni bo'lib o'tgan uchrashuvdan so'ng Vashington, DC Ruzvelt va Chandler o'rtasida, Ruzvelt Chandlerni senatorlik ambitsiyalarini to'xtatishga undagan, Chandlerni siyosiy ustozi rag'batlantirgan, Virjiniya "s Garri F. Berd, Barkliga qarshi chiqish. Chandler 1938 yil 23 fevralda o'z nomzodi to'g'risida rasmiy e'lon qilib, Berdning maslahatiga quloq tutdi Nyuport, Kentukki.^[45]

Alben Barkli 1938 yilda Chandlerning da'vosiga qaramay AQSh Senatidagi mavqeini saqlab qoldi.

Yaqinda tanlangan Barkli Senatning ko'pchilik rahbari bitta ovoz bilan, Ruzvelt va .ning kuchli tarafdori edi Yangi bitim. Chandler Ruzveltdan ehtiyot bo'lgan va partiyaning boshqaruvini qo'lga kiritishga intilgan janubiy demokratlar bilan ko'proq konservativlar bilan uchrashdi. 1940 yilgi prezident saylovi. Ruzvelt Kentukki shtatida juda mashhur bo'lganligi sababli, Chandler prezidentni shaxsiy qo'llab-quvvatlashini va Senatda uning tanlagan rahbariga qarshi chiqishida va uning yangi bitim qonunchiligida noqulay ahvolga tushib qoldi. Aprel oyida o'tkazilgan so'rovnomalarda Barkli Chandlerdan 2 dan 1 gacha farq bilan oldinda ekanligi va 3 may kuni Florida senatorining asosiy g'alabasi ko'rsatildi. Klod Pepper, Yangi bitimni qo'llab-quvvatlagan, nihoyat Chandlerni dasturdagi hujumlaridan voz kechishga undadi.^[46]

1938 yil may oyi oxirida Chandlerning saylov kampaniyasi menejeri, federal yordam agentliklari, ayniqsa Ishni rivojlantirish boshqarmasi, Barklining qayta saylanishi uchun ochiq ish olib borishgan.^[47] Kentukki shtatidagi WPA ma'muri ayblovlarni rad etgan bo'lsa-da, faxriy muxbir Tomas Lunsford Stoks agentlikning shtatdagi faoliyati bo'yicha tergovni boshlagan va oxir-oqibat Barkli-Chandler kampaniyasini yoritgan bir qator sakkizta maqolada siyosiy korruptsiyada 22 ta ayblovni ko'targan.^[48] Federal WPA ma'muri Garri Xopkins agentlikning ichki tekshiruvi Stoksning ikkitadan boshqa barcha ayblovlarini rad etganini da'vo qildi, ammo Stoksga berilgan Hisobot uchun Pulitser mukofoti 1939 yilda uning tergovi uchun.^[48] Tergovdan so'ng Kongress o'tgan 1939 yilgi lyuk qonuni WPA-ning kelgusi saylovlarda ishtirokini cheklash.^[38]

Tergovning Barklining saylovoldi kampaniyasiga salbiy ta'siri Chandlerning gubernatorlik hokimiyatidan foydalanganligi va o'z kampaniyasi nomidan homiylik qilganligi sababli juda kam edi. Chandlerning bosh siyosiy maslahatchilaridan biri Dan Talbott shtat ishchilarining nazoratchilarini Chandlerning boshlang'ich bosqichida "pessimistik so'zlar" aytgan xodimlariga nisbatan jazo choralarini ko'rishga undagan. Bundan tashqari, Chandler shtatda yangi yo'llarni qurish va saqlash uchun sodiq tarafdorlarini jalb qilgan holda qishloqda yo'l qurish loyihasini boshlagan. Chandlerni qo'llab-quvvatlagan shtat ishchilari shtatning keksa fuqarolariga pensiya cheklarini etkazib berish uchun ish bilan ta'minlandilar va Talbott ishchilar cheklarni ushlab qolish bilan tahdid qilganlikda ayblovlarni rad qilmadi, agar oluvchilar Chandlerga yordam berishlarini va'da qilmasa.^[49]

Ruzvelt 1938 yil 8 iyulda Barkli nomidan saylovoldi tashviqotini o'tkazish uchun Kentukki shahriga shaxsan tashrif buyurgan. Shtat gubernatori sifatida Chandler Ruzveltga kelganida uni kutib olishda edi. Kovington. Prezidentga eng yaqin bo'lishdan foyda ko'rmoqchi bo'lgan Chandler Ruzvelt va Barkli o'rtasida ularni olib boradigan ochiq tepa transport vositasining orqa o'rindig'ida o'tirdi. Latonia poyga poygasi, Ruzveltning birinchi nutqi sayti. Shtat bo'ylab safari davomida Ruzvelt Barklini ma'qullagan, ammo Chandler bilan do'stona munosabatda bo'lgan. Ruzvelt ketganidan keyin Chandler Ruzveltning u haqidagi iltifotli so'zlarini ijro etdi, ammo tanqidiy so'zlarni ahamiyatsiz yoki e'tiborsiz qoldirdi.^[50]

Kampaniyaning oxirida Chandler titroq, oshqozon og'rig'i va yuqori isitma bilan kasal bo'lib qoldi.^[51] Birinchi marta alomatlar bir yil oldin boshdan kechirganiga o'xshashligini ta'kidlaganidan so'ng, keyinchalik Chandler kasalligini "ichak zaharlanishi" deb ta'rifladi.^[51] Uning shifokori Chandler, Dan Talbott va shtat politsiyasi xodimi Chandlerga radioga murojaat qilish uchun berilgan "zaharlangan suv" ni ichganlaridan keyin kasal bo'lib qolganligini e'lon qildi.^[51] Chandler Barkli kampaniyasidan kimdir uni zaharlamoqchi bo'lganini ta'kidladi, ammo bu ayblov hech qachon matbuot yoki saylovchilar orasida katta ishonchga ega bo'lmagan.^[52] Barkli uni tez-tez saylovoldi kampaniyasida unga taklif qilingan bir stakan suvni qabul qilib, keyin titrab va rad etib, masxara qildi.^[52] U tinglovchilarga shafqatsiz kampaniya zo'riqishida avval Barkli emas, balki yosh Chandler singanligini ta'kidladi.^[53]

Chandlerning ittifoqchisi Robert Bingem endi boshqaruvida emas, Courier-Journal Barklini qo'llab-quvvatladi va 1935 yilda Chandlerning asosiy tarafdori bo'lgan uyushgan mehnat ham Barkleyga yordam berdi.^[38] Barkli kampaniyasida Chandlerning sobiq ittifoqchisi Jon Y. Braun ham faol qatnashgan.^[54] Oxir oqibat, Barkli Chandlerni 294 391 (56%) ovozi bilan 223 149 (42,6%) ovozi bilan mag'lub etdi.^[52] Qolgan 1,4% ovozlar kichik nomzodlar o'rtasida bo'lingan.^[55] Chandlerning 70872 ovoz yo'qotishi shtat tarixidagi asosiy nomzod uchun eng yomon yo'qotish bo'ldi.^[55]

Uchrashuv

1939 yilda Loganning vafoti AQSh Senatida Chandler tayinlangan vakansiyani yaratdi.

1939 yil 9-oktabrda senator Logan vafotidan keyin Chandler gubernator-leytenantni ko'tarib, gubernatorlikdan iste'foga chiqdi. Kin Jonson gubernatorlikka. Ertasi kuni Jonson Chandlerni Loganning senatdagi bo'sh joyiga tayinladi.^[2][3] Qolgan muddati tugagan maxsus saylovlarda Chandler avval mag'lub bo'ldi Charlz R. Farnsli Demokratik birlamchi va respublikachi Uolter B. Smitda 1940 yil 5-noyabrda bo'lib o'tgan umumiy saylovda 561,151, 401,812 ga qarshi ovoz berdi.^[56] Garchi u Ruzveltni 1938 yildagi senatorlik saylovida Barklini qo'llab-quvvatlaganligi uchun hech qachon kechirmagan bo'lsa-da, u yangi kelishuvning ayrim qismlaridan tashqari umuman Ruzvelt ma'muriyatini qo'llab-quvvatlagan.^[57]

Chandlerning ustozi Garri F. Byrd guruhni boshqargan Janubiy Senatda konservatorlar va Berdning ta'siri bilan Chandler tayinlandi Harbiy ishlar bo'yicha qo'mita.^[57] 1943 yilda u AQShning harbiy bazalarini ko'zdan kechirib, dunyo bo'ylab sayohat qilgan Harbiy ishlar qo'mitasining besh kishilik delegatsiyasining tarkibiga kirdi.^[11][57] U Ruzveltning birinchi o'ringa qo'ygan qaroriga qat'iyan rozi emas edi Evropa teatri Ikkinchi jahon urushida tinchlik teatri.^[3]

Chandler qora tanli jamoatchilikka qarshi ovoz berish orqali ko'pchilikni xafa qildi.linchalash ish boshlaganidan ko'p o'tmay. Qonun loyihasida noqonuniy linchinlar sodir bo'lgan okruglarda mahalliy hukumat va ayrim davlat amaldorlariga qarshi jarimalar undirildi. Chandler qonun loyihasiga qarshi bergan ovozi to'g'risida: "Men har qanday odam va biron bir odam qora tanli yoki oq tanli odamlar tomonidan lyinch qilinishiga qarshiman, ammo hozirgi qonun loyihasi mahalliy amaldorlar va mahalliy bo'linmalarga nisbatan jazolarni o'z ichiga olgan deb o'ylayman", deb aytdi. Qonun loyihasi Vakillar Palatasida qabul qilindi, ammo Senatda vafot etdi. Keyinchalik, Chandler janubiy senatorlar bilan birgalikda bekor qilinishiga qarshi chiqdi so'rovnoma soliqlari, uzoq vaqtdan beri qora tanlilarning ovoz berishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik mexanizmi sifatida ishlatilgan.^[39]

1942 yilda qisman vakolat muddati tugagandan so'ng, Chandler Demokratik partiyaning dastlabki partiyasida sobiq ittifoqdosh Jon Y. Braun tomonidan qiyinchilikka duch keldi.^[58] Linchilga qarshi qonun loyihasida bergan ovozlari va ovoz berish natijalariga ko'ra soliqni bekor qilish natijasida Louisville bobida Rangli odamlarni rivojlantirish bo'yicha milliy assotsiatsiya uning qayta saylanish harakatlariga qarshi ishlagan.^[39] Kampaniya davomida Braun Chandlerni o'z vakolatlarini suiiste'mol qilganlikda, jumladan, uning uyida suzish havzasi o'rnatilganlikda, Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida amalga oshirilgan federal me'yor qoidalarini buzganlikda aybladi.^[58] Chandler taklif qildi Truman qo'mitasi basseynning o'rnatilishini tekshirish uchun va federal me'yor qoidalarining buzilishi aniqlanmadi.^[59] Chandler Braunni mag'lubiyatga uchratdi va respublikachi Richard J. Kolbert ustidan o'tkazilgan umumiy saylovlarda osongina qayta saylandi.^[56]

Chandler uni etarlicha qo'llab-quvvatlaganiga ishongan 1944 yil Demokratik milliy konventsiya uchun Ruzveltning sherigi sifatida nomzod bo'lishi kerak o'sha yilgi prezident saylovlari. Biroq, qo'llab-quvvatlash amalga oshmadi, ammo Kentukki delegatsiyasi, xususan Earl C. Klements o'z nomzodini qaytarishdan bosh tortdi. Kongress nomzodi Garri Truman Ruzveltning sherigi sifatida. 1945 yilda Ruzvelt vafot etganidan keyin Truman prezident bo'ldi va Chandler Klementsni AQSh prezidenti bo'lish imkoniyatidan mahrum qilgani uchun hech qachon kechirmadi.^[56]

Beysbol bo'yicha komissar

Kenesaw Mountain Landis, Chandlerning beysbol bo'yicha komissari sifatida o'tmishdoshi.

Beysbol komissari vafotidan keyin Kenesaw Mountain Landis, 1944 yil noyabrda Jon O. Gottlib, Chandlerning do'sti AQSh urush vazirligi, Chandlerni voris sifatida taklif qildi.^[7] O'yinchilar huquqiga ega bo'lishlaridan qo'rqqan beysbol egalari qoralama urush paytida ularning yangi komissari beysbol manfaatlarini himoya qilish uchun mahorat va ta'sirga ega bo'lishi kerak degan qarorga kelgan Vashington, D.K..^[60] Senator sifatida Chandler urush paytida beysbol nomidan advokatlik qilgan, bu esa uni egalariga yoqtirgan.^[60] Bundan tashqari, komissarning yillik maoshi, o'sha paytdagi AQSh senatoridan besh baravar ko'p, yillik ish haqi sezilarli darajada ishtiyoqni isbotladi va shuning uchun u ko'rib chiqishga rozi bo'ldi.^[12]

Boshqa nomzodlar kiritilgan deb hisoblanadi Milliy Liga Prezident Ford Frick, Demokratik milliy qo'mita Rais Robert E. Hannegan, avvalgi Bosh pochta boshqaruvchisi Jeyms Farli, AQSh senatori Jon V. Bricker, Federal qidiruv byurosi Direktor J. Edgar Guvver, sobiq federal sudya Fred M. Vinson, Ogayo gubernatori Frank Lausche, va urush kotibi Robert P. Patterson.^[61] Keyin Cincinnati Reds Prezident Uorren Giles va Chikagodagi bolalar egasi Filipp K. Vrigli oldinda turgan Frikka kuchli qarshilik ko'rsatdi, Nyu-York Yanki hammuallif Larri Makfeyl Chandlerni himoya qila boshladi.^[60] Uy egalari uchrashganda Klivlend, Ogayo shtati, 1945 yil 24-aprelda yangi komissarga ovoz berish uchun Chandlerning ismi Frik, Farley, Xannegan, Vinson, Laush va Patterson bo'lgan qisqa ro'yxatda yo'q edi.^[62] Nomzodlarning hech biri talab qilinmagan ko'pchilik uchdan ikki qismi va MacPhail tomonidan lobbichilikdan so'ng va Nyu-York gigantlari egasi Horas Stounxem, egalari norasmiy ovoz berib, kimdir saylanish imkoniyatiga ega yoki yo'qligini bilishdi.^[62] O'n oltita saylov byulletenining har uchtasida Chandlerning ismi paydo bo'ldi.^[62] Rag'batlanib, egalar keyin yana bir rasmiy ovoz berishdi.^[62] Ikki saylov byulletenidan so'ng Chandler kerakli ko'pchilikni oldi. Tanlovni yakdil qilish uchun uchinchi ovoz berildi.^[62]

Chandler komissiyada saylanganidan keyin bir necha oy davomida Senatda qoldi, chunki u ovozini berishni xohladi Bretton-Vuds bo'yicha pul shartnomasi va Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Ustavi.^[63] U 1945 yil 1-noyabrda iste'foga chiqqunga qadar faqat Senatning maoshini oldi, ammo matbuot aksincha da'vo qilganiga qaramay.^[63] Shunga qaramay, komissarning ishini o'z zimmasiga olishni kechiktirishi ko'plab jamoalar egalarini xafa qildi, chunki o'yinning 3-o'yiniga kech kelgani kabi. 1945 yilgi jahon seriyasi, bu uni ob-havoni o'yinni boshlash uchun etarli bo'lgan-qilmaganligi to'g'risida qaror qabul qilish imkoniyatini bermadi.^[63] Ko'pgina egalar Chandler siyosiy yig'ilishda qatnashganiga ishonishdi, lekin u aslida Detroyt Atletik Klubi tushlik paytida, u Oliy Lig Beysbol vakili bo'lgan.^[64]

Chandlerning saylanishi Sharqiy Qo'shma Shtatlarda, o'sha paytda beysbol jamoalarining aksariyati istiqomat qiladigan ko'plab matbuot tomonidan nafrat bilan kutib olindi.^[65] Uning janubiy chizig'i va qo'shiq aytishga tayyorligi "Mening eski Kentukki uyim "juda kam dalda bilan ba'zi sport mualliflari uning ofis uchun juda hurmatsiz ekanligi to'g'risida fikr yuritishdi.^[65] Boshqalar uning xalqchilligi, siyosiy uslubidan norozi bo'lib, uni "yangi boshlang'ich siyosatchi", "Kentukki shamol yostig'i" va "qo'llarini silkitib o'pish san'ati amaliyotchisi" deb atashdi.^[65] Chandler komissarning ofisini ko'chirish orqali matbuotni yanada uzoqlashtirdi Sinsinnati dan Chikago 1946 yilda.^[65]

1946 yil boshida, Xorxe Pasquel va uning egasi bo'lgan to'rt akasi Meksika ligasi, dan sifonlangan kampaniya mablag'lari yaqinlashib kelayotgan Meksika prezidentlik saylovlari va ulardan amerikalik beysbolchilarga katta maosh va bonuslarni imzolash uchun ishlatgan.^[66] Ba'zi hollarda takliflar Oliy ligada to'lanadigan oyliklarning uch baravariga teng bo'lgan.^[66] Chandler futbolchilarni Meksika Ligasi takliflarini ko'rib chiqishdan to'xtatib, besh yillik taqiq qo'ydi Beysbolning oliy ligasi Meksika ligasida o'ynagan va 1946 yil 1 aprelga qadar qaytib kelmaganlarga.^[66] Umuman olganda, o'n sakkizta futbolchi taqiqqa qaramay, Meksika chempionatida o'ynadi, shu jumladan Mikki Ouen, Maks Lanier va Sal Magli.^[66][67] Vern Stefenlar dastlab Meksikada ham o'ynashga rozi bo'lgan, ammo Chandlerning belgilangan muddatidan oldin qaytgan.^[68] Ted Uilyams, Sten Musial va Fil Rizzuto shuningdek, foydali shartnomalar va imtiyozlar taklif qilindi, ammo barchasi oxir-oqibat Meksikada o'ynashdan bosh tortishdi.^[66]

Meksika chempionatidagi voqeadan ko'p o'tmay Robert Merfi, sobiq muzokarachi Milliy mehnat munosabatlari kengashi ni tashkil qilishga urindi Pitsburg qaroqchilari ichiga gildiya maqsadlari uchun jamoaviy bitim.^[68] Murfi bu gapni rad etdi zaxira moddasi jamoa egalariga futbolchi xizmatlarini cheksiz boshqarish huquqini beradigan futbolchi shartnomalarida va u futbolchilar uchun ko'proq huquqlarni, shu jumladan shartnoma huquqini va ish haqi hakamligi huquqini talab qildi.^[68] Chandler "Pirates" rasmiylari bilan ishchilarning tahdid soladigan zarbasidan qochish uchun ishlagan.^[69] Chandler aralashuvining bir qismi favqulodda vaziyat rejasi sifatida o'rinbosar futbolchilar jamoasini tashkil qilishni o'z ichiga olgan; jamoa kiritgan bo'lar edi Honus Vagner, keyin 72.^[69]

The defections to the Mexican league and the threat of a strike by the Pirates prompted owners to form an advisory committee, chaired by Larry MacPhail, to suggest needed changes that would calm the discontent among the players.^[70] On August 27, 1946, the committee presented a draft a document outlining the changes.^[69] Language in the original draft admitted that baseball was operating as a monopoly and that racial bias was the sole reason for segregation in baseball.^[69] Baseball's attorneys stripped the controversial language from the version that was eventually adopted by the owners.^[69]

Breaking baseball's color line

Jackie Robinson broke the baseball color barrier during Chandler's tenure.

Days prior to Chandler's assumption of the commissionership, the Bruklin Dodjers ' Bosh menejer, Riki filiali, had announced the signing of Jeki Robinson to a minor league contract with the Monreal Qirollik klubi, making him the first black man to play for a Major League Baseball affiliate.^[71] The following year, Rickey transferred Robinson's contract from Montreal to Brooklyn, effectively breaking beysbolning rang chizig'i.^[7] In a speech at Wilberforce universiteti in February 1948, Rickey recounted a secret meeting that had allegedly been held by baseball officials at the Blackstone Hotel in Chicago on August 28, 1946.^[72] At the meeting, Rickey claimed that Ford Frick disseminated a report that stated, "However well-intentioned, the use of Negro players would hazard all physical properties of baseball."^[72] According to Rickey, all 15 team owners except for him voted to endorse the report.^[72] Rickey claimed Frick meticulously collected all copies of the report at the end of the meeting to prevent them from being disseminated.^[72] Baseball historian Bill Marshall later wrote that the document and subsequent vote to which Rickey was referring was the advisory committee's initial draft of recommended reforms.^[69] Marshall further recorded that Rickey identified the meeting and the report shortly after his speech at Wilberforce and retracted his claim of 15–1 opposition to Robinson's entry into Major League Baseball.^[73]

Chandler, who was also allegedly at the meeting, made no public mention of it until a 1972 interview.^[72] In the interview, Chandler then corroborated the essentials of Rickey's story, but he placed the meeting at the Waldorf-Astoria mehmonxonasi 1947 yil yanvar oyida.^[74] He also recounted that later in 1947, Rickey came to his home in Kentucky to discuss the matter further.^[72] According to Chandler, Rickey professed that he would not move forward with Robinson's transfer unless he had Chandler's full support, which Chandler later pledged.^[72] Aside from Chandler's anecdote, which he frequently repeated after the 1972 interview, there is no evidence that his meeting with Rickey ever took place.^[75] Nevertheless, future baseball commissioner Boui Kun va Vashington Post sport muallifi Bob Addie maintained that Robinson would not have played without Chandler's intervention.^[75]

That Chandler supported Robinson and the irqiy integratsiya of baseball is evidenced by his actions during the 1947 season. First and foremost, as commissioner, Chandler had the power to void Robinson's contract, but he chose to approve it.^[72] Further, after extreme, race-based jeering at Robinson by the Filadelfiya Filliz and their manager, Ben Chapman, Chandler threatened both the team and Chapman personally with disciplinary action for any future incidents of race-based taunting.^[76] Later that season, he decisively supported Ford Frick's decision to suspend indefinitely any members of the Sent-Luis kardinallari who followed through on their threat to strike against racial integration.^[77]

Boshqa masalalar

Leo Durocher received a one-year suspension from Chandler for "conduct detrimental to baseball."

During the 1946 postseason, rumors began to swirl that Yankees owner Larry MacPhail was lobbying Brooklyn Dodgers manager Leo Durocher to leave the Dodgers and manage the Yankees. The move angered Dodgers owner Branch Rickey, who encouraged Chandler to begin an investigation into the gambling habits of Durocher and his associate, actor Jorj Raft. In the offseason, Chandler and Durocher had a meeting; Chandler counseled Durocher to abandon his gambling.^[78] Branch Rickey charged Chandler with maintaining a double standard, however, when the commissioner took no action after seeing MacPhail with two known gamblers at a Yankees–Dodgers preseason exhibition in Gavana, Kuba.^[78] MacPhail then signed two Dodgers assistant coaches (Chak Dressen va Jon Korriden ) as aides to Yankee manager Baki Xarris while they were still employed by the Dodgers.^[7] Chandler suspended Dressen for 30 days and levied $2,000 fines against MacPhail and the Yankees.^[7]

The Yankees–Dodgers feud continued in the New York newspapers throughout the offseason.^[78] Charges were levelled by both sides, including accusations that Durocher was a philanderer because of his alleged involvement with married actress Lareyn kuni, which ultimately resulted in Day's divorce.^[78][79] When Durocher subsequently married Day, a local Catholic priest declared that attending Dodgers games was a venial gunoh.^[80] Prompted in part by this declaration, Chandler suspended Durocher from baseball for a year, just days before Ochilish kuni, citing "conduct detrimental to baseball."^[7]

Also in 1947, Chandler sold the rights to broadcast the Jahon seriyasi on the radio for $475,000 and used the money from the contract to establish a pension fund for baseball players.^[7] In 1949, Chandler negotiated a seven-year contract with Gillette va O'zaro eshittirish tizimi to broadcast the Series.^[7] Proceeds from the $4,370,000 deal went directly into the pension fund.^[7] The same two companies negotiated a six-year, $6 million contract to broadcast the Series on television in 1950.^[7] Again, Chandler directed the proceeds into the pension fund.^[7]

1949 yilda, Danny Gardella, who had left the New York Giants for the Mexican League in 1946, filed suit against Major League Baseball, claiming Chandler's ban on players who went to the Mexican League had denied him a means of pursuing his livelihood.^[81] Gardella demanded $100,000 in damages from the suspension, and claimed that the award should be tripled because baseball was subject to federal antitrust laws.^[81] Similar suits were filed by Max Lanier and Fred Martin, both of whom also played in Mexico.^[81] On June 2, 1949, a federal court refused to reinstate the three players pending their trials but urged for the antitrust issues to be adjudicated as soon as possible.^[81] Attempting to alleviate the legal pressure on Major League Baseball, Chandler lifted the bans on players who had gone to Mexico almost two years early.^[81] Lanier and Martin dropped their suits, but Gardella pursued his.^[81] After Gardella's lawyer publicly questioned Chandler in court about baseball's antitrust exemption for a day and a half in September 1949, baseball executives, including Chandler, agreed to settle Gardella's case for $60,000.^[82]

Chandler's contract as baseball commissioner was not due to expire until April 1952, but he asked for the owners to extend it in December 1949.^[83] The owners voted against offering the extension at that time but promised to reconsider the request in December 1950.^[84] The vote in 1950 was nine votes for Chandler and seven against, leaving him three votes short of the necessary three-fourths majority.^[84] Chandler asked for the extension to be reconsidered at the owners' meeting on March 12, 1951, but the vote was again 9–7.^[84] Upset that his contract was not extended, Chandler resigned effective July 15, 1951.^[7]

Bilan intervyuda Sport yangiliklari in August 1951, Chandler cited his decision to void a trade between the New York Yankees and Chikago Uayt-Soks outfielder uchun Dik Uekfild as a major factor in his inability to secure a new contract.^[85] The Yankees traded Wakefield to the White Sox for cash, but Wakefield refused to report to the White Sox after a salary dispute, which led to a disagreement between the teams over who was responsible for his salary.^[86] Chandler voided the trade, making Wakefield's contract the Yankees' responsibility and angering their owner, Del Webb.^[86] It was not until the 1970s that Chandler began to cite his involvement in the integration of baseball as a reason for his contract not being renewed.^[84] Historian John Paul Hill considers that to be unlikely, however, because two of Chandler's strongest allies, Konni Mak va Walter Briggs, Sr., were ardently opposed to integration, and Bill DeWitt, the second owner in the American League to integrate, voted against him.^[84] Hill points to the Dick Wakefield dispute and Chandler's investigations of Del Webb and Cardinals owner Fred Saigh involving their rumored connections to gambling interests to be more compelling reasons for Chandler's dismissal.^[86]

Following his tenure as baseball commissioner, Chandler returned to his law practice.^[2] He also engaged in farming and published a newspaper, Woodford Quyosh.^[2][11] The Kentucky Press Association and the Kentucky Broadcasting Association both named him Man of the Year.^[11] He continued his involvement in sports, presiding over the International Baseball Conference 1952 yildan 1955 yilgacha.^[11]

Hokim sifatida ikkinchi muddat

Chandler remained involved in politics throughout his tenure as baseball commissioner. In 1948, he became the leader of the Dixiecrat movement in Kentucky.^[87] He hosted Dixiecrat presidential candidate Strom Thurmond at his home when he visited the state but did not officially endorse Thurmond's campaign.^[39][87] By the time that he had permanently returned to the state in mid-1951, it was too late to influence the gubernatorial contest.^[88] He spent the next four years rebuilding his political base in preparation for another run at the office.^[88]

1955 gubernatorial campaign

Twenty years after first holding the governorship, Chandler again entered the gubernatorial race in 1955, using the slogan "Be like your Pappy and vote for Happy."^[89] His opponents in the Democratic Party, led by senator and former Governor Earle C. Clements and sitting Governor Lourens Ueterbi, had difficulty finding a candidate to oppose him.^[88] The most likely choice, Lieutenant Governor Emerson "Doc" Beauchamp, was handicapped by his connections to political bosses in Logan okrugi.^[88] Clements virtually handpicked a relatively unknown candidate, Kentucky Court of Appeals Judge Bert T. Komblar.^[88] Because Combs, whom Chandler nicknamed "The Little Judge," had no record for Chandler to campaign against, Chandler portrayed him as a pawn of Clements and Wetherby, whom he derisively referred to as "Clementine" and "Wetherbine."^[88]

The inexperienced Combs did little to help his campaign. His first campaign speech, which he dryly read verbatim from his notes, included the candid admission that it might be necessary to re-institute the state sales tax to balance the budget.^[88] Following that speech, a disappointed observer remarked, "Combs opened and closed [his campaign] on the same night."^[88] That speech also gave Chandler his main issue for the campaign. He charged that Combs would raise taxes while promising that he would lower them as he had in his first term.^[90]

Chandler's strategy in the campaign was to launch an attack upon the Wetherby administration and, before the Clements-Wetherby-Combs faction could react to it, to launch a new one.^[88] He claimed that Wetherby had used the state's money frivolously by installing air conditioning in the davlat kapitoliyi and installing a $20,000 rug in his office.^[88] (An invoice showing that carpeting for the entire first floor of the capitol had cost one tenth that amount did not stop Chandler from repeating the claim, which he said "didn't hurt anybody, and people liked to hear it.")^[91] After a Wetherby administration official approved the purchase of African maun paneling for the governor's office, Chandler charged that Wetherby had gone "clear to Africa" to find paneling for his office and promised that, if elected, he would use good, honest Kentucky wood for decoration.^[91] He also denounced the construction of a turnpike connecting Elizabettaun va Louisville, the state fairgrounds, and Ozodlik zali keraksiz sifatida.^[88]

Chandler won the Democratic primary by 18,000 votes over Combs.^[88] In the general election, he defeated Republican Edvin R. Denni by a vote of 451,647 to 322,671, then the largest margin of victory for a gubernatorial candidate in the state's history.^[89]

Gubernatorlik

Soon after Chandler took office, it became clear that he could not fund the social programs initiated by Clements and Wetherby and Chandler's own proposed programs, with the revenue then being brought into the state treasury.^[92] He cut the popular Youth Authority, which had been initiated by Wetherby to unify the state's children's welfare programs, but the savings were not enough to balance the budget.^[93] To deliver on his campaign promises, Chandler ignored the budget during the regular legislative session in 1956 and then called a special session in which he presented his budget proposal.^[94] The proposal called for spending in excess of $46 million more than officials estimated would be brought into the state's coffers over the two-year budget.^[94] Chandler convinced legislators to pass the budget, promising to propose a tax plan to pay for the expenditures in a subsequent special session.^[94] The promised package added 150,000 citizens to the state's tax rolls, put a surtax on income taxes, and cut soliq imtiyozlari. It created a new 5 percent production tax on whisky and added taxes to deeds and life insurance premiums.^[94] It increased the state gasoline tax for trucks by two cents per gallon and raised korporativ soliq by half a percent.^[94] In addition, it transferred the assessment and collection of taxes on certain intangibles from local to state government.^[94] The plan also called for a $100 million bond issue, allowing the allocation of generous budgets for state universities and colleges and improvements to the state highway system.^[3]

Although Democrats held a majority in both houses of the General Assembly, they were divided by factionalism, which made it difficult for Chandler to find sufficient support for his programs.^[95] Some of the factionalism came from Clements and Combs supporters who were not willing to co-operate with Chandler, their chief political enemy.^[96] Still other resistance to Chandler came from a group of more liberal lawmakers, like John B. Breckinridge, who simply had philosophical differences with the governor.^[96] Near the end of the 1958 legislative session, that group demanded a special session to deal with the need for more money for schools and welfare programs, but Chandler refused to call the session when the liberals would not agree to pass only the measures he put before them.^[96] Because of the factionalism, Chandler had to ally with Republican legislators throughout his term to pass many of his proposals, including his tax plan.^[95] Frequently, that meant promising to build or repair roads in Republican districts in return for their support of his programs.^[96]

The Albert B. Chandler kasalxonasi, part of the UK Medical Center, is named in Chandler's honor.

During his campaign, Chandler had promised that he would fund a medical school at the University of Kentucky although the Louisville universiteti already had a medical school, which made a poll of state physicians show overwhelming opposition to the plan.^[93] Nevertheless, Chandler delivered on his promise by allocating $5 million to the establishment of what became known as the Albert B. Chandler Medical Center.^[3][21] Chandler said that the establishment of the school was his proudest achievement as governor.^[3]

Just as when he had been baseball commissioner, Chandler faced the issue of racial integration during his second term as governor. Among his first actions upon his election was to issue an executive order, ensuring that blacks and whites would have equal access to the davlat parki tizimi.^[39] He publicly acknowledged the AQSh Oliy sudi 's 1954 decision in Brown va Ta'lim kengashi as the law of the land and promised to enforce it.^[97] The Kentucky Court of Appeals struck down Kentucky's Day Law, against integration, the following year.^[97] Some areas of the state resisted the change. Notably, in 1956, when nine black students in Sturgis, Kentukki, attempted to enter the all-white Sturgis High School, they were blocked by 500 opponents of integration.^[39] On September 4, 1956, Chandler called out the National Guard, including a force of over 900 guardsmen and several M47 Patton tanks, to disperse the crowd.^[39][97] The confrontation lasted a total of 18 days before the protesters peacefully dispersed.^[39] Shortly thereafter, Chandler took similar actions in response to a protest in the town of Gil, which was resolved without violence also.^[39] Of his actions, Chandler remarked, "We regret it is necessary to use this means of guaranteeing equal rights to our citizens, but that we must do."^[39]

Still convinced that he was destined to become president, Chandler attended the 1956 yil demokratlarning milliy konvensiyasi in the hope of securing the party's presidential nomination.^[98] Despite being told by his advisors that the convention would nominate Adlai Stivenson, Chandler continued to seek the nomination but received only 36 1/2 votes.^[15] Following Stevenson's nomination, Chandler returned to Kentucky, bitterly disappointed.^[88] Senatorning o'limi Alben Barkli and the expiration of Senator Clements' term would make Kentucky elect two senators also in November 1956.^[88] Clements was seeking re-election, and the state Democratic committee chose Wetherby as the nominee for Barkley's seat.^[88] Chandler refused to use his office to support Stevenson, Clements or Wetherby, and Republicans Duayt Eyzenxauer, John Sherman Cooper va Thruston Ballard Morton won the presidential and the senatorial races in the state.^[99]

In the 1959 gubernatorial primary, Chandler threw his support to Lieutenant Governor Garri Li Voterfild.^[100] The anti-Chandler forces eventually put forth Bert Combs as their nominee again.^[101]

Having learned from his previous campaign, Combs now attacked Chandler for allegedly requiring state employees to donate 2% of their salaries to his campaign.^[101] According to Combs, Chandler had deposited the money in a bank in Kuba, but the money was lost when Fidel Kastro overthrew the government during the Kuba inqilobi.^[101] Ultimately, Combs prevailed in the primary by a vote of 292,462 to 259,461.^[101]

Nomzod respublikachilar John M. Robsion Jr. to oppose Combs. Combs ultimately won the general election by a wide margin.^[102]

Keyinchalik hayot

In 1957, Chandler was one of ten inaugural members of the Kentucky Sports Hall of Fame.^[11] A vestryman at St. John's Church in Versailles, he was awarded the Bishop's Medal of the Episcopal Church in 1959.^[11] The same year, he received the Cross of Military Service from the Konfederatsiyaning birlashgan qizlari.^[11] He served as a trustee of the Ty Cobb Foundation and Transylvania University.^[2] Da 1960 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya, he again sought the party's presidential nomination, as he considered that the front-runner, Jon F. Kennedi, was "a nice young fellow ... (but) too young for the nomination."^[15] Chandler proposed for him to be the presidential nominee, with Kennedy as the nominee for vice-president, but the convention chose Kennedy for president instead.^[15]

On January 3, 1962, Chandler opened a campaign headquarters in Frankfort, announcing his bid for an unprecedented third term as governor with the slogan "ABC [Albert Benjamin Chandler] in '63".^[103] His opponent in the primary was Edward T. "Ned" Breathitt Jr., the choice of outgoing Governor Bert Combs.^[104] Chandler reverted to his familiar campaign themes, charging the Combs administration with wasting state funds in the construction of a gulli soat at the state capitol and denouncing Combs for re-instituting the state sales tax.^[104] However, he found it very difficult to adapt to campaigning via television, an increasingly important medium, and his attacks mostly fell flat.^[104]

Breathitt enraged Chandler by charging that when Chandler was a senator, he had voted in favor of declaring World War II, but soon afterward, he had resigned his commission as a reserve army captain.^[105] According to Chandler's version of events, after he voted in favor of the war declaration, he called AQSh harbiy vaziri Genri Stimson and asked to be put on active duty.^[105] Chandler said that Stimson told him he would rather have a senator than a captain, and then Chandler resigned his commission.^[105] Chandler's explanation did not stop Breathitt from repeating the charge often on the campaign trail.^[105]

Chandler lost to Breathitt in the primary by more than 60,000 votes, but his running mate, Harry Lee Waterfield, won the nomination for lieutenant governor.^[106] Journalist John Ed Pearce believed that the loss marked the demise of the Chandler wing of the Democratic Party in Kentucky, but Chandler himself remained somewhat influential.^[107]

Wendell Ford defeated Chandler for governor in 1971.

In 1965, Chandler was named to the University of Kentucky Hall of Distinguished Alumni and became commissioner of the Qit'a futbol ligasi (COFL).^[11] Chandler resigned from his COFL position in 1966 after league trustees supported a proposal to allow players from the major professional American football leagues, which he had been told would not happen.^[108] He served as Democratic National Committeeman from Kentucky.^[2] Becoming somewhat of a ko'p yillik nomzod, he unsuccessfully ran for governor in 1967 and 1971.^[21] After his loss in the 1967 Democratic primary, he endorsed Republican Louie B. Nunn.^[109] After his election, Nunn appointed Chandler to the first of his three terms on the University of Kentucky's board of trustees.^[110]

In 1968, Chandler was given serious consideration as the vice-presidential running mate of Alabama avvalgi hokim, Jorj Uolles, ikkinchisida Amerika mustaqil partiyasi bid for president. Wallace instead turned to Air Force General Kertis LeMay. The ticket lost to Richard M. Nikson va Spiro T. Agnew. Chandler said that he and Wallace had been unable to come to an agreement on their positions on racial matters.^[15]

In 1971, Chandler again entered the gubernatorial race, now as an mustaqil, but he garnered only 39,493 votes, compared to 470,720 for eventual Democratic victor Wendell H. Ford, and 412,653 for Republican challenger Tom Emberton.^[111] Ford's successor, Julian Kerol, again appointed Chandler to the University of Kentucky's board of trustees.^[110]

The Major League Baseball Faxriylar qo'mitasi chose Chandler for induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1982.^[112] In 1987, filmmaker Robbi Xenson profiled Chandler in a 30-minute documentary entitled Roads Home: The Life and Times of A.B. 'Happy' Chandler.^[113]

Chandler endorsed dark horse candidate Uolles G. Uilkinson in the 1987 Democratic primary, and his endorsement was considered crucial to Wilkinson's victory in the race.^[114] After Wilkinson's election as governor, he restored Chandler's voting rights on the University of Kentucky's board of trustees.^[3] (In 1981, Governor Jon Y. Braun Jr. had designated Chandler an "honorary," non-voting, member of the board.)^[115] While discussing the University of Kentucky's decision to dispose of its investments in Janubiy Afrika at a meeting of the university's board of trustees on April 5, 1988, Chandler remarked, "You know Zimbabve 's all zanjir now. There aren't any whites."^[115][116] The comment immediately drew calls for Chandler's resignation from the University Senate Council and the Talaba hukumati assotsiatsiyasi, and approximately 50 students marched on university president David Roselle 's office demanding for Chandler to apologize or resign.^[116] Commenting on the controversy the next day, Chandler said, "I was raised in a small town in Western Kentucky. There were 400 whites and 400 blacks, and we called them niggers and they didn't mind. And I reverted temporarily, at least, to that expression, and of course, I wish I hadn't."^[116] That apology did not satisfy many, and 200 protesters marched onto the Davlat Kapitoliy, demanding for Wilkinson to remove Chandler from the board.^[115] Wilkinson refused to remove Chandler and urged the crowd to forgive him.^[115]

Chandler published his autobiography, Heroes, Plain Folks, and Skunks, 1989 yilda.^[3] Bilan intervyuda Kentukki yadrosi, the University of Kentucky's student newspaper, Chandler was asked about his controversial comments the previous year, which were addressed in the book.^[114] Chandler reportedly told the paper, "I said most of the Zimbabweans were niggers and they are niggers."^[114] The comment sparked fresh protests and calls for Chandler's resignation.^[114] In response to the controversy, Chandler's personal assistant said, "He used the word again in explaining that it was not intended by him to be a racial slur" and called the Kernel's story "a complete and total distortion."^[114]

Chandler died in Versailles on June 15, 1991, and was buried in the churchyard of Pisgah Presbyterian Church near Versailles.^[2] Prior to his death, he had been the oldest living member of the Baseball Hall of Fame and was the longest-living former Kentucky governor.^[15]

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

• "Albert Benjamin Chandler". Muhtaram bitiruvchilar zali. Kentukki universiteti bitiruvchilari assotsiatsiyasi. Olingan 27 dekabr, 2010.
• "Albert Benjamin" Baxtli "Chandler". Beysbolning oliy ligasi. Olingan 20 dekabr, 2010.
• Boyett, Frank (2008 yil 9-noyabr). "Kechagi yangiliklar: Baxtli uchrashuv". Gleaner.
• Brammer, Jek (1988 yil 5-yanvar). "Gubernator Buyuk Britaniyaning kengashiga Chandlerni tayinladi". Lexington Herald-lideri. p. A1.
• Karter, Tom (1987 yil 24-may). "Hujjatli film Chandlerning yoqimli portreti". Lexington Herald-lideri. p. F1.
• "Chandler, Albert Benjamin (Baxtli)". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressining biografik ma'lumotnomasi. Olingan 7 sentyabr, 2011.
• "Chandler, baxtli". Beysbol shon-sharaf zali. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2011.
• Deford, Frank (1987 yil 20-iyul). "Baxtli kunlar". Sport Illustrated. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2012 yil 4-noyabrda. Olingan 28 sentyabr, 2011.
• Edvards, Don (1986 yil 28 sentyabr). "'Happyning "qizi o'z o'rnini topdi". Lexington Herald-lideri. p. B1.
• Flaherty, Vinsent X. (1946). J. G. Teylor Spink (tahrir). "Albert B.ning hayotiy hikoyasi." Baxtli "Chandler". Beysbol bo'yicha qo'llanma va yozuvlar kitobi. Sent-Luis, Missuri: Charlz C. Spink va O'g'il.
• "Happy yana bir sobiq qo'shimchalar'". Toledo pichog'i. Associated Press. 1966 yil 15-yanvar. P. 16.
• Harrison, Louell H. (1992). "Chandler, Albert Benjamin". Jon E. Kleberda (tahrir). Kentukki entsiklopediyasi. O'rnatilgan tahrirlovchilar: Tomas D. Klark, Lowell H. Harrison va Jeyms C. Klotter. Leksington, Kentukki: Kentukki universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  0-8131-1772-0. Olingan 20 dekabr, 2010.
• Harrison, Louell H.; Jeyms C. Klotter (1997). Kentukki shtatining yangi tarixi. Leksington, Kentukki: Kentukki universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  0-8131-2008-X. Olingan 26 iyun, 2009.
• Tepalik, Jon Pol (2010 yil kuz). "Komissar A. B." Baxtli "Chandler va oliy liga beysbolining integratsiyasi: qayta baholash". To'qqiz: Beysbol tarixi va madaniyati jurnali. 19 (1): 28–52. doi:10.1353 / 2010.2010.0007.
• Xixson, Valter L. (1982 yil yoz). "1938 yil Kentukki shtatidagi senat saylovlari: Alben V. Barkli," Baxtli "Chandler va yangi bitim". Kentukki tarixiy jamiyatining reestri. 80: 309–329.
• Xult, Joan S.; Trekell, Marianna (1991). Bir asrlik ayollar basketboli: zaiflikdan to'rtinchi finalgacha. Reston, Va: Sportdagi qizlar va ayollar milliy assotsiatsiyasi. ISBN  978-0-88314-490-9.
• "Kentukki gubernatori Albert Benjamin Chandler". Milliy gubernatorlar assotsiatsiyasi. Olingan 20 dekabr, 2010.
• Klotter, Jeyms C. (1996). Kentukki: Paradoksdagi portretlar, 1900–1950. Leksington, Kentukki: Kentukki universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  0-916968-24-3. Olingan 26 iyun, 2009.
• Luck, Xayme; Virjiniya Anderson (1988 yil 7 aprel). "Irqchi irq uchun Chandler o'ldirildi". Lexington Herald-lideri. p. A1.
• Luck, Xayme (1988 yil 28-fevral). "Chandlerning so'zlari yangi tortishuvlarni keltirib chiqarmoqda; Buyuk Britaniya talabalari ishonchli shaxsni olib qo'yishni talab qilmoqda". Lexington Herald-lideri. p. A1.
• Luck, Xayme (1989 yil 29-yanvar). "2 jumla bilan Chandler norozilik va munozaralarni keltirib chiqardi". Lexington Herald-lideri. p. B3.
• Kichik Marshall, Uilyam H. (1984 yil kuz). "A. B. Chandler 1945–1951 yillardagi beysbol komissari sifatida: Umumiy ma'lumot". Kentukki tarixiy jamiyatining reestri. 83 (4): 358–388.
• Marshall Jr., Uilyam H. (2001 yil bahor). "Baxtli Chandler va beysbolning muhim davri". Kentukki tarixiy jamiyatining reestri. 99 (1): 99–121.
• Mead, Endi; Jim Uorren (1991 yil 16-iyun). "Kentukki" Baxtli "Chandler vafot etdi". Lexington Herald-lideri. p. A1.
• Miller, Jon Uin (1988 yil 14 aprel). "Fuqarolik huquqlari bo'yicha Chandler rekordlarining paradokslari'". Lexington Herald-lideri. p. A1.
• Moffi, Larri (2006). O'yin vijdoni: Beysbolning Landisdan Seliggacha bo'lgan komissarlari. Linkoln, Nebraska: Nebraska universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-8032-8322-0.
• Pirs, Jon Ed (1987). Bo'linish va kelishmovchilik: Kentukki Siyosati 1930–1963. Leksington, Kentukki: Kentukki universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  0-8131-1613-9.
• Roland, Charlz P. (2004). "Albert Benjamin Chandler". Yilda Lowell H. Harrison (tahrir). Kentukki hokimlari. Leksington, Kentukki: Kentukki universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  0-8131-2326-7. Olingan 13-noyabr, 2010.
• Shannon, J. B. (1938). ""Baxtli "Chandler: Kentukki eposi". J. T. Salterda (tahrir). Amerikalik siyosatchi. Chapel Hill, Shimoliy Karolina: Shimoliy Karolina universiteti matbuoti.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Chandler, baxtli; John Underwood (1971 yil 3-may). "Og'irliklar tomonidan o'q uzildi". Sport Illustrated.
• Chandler, baxtli; Trimble, Vens H. (1989). Qahramonlar, oddiy odamlar va skunkslar: Baxtli Chandlerning hayoti va davri. so'z boshi Bob umid. Chikago, Illinoys: Bonusli kitoblar, Inc.
• Chandler, baxtli; Jon Andervud (1971 yil 26 aprel). "Qanday qilib men toza siyosatdan iflos beysbolga sakradim". Sport Illustrated.
• Marshall, Uilyam (1999). Beysbolning muhim davri: 1945–1951. Leksington, Kentukki: Kentukki universiteti matbuoti.
• Pauell, Robert A. (1976). Kentukki hokimlari. Danville, Kentukki: Bluegrass matbaa kompaniyasi. OCLC  2690774.