Saudiya Arabistonida inson huquqlari - Human rights in Saudi Arabia
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| Ushbu maqola bir qator qismidir siyosati va hukumati Saudiya Arabistoni |
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 Saudiya Arabistoni portali |
Saudiya Arabistonida inson huquqlari tashvishga soladigan mavzudir. Amalga oshiradigan Saudiya hukumati shariat qonunlari ostida mutlaq qoida ning Saud uyi, turli xil xalqaro tashkilotlar va hukumatlar tomonidan mamlakat ichkarisida ko'plab inson huquqlarini buzganlikda ayblangan va qoralangan.[1] The totalitar Saudiya Arabistoni Podshohligini boshqaradigan rejim doimiy ravishda "eng yomoni" ning qatoriga kiradi Freedom House "s siyosiy va fuqarolik huquqlari bo'yicha yillik so'rov.[2] Qorvis MSLGroup, AQShning filiali Publicis Groupe bilan ishlagan Saudiya Arabistoni O'n yildan oshiq vaqt mobaynida siyosiy namoyishchilar va muxoliflarni qatl etish paytida oqartirish uning yozuvi inson huquqlarining buzilishi.[3][4]
Fon
Saudiya Arabistoni dunyoning taxminan 30 mamlakatidan biridir sud jismoniy jazosi. Saudiya Arabistoni misolida bu o'z ichiga oladi amputatsiya ning qo'llar va oyoqlari uchun talonchilik va qamchilash "jinsiy og'ish" va shunga o'xshash kamroq jinoyatlar uchun mastlik. 2020 yil aprel oyida Saudiya Arabistoni Oliy sudi qamoq jazosini o'z tizimidan bekor qildi va uni qamoq muddati va jarimalar bilan almashtirdi.[5] 2000-yillarda ayollar zino uchun qamchi jazosiga mahkum etilganligi haqida xabar berilgan; ayollar aslida zo'rlash qurbonlari bo'lishgan, ammo ular jinoyatchilar kimligini isbotlay olmaganliklari sababli, ular zino qilganlikda aybdor deb topilgan.[6] Kipriklar soni qonunda aniq belgilanmagan va sudyalarning ixtiyoriga ko'ra turlicha bo'lib, odatda bir necha hafta yoki oylar davomida qo'llaniladigan o'nlab kaltaklardan bir necha yuzgacha. 2004 yilda, Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Qiynoqlarga qarshi qo'mitasi Saudiya Arabistonini tanqid qildi amputatsiya va qamchilash u ostida amalga oshiriladi Shariat. Saudiya delegatsiyasi javoban "qonuniy urf-odatlar "1400 yil oldin Islom paydo bo'lganidan beri o'tkazilgan va uning huquqiy tizimiga aralashishni rad etgan. Saudiya Arabistoni keyinchalik qamchilash jazosini bekor qildi va uning o'rnini qamoq jazosi yoki jarimalar yoki ikkalasi bilan almashtirdi.[5][7]
Sudlar ko'plab huquqbuzarliklar uchun asosiy yoki qo'shimcha jazo sifatida qamoq jazosini tayinlashda davom etmoqda. Kamida beshta sudlanuvchiga 1000 dan 2500 gacha kaltak urish jazosi tayinlandi. Qamoqxonalarda qamchilash amalga oshirildi.[8] 2020 yil aprel oyida Saudiya sud tizimida qamoq jazosi jazo sifatida endi amalga oshirilmaydi.[7]
2009 yilda Mazen Abdul-Javad Saudiya Arabistoni telekanalidagi ko'rsatuvlarida o'zining jinsiy ekspluatatsiyasi to'g'risida maqtangani uchun 1000 qamchi va besh yilga ozodlikdan mahrum qilingan.[9][10]
2014 yilda saudiyalik blogger Raif Badaviy Ayblangandan keyin uning jazosi 1000 qamchi va o'n yillik qamoq jazosiga etkazildi murtadlik 2012 yilda. Kirpiklar 20 hafta davomida sodir bo'lishi kerak edi. Birinchi davra (50 ta) 2015 yil 9 yanvarda o'tkazilgan, ammo ikkinchi davra tibbiy muammolar tufayli qoldirilgan. Ushbu ish xalqaro miqyosda qoralangan va Saudiya huquq tizimiga katta bosim o'tkazgan.
2015 yil oktyabr oyida, Buyuk Britaniya o'sha paytda 74 yoshli nafaqaxo'r va saraton kasalligidan aziyat chekkan Karl Andri uy sharoitida spirtli ichimliklar tayyorlash uchun 360 darra urgan. Uning oilasi jazo uni o'ldirishi mumkinligidan qo'rqdi. Biroq, u ozod qilindi va o'sha yilning noyabr oyida uyiga qaytdi.[11]
2016 yilda saudiyalik erkak 2000 qamchi, o'n yil qamoq jazosi va 20 ming jarima jazosiga hukm qilingan riyol (5300 AQSh dollari) tvitlarni Islomni tanqid qilgani va mavjudligini inkor etgani uchun Xudo.[12][13]
2018 yil sentyabr oyida Saudiya Arabistoni prokuraturasining rasmiy tvitteri ijtimoiy tarmoqlarda "jamoat tartibiga, diniy qadriyatlarga va jamoat axloqiga ta'sir qiladigan" har qanday kinoya bilan bo'lishadiganlarni jazolash to'g'risida ogohlantirdi. Ushbu jazoga besh yillik qamoq muddati va 3 million rial (800 ming AQSh dollar) miqdoridagi jarima kiritildi. Saudiya Arabistoni hukumati xuddi shu sabab bilan o'tgan yili bir nechta ziyolilar, ishbilarmonlar va faollarni hibsga oldi.[14]
Qiynoq
Saudiya Arabistonining Jinoyat-protsessual kodeksi taqiqlagan bo'lsa-da "qiynoq "va" beg'araz muomala "(2-modda) amalda qiynoqqa solish va majburiy ravishda aybiga iqror bo'lish uchun qiynoqlardan foydalanish odatiy bo'lib qolmoqda.[15][16][17][18][19]
Ga binoan Xalqaro Amnistiya, xavfsizlik kuchlari mahbuslarni sud jarayonida ularga qarshi dalil sifatida foydalanish uchun iqror bo'lish uchun qiynoqqa solishni va yomon munosabatda bo'lishni davom ettirdilar. Tashkilot ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Eron foydasiga josuslikda ayblangan 32 sudlanuvchi qiynoqqa solingan va o'z ayblarini tan olishga majbur bo'lgan. Hibsga olingan shaxslar aloqada bo'lmagan va oilalariga kirish huquqidan mahrum qilingan.[20]
2018 yilda Saudiya Arabistoniga tekshiruv o'tkazish uchun Saudiya Arabistoniga tashrif buyurgan BMT guruhi mamlakat qiynoqlarni oqlash uchun muntazam ravishda terrorizmga qarshi qonunlardan foydalanayotganligini aniqladi.[21] Hisobotda ta'kidlanishicha, qirollikda tinchlik va xotirjamlik bilan ifoda erkinligi huquqidan foydalanib kelayotgan saudiyaliklar rasmiylar tomonidan muntazam ravishda ta'qib qilinmoqda.[22]
Valid Fitaihi a shifokor 1980-yillarda AQShda o'qigan va ishlagan.[23] U 1964 yilda tug'ilgan Jidda, Saudiya Arabistoni. U Saudiya Arabistoniga 2006 yilda qaytib kelgan. Doktor Fitaihi hibsga olingan Rits Karlton 2017 yil noyabr oyida mehmonxonaga ko'chib o'tdi al-Hair qamoqxonasi poytaxtning janubida joylashgan.[23][24] Ritz-Carlton mehmonxonasi ko'plab taniqli mahbuslarni saqlash uchun ishlatilgan Saudiya hukumati 2017 yilda, saudiyalik faollarning fikriga ko'ra.[24]Aljazeera Doktor Fitayhi do'stiga "ko'zlarini bog'lab, ichki kiyimini echib olib, stulga bog'lab qo'yganini" aytdi.[25][26] Shuningdek, Saudiya Arabistoni hukumati uni elektr toki urishi bilan qiynoqqa solgani, "qiynoqlarning bir soatlik davom etgan bir sessiyasidek tuyuldi", deyiladi kunlik xabarda.[25][26] Xabarlarda aytilishicha, u shu qadar qattiq kaltaklangan, u bir necha kun chalqancha uxlay olmagan.[25][26]
2019 yil avgust oyida e'lon qilingan yangiliklar haqidagi maqola Mustaqil Bangladesh millatiga mansub 100 dan ortiq ayol migrantlar va 45 ga yaqin erkak migrantlar qochib ketganliklari haqida xabar berishdi Saudiya Arabistoni quyidagi psixologik va jinsiy shilqimlik ish beruvchilardan.[27]
Shahzoda Faysal bin Abdulloh Al Saud, sobiq rahbari Saudiya Qizil yarim oy jamiyati va kech o'g'li Shoh Abdulloh, 2020 yil 27 martda hibsga olingan va shu vaqtgacha qamoq ostida saqlanmoqda. 2017 yil noyabr oyida shahzoda Faysal birinchi bo'lib hibsga olingan va hibsga olingan o'zboshimchalik bilan hibsga olish mashhurda Rits-Karltonni tozalash. Keyinchalik u 2017 yil dekabrida aktivlarini topshirish sharti bilan ozod qilingan. Hozirda uni hibsda ushlab turuvchi rasmiylar uning yashash joyi yoki sog'lig'i va farovonligi holati to'g'risida ma'lumot berishdan bosh tortmoqda Human Rights Watch tashkiloti.[28]
2020 yil 19-noyabr kuni, faqatgina inson huquqlari xayriya tashkiloti - Grant Liberty tomonidan tarqatilgan hisobotga asoslanib, Independent Saudiya Arabistoni qamoqxonalarida ayollar huquqlari faollari va siyosiy mahbuslar tomonidan inson huquqlari buzilishi haqida xabar berdi. Xabar qilinishicha, Saudiya Arabistoni hibsxonalarida olingan jarohatlar natijasida qamoqdagi ayollar huquqlari faollari va siyosiy mahbuslar jinsiy tajovuzga uchragan, qiynoqqa solingan va vafot etgan. Tadqiqot natijalariga ko'ra, 20 nafar mahbus siyosiy jinoyatlar uchun hibsga olingan, ulardan 5 nafari allaqachon o'ldirilgan, qolgan 13 nafari esa o'lim jazosiga hukm qilingan. Hisobot Saudiya Arabistoni G20 sammitiga mezbonlik qilishidan bir necha kun oldin ayollarning imkoniyatlarini kengaytirish bilan kun tartibining asosiy qismiga aylandi.[29]
O'lim jazosi; vakillik huquqi
Saudiya Arabistoni muntazam ravishda shug'ullanadi o'lim jazosi tomonidan, jumladan, ommaviy qatl qilish boshini kesib tashlash.[30] Ko'p sonli huquqbuzarliklar uchun o'lim jazosi qo'llanilishi mumkin,[31] shu jumladan qotillik, zo'rlash, qurolli talonchilik, takroriy giyohvandlik, murtadlik,[32] zino,[33] sehr-jodu va sehrgarlik[34] va qilich bilan boshini kesish orqali amalga oshirilishi mumkin,[32] toshbo'ron qilish yoki otishma otryadi,[33] keyin xochga mixlash.[34] 2005 yilda 191 ta, 2006 yilda 38 ta, 2007 yilda 153 ta, 2008 yilda esa 102 ta qatl qilingan.[35]
Vakili Inson huquqlari bo'yicha milliy jamiyat Saudiya Arabistoni hukumati tomonidan moliyalashtiriladigan bir tashkilotning aytishicha, o'lim soni ko'paymoqda, chunki jinoyatchilik darajasi oshmoqda, mahbuslarga insonparvarlik munosabati va boshini kesib tashlash jinoyatchilikni oldini olish, "Olloh, bizning yaratuvchimiz, O'z xalqi uchun nima yaxshi ekanini yaxshi biladi ... Biz faqat qotilning haqlarini o'ylab, saqlab qolishimiz kerak, boshqalarning haqlarini o'ylamaymizmi?"[36]
Saudiya Arabistoni politsiyasi va immigratsiya idoralari to'xtatilgan yoki hibsga olingan odamlarni, ayniqsa rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlar ishchilarini muntazam ravishda tahqirlaydi. 2013 yil noyabr oyi boshida rasmiylar noqonuniy ishchilarga qarshi tazyiqlarni rejalashtirish va ko'rib chiqish uslubi uchun tanqidlarga uchragan. Saudiya Arabistoni hukumati - ba'zi hollarda fuqarolarning yordami bilan ko'plab noqonuniy ishchilarni to'plab, ularga jismoniy zo'ravonlik ko'rsatgan.[37][38]
2019 yil 23 aprelda Saudiya Arabistoni amalga oshirdi qamoqqa olingan 37 fuqaroning ommaviy qatl qilinishi asosan qiynoq ostida olingan yoki ayblanuvchining qiynoqqa solganlari tomonidan yozilgan iqrorliklari asosida sudlanganlar.[39] Qatl qilinganlarning aksariyati mamlakatga tegishli edi Shia ozchilik.[40]
2020 yil aprel oyida Saudiya Arabistoni Oliy sudi qirol Salmonning qirollik farmoniga binoan jinoyat sodir etgan voyaga etmaganlar endi o'lim jazosiga mahkum etilmasligini, ammo balog'atga etmagan bolalar uchun qamoqxonada 10 yilgacha ozodlikdan mahrum qilinishini e'lon qildi.[41]
Odam savdosi
Saudiya Arabistoni ushbu maqsadlar uchun odam savdosi bilan shug'ullanadigan ayollar va erkaklar uchun taniqli mamlakatdir qul mehnati va tijorat jinsiy ekspluatatsiyasi. Erkaklar va ayollar Markaziy Osiyo, Yaqin Sharq va Afrika va boshqa ko'plab mamlakatlar ixtiyoriy ravishda Saudiya Arabistoniga uy xizmatchilari yoki boshqa past malakali ishchilar sifatida sayohat qilmoqdalar, ammo keyinchalik ba'zilari majburiy xizmat ko'rsatadigan sharoitlarga duch kelishmoqda.[42]
Saudiya Arabistoniga tijorat maqsadida jinsiy ekspluatatsiya qilish uchun, birinchi navbatda Osiyo va Afrika mamlakatlaridan ayollar sotiladi; boshqalari o'g'irlab ketilgan va shafqatsiz ish beruvchilardan qochib, fohishalikka majbur qilingan.[42]
Jinsiy qullik
Ba'zi saudiyalik erkaklar, shuningdek, mehnat muhojirlarini jinsiy ekspluatatsiya qilish vositasi sifatida Mavritaniya, Yaman va Indoneziya kabi mamlakatlarda tuzilgan "vaqtinchalik nikohlar" dan foydalanishgan. Ayollar ularni chin dildan turmushga berishadi, deb ishonishadi, ammo Saudiya Arabistoniga kelgandan keyin erlarining jinsiy qullari bo'lib, uy mehnatiga va ba'zi hollarda fohishalikka majburlanadilar.[43] Saudiya Arabistonida fohishabozlik noqonuniy hisoblanadi.
Ayollarning huquqlari
Vasiylik tizimi, ajratish va cheklashlar
Saudiyalik ayollar duch kelishmoqda kamsitish kabi hayotlarining ko'p jihatlarida adolat tizimi, va ostida erkaklar vasiylik tizimi kabi samarali muomala qilinadi qonuniy voyaga etmaganlar.[44] Garchi ular universitetlarga qabul qilinganlarning 70 foizini tashkil qilsa-da, ijtimoiy sabablarga ko'ra ayollar Saudiya Arabistonidagi ishchilar sonining 5 foizini tashkil qiladi,[45] dunyodagi eng past ulush. Ayollarga nisbatan munosabat "deb nomlanganjinsiy ajratish ",[46][47]"jinsi aparteid ",[48][49] va ba'zi ayollarning erkak qarindoshlarining "mahbuslari" bo'lishlari.[50] Mehnat vazirligi qarshiligiga uchragan ayollarning ish bilan ta'minlanishini kengaytirish imkoniyatlarini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi hukumat qarorini amalga oshirish,[51] diniy politsiyadan,[52] va erkak fuqaroligidan.[53]
Saudiya Arabistonining ko'p joylarida, ayolning o'rni uyda eri va oilasiga g'amxo'rlik qiladi, deb ishonishadi, shu bilan birga, ba'zi ayollar bu qarashga amal qilmaydilar va amaliyotga erisholmaydilar, ba'zilari esa erning o'rniga uyni boshqaradilar. . Bundan tashqari, uylarda ajratishning ayrim turlari mavjud, masalan, erkaklar va ayollar uchun turli xil kirish joylari.[54]
Ayollarning huquqlari - bu da'vatlarning markazida islohot Saudiya Arabistonida - qo'ng'iroqlar qirollikning siyosiy maqomini shubha ostiga qo'yadi.[54] Mahalliy va xalqaro xotin-qizlar guruhlari, ba'zi hukmdorlarning G'arbga nisbatan ilg'or qiyofasini namoyish etishni istayotganlaridan foydalanib, hukumatlarni javob berishga undaydi. 2009 yildan beri ayollar va ularning erkaklar tarafdorlari uyushma tashkil etishmoqda erkaklarga qarshi homiylikka qarshi kampaniya.[55][56] Ushbu harakatning ayol rahbarlari ayblovsiz qamoqqa tashlangan. Umuman olganda, vasiylik tizimiga qarshi chiqayotgan ayollar muammoli ayollar uchun boshpanalarga yuborilishi mumkin, bu erda huquq himoyachilarining fikriga ko'ra ular qiynoq va jinsiy zo'ravonlikka duch kelishadi.[50][57] Saudiya Arabistonida erkaklar ayollarni haqorat qilishda erkindirlar, ayollarni bir necha oy davomida o'z xonalarida qamab qo'yishgani yoki ochlik bilan tahdid qilishlari yoki o'q otish bilan tahdid qilishlari, masalan, noto'g'ri soch olish yoki oila ma'qullamagan erkak bilan munosabatda bo'lish. .[50] Ayollar politsiya hisobotlarini erkak homiysining ruxsatisiz bera olmaydi va shikoyat qilgani uchun hukumat tomonidan qamoqqa olinishi mumkin.[50] Ayollarga ma'lum kasblar taqiqlanadi (masalan optometriya ) va ish joyida erkaklar bilan aralashish taqiqlanishi mumkin, ammo 2017 yil holatiga ko'ra hukumat ma'lumotlariga ko'ra xususiy sektor ishchilarining 30% tashkil etadi[58] (bu YaIMning 40 foizini tashkil etadi).
Ushbu guruhlarning ba'zilarida qudratli ishbilarmon ayollarning mavjudligi - bu hali ham kamdan-kam uchraydigan holat - ularni tinglashga yordam beradi.[59] 2008 yilgacha ayollarga mehmonxonalar va jihozlangan kvartiralarga chaperonsiz kirishga ruxsat berilmagan mahram. Biroq 2008 yilgi Qirollik farmoni bilan ayollarning mehmonxonalarga kirishi uchun yagona talab - bu milliy shaxsiy guvohnoma va (erkak mehmonlarda bo'lgani kabi) mehmonxona o'zlarining xonalarini bron qilish va yashash muddati to'g'risida eng yaqin politsiya bo'limiga xabar berishlari kerak.[60] 2010 yil aprel oyida ayollar uchun yangi, ixtiyoriy shaxsiy guvohnoma berildi, bu ularga mamlakatlarda sayohat qilish imkoniyatini beradi Fors ko'rfazi hamkorlik kengashi. Kartalarga quyidagilar kiradi GPS kuzatuvi, barmoq izlari va ularni yasashni qiyinlashtiradigan xususiyatlar. Ayollarga kartaga murojaat qilish uchun erkak ruxsatnomasi kerak emas, lekin chet elga sayohat qilish uchun karta kerak.[61] Himoyachilarning ta'kidlashicha, yangi ayol guvohnomalari ayolga o'z faoliyatini osonlikcha olib borishi va ayollar nomidan sodir etilayotgan qalbaki ishlarning oldini olishga imkon beradi.
Avvaliga ayollar qo'shildi Saudiya Arabistonining maslahat kengashi 2013 yilda, o'ttiz o'ringa ega.[62] Bundan tashqari, o'sha yili uchta ayol uchta qo'mita raisining o'rinbosarlari etib tayinlandi. Doktor Turayya Obid Inson huquqlari va iltimosnomalar qo'mitasi raisining o'rinbosari, doktor Zaynab Abu Tolib, Axborot va madaniyat qo'mitasi raisining o'rinbosari va doktor Lubna Al-Ansari Sog'liqni saqlash va atrof-muhit masalalari qo'mitasi raisining o'rinbosari etib tayinlandi.[62]
2013 yilda Pasport Bosh Direktsiyasi chet elliklar bilan turmush qurgan saudiyalik ayollarga o'z farzandlariga homiylik qilish huquqini berdi, shunda bolalar homiy sifatida ko'rsatilgan onalari bilan yashash huquqiga (iqamaga) ega bo'lishlari va Saudiya Arabistonida xususiy sektorda ishlash huquqiga ega bo'lishlari mumkin. onalarining homiyligida va onasi chet elda yashovchi bolalarini Saudiya Arabistoniga olib borishi mumkin, agar ular sudlanmagan bo'lsa. Saudiya ayollari bilan turmush qurgan chet ellik erkaklarga Saudiya Arabistonida xususiy sektorda ishlash huquqi berildi, shu bilan birga ularning xotinlari homiylik qilishlari sharti bilan ularning iqamalaridagi sarlavha "Saudiya xotinining eri" deb yozilishi kerak va ular har qanday vaqtda o'z uylariga qaytishga imkon beradigan amaldagi pasportlarga ega.[63] Chet elliklarga uylangan saudiyalik ayollar, baribir o'z fuqaroligini farzandlariga topshirishda qiynalmoqda.
Shuningdek, 2013 yilda Saudiya Arabistoni o'zining birinchi ayol stajyer advokati Arva al-Hujaylini ro'yxatdan o'tkazdi.[64] Saudiya sudlarida ayollar guvohligi erkakning guvohligining yarmiga teng.[65]
Ga ko'ra Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi dunyo faktlar kitobi, Ayollarning 82,2% savodli, erkaklarda 90,8% savodxonlik darajasiga nisbatan.[66]
2018 yilda Saudiya Arabistoni hukumati bir nechta siyosatni o'zgartirib, ayollarga o'zlarining vasiylari ruxsati bilan transport vositalarini boshqarishi, jinsi ajratilgan hududdagi sport tadbirlarida qatnashishi, sport bilan shug'ullanishi (shu jumladan jamoat ko'chalarida jismoniy mashqlar bilan shug'ullanishi) va erkaklar ruxsatiga ehtiyojni yo'q qildi. ta'lim olish, sog'liqni saqlash yoki biznes ochish.[58] U qizlar uchun jismoniy tarbiya berishni boshladi va faqat ayollar uchun mo'ljallangan sport zallarini litsenziyalashni boshlashini aytdi.[58] Hukumat mart oyida harbiy xizmatni ayollar uchun ochdi, agar ular jismoniy va tarbiyaviy talablarga javob bersa, xizmat ko'rsatuvchi provinsiyada o'z homiysi bilan yashashni davom ettirsa va erkaklar ruxsatini olsalar xizmat qilishi mumkin.[58] Shuningdek, ajrashgan ayollarga ariza bermasdan bolalarning vasiyligini saqlab qolish imkoniyati berildi.[58] Pasport olish, sayohat qilish, turmush qurish, ajrashish yoki qamoqxonadan chiqish uchun erkak ruxsatnomasi talab qilinadi.[58] Erkaklar va ayollar hamon jamoat transportida, plyajlarda va basseynlarda ajratilgan.[58] Amalda ba'zi shifokorlar hanuzgacha xizmat ko'rsatishdan oldin erkaklar ruxsatini talab qilishadi[50] va kvartirani ijaraga olish yoki qonuniy da'vo arizasi berish uchun erkak ruxsatnomasi talab qilinishi mumkin.[58] 2019 yilda Saudiya Arabistoni hukumati erkaklar bog'dorligini ozod qilish uchun yangi choralar ko'rdi. Shunday qilib, yaqinda ayollarga erkak vasiylaridan ruxsat olmasdan chet elga sayohat qilishga ruxsat beriladi.[67]
2018 yil iyul oyida ikki taniqli ayol huquq himoyachilari, Samar Badaviy va Nassima al-Sada, Saudiya Arabistonining erkaklar vasiylik to'g'risidagi qonunlariga qarshi chiqqani uchun hibsga olingan.[68] Ga binoan Xalqaro Amnistiya, Dahban qamoqxonasida ayblovsiz hibsga olingan bir necha hibsga olingan ayollar huquqlari faollari elektr toki urish, kaltaklash, shiftga osish va jinsiy tajovuz bilan qiynoqlarga dosh berishmoqda.[69]
2018 yil oktyabr oyida erkaklarning vasiylik tizimida hukmronlik qilgan saudiyalik ayol musiqiy asbobda o'ynaganligi sababli o'zi xohlagan kishiga uylanish uchun qonuniy kurashda yutqazdi, qirollikdagi ko'plab konservativ musulmonlar musiqani "harom" (taqiqlangan) deb bilishadi. Ayolning erkak qarindoshi unga erkak tanlagan diniy nomuvofiqlikni aytib, tanlagan kishiga uylanishiga ruxsat bermadi oud.[70]
Saudiya Arabistoni tarafdor emas Iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy va madaniy huquqlar to'g'risidagi xalqaro pakt, bu boshqa ko'plab masalalar qatorida majburiy nikohni taqiqlaydi. Biroq, bu Inson huquqlari bo'yicha kengashning bir qismidir.
The Jahon iqtisodiy forumi unda Global Gender Gap Hisoboti 2018 yil Saudiya Arabistoni gender tengligi bo'yicha 149 davlat orasida 141-o'rinni egalladi.[71][72]
2019 yilda hukumat shuningdek, ayollar armiyada ishlashni boshlashlari mumkinligini ta'kidladilar. Ilgari ular faqat politsiyada ishlashlari mumkin edi.[73]
2020 yil aprel va may oylari davomida so'nggi o'n to'rt oy davomida qamoqda bo'lgan malika Basma binti Saud bin Abdulaziz al-Saudga rahm-shafqat ko'rsatilishi va ozod qilinishi kutilgan edi, ammo bunday bo'lmadi. Malika Basmaxning amakivachchasi, valiahd shahzoda Muhammad bin Salmon uni hibsga olish va hibsga olishni soxta pasportga ega bo'lganligi uchun 2019 yilda, go'yo qochishga uringan paytda chiqargan Saudiya Arabistoni. U 28 yoshli qizi bilan birga ularning kvartirasidan hibsga olingan Jidda 2019 yil 1 martda. Malika Basma unga qo'yilgan ayblovlar olib tashlanganidan keyin ham "sog'lig'i juda muhim" ekanligi haqida xabar berganidan keyin ham qamoqda qolmoqda. U sog'lig'i haqida amakisi va amakivachchasi, valiahd shahzoda va qirol Salmonga yo'llagan bir qator tvitlarida oshkor qildi.[74]
2020 yil 5-noyabrda, BMTning Ayollarga nisbatan diskriminatsiyani yo'q qilish bo'yicha qo'mitasi (CEDAW) Saudiya Arabistoniga murojaat qildi Qirol Salmon bin Abdulaziz Al Saud ayol huquqlari faolini ozod qilish Loujayn al-Xatul. CEDAW shuningdek, uning sog'lig'i holatidan xavotir bildirdi, chunki Saudiya Arabistoni hukumati mahbuslarga o'z oila a'zolari bilan doimiy ravishda aloqa o'rnatishga imkon beradigan BMTning ayollarga nisbatan muomala qoidalariga rioya qilmayapti.[75]
Haydash
Saudiya Arabistoni 2018 yil iyunigacha ayollarga motorli transport vositalarini boshqarish taqiqlangan dunyodagi yagona mamlakat edi.[76] Avtotransport vositalarini taqiqlash qonun hujjatlarida emas edi, lekin "norasmiy" diniy edi fatvo konservativ musulmon ruhoniylari tomonidan yuklatilgan[77] So'nggi yillarda ushbu diniy qarash o'zgargan bo'lsa-da, mamlakatdagi jinsni ajratish an'analarini saqlab qolish uchun.[78]
1990 yilda Saudiya Arabistonining 47 nafar ayollari ushbu taqiqqa qarshi bo'lib, Ar-Riyod ko'chalarida avtoulovlarni haydab chiqqanlarida, namoyishchilar jazolangan. "Barcha haydovchilar va ularning erlari bir yil davomida chet elga sayohat qilish huquqidan mahrum edilar. Ish beruvchilar buni bilib, hukumatda ishlayotgan ayollarni ishdan bo'shatishdi. Va yuzlab masjid minbarlaridan ularni axloqsiz ayollar deb nomlashdi. Saudiya jamiyatini yo'q qilish. "[79]
Haydashga taqiq joriy etilganda, ayollar "biz erkaklarsiz yurolmaymiz" deb shikoyat qildilar.[77] Ko'pchilik haydovchilarni sotib ololmas edi va Qirollikning shahar va shaharchalarida ishlaydigan oz sonli avtobuslar belgilangan jadvalga amal qilmaydi.[76] 2013 yil 26 oktyabrda bir guruh ayollar o'zlarini haydash bilan taqiqqa qarshi harakatni boshlashdi. Biroq, 23-oktabr kuni "taqiqning kamdan-kam va aniq belgilanishi" da Ichki ishlar vazirligi matbuot kotibi general Mansur at-Turkiy: "Ma'lumki, Saudiyada ayollarga transport vositasini boshqarish taqiqlangan va qoidabuzarlarga va qonun buzuvchilarga qarshi qonunlar qo'llaniladi. qo'llab-quvvatlashni namoyish eting. "[80] 2014 yil dekabr oyida ayollarni haydash taqiqiga qarshi chiqqanliklari uchun ikki ayol hibsga olingan va qariyb bir oylik qamoq jazosiga hukm qilingan.[81]
Ayollarga samolyotda uchishga ruxsat beriladi, lekin ularni aeroportga olib borish kerak.[82] Saudiyalik ayol 2007 yilda uchuvchilik litsenziyasini olgan birinchi ayol bo'lganida yangilik yaratdi. Ayol, Hanadiy al-hindiy Saudiya shahzodasi uchun ishlaydi Al-Valid.[83]
Hisham Fageeh AQShda yashovchi Saudiya Arabistoni hukumati ayollarni haydashga to'sqinlik qiladigan qoidalariga ishora qiluvchi videoni yaratdi. O'sha kuni video Saudiya Arabistonida ko'plab ayollar Hukumatga qarshi butun mamlakat bo'ylab norozilik namoyishlarini o'tkazdilar.[84]
2015 yilda qo'shni BAAda ishlaydigan saudiyalik ayol Saudiya Arabistoniga kirmoqchi bo'lganida hibsga olingan. Uning pasportini olib qo'ydi va Saudiya-BAA chegarasida hech qanday ovqat va suvsiz kutishga majbur bo'ldi. U Birlashgan Arab Amirliklarining haydovchilik guvohnomasining barcha GCC mamlakatlarida amal qilishini da'vo qildi, ammo Saudiya Arabistonining chegara idoralari uning qonuniyligini tan olishdan bosh tortdilar.[85][86]
2017 yilda ayollarga avtomobil haydashga ruxsat berish to'g'risida qirol farmoni chiqarildi.[87] Birinchi haydovchilik guvohnomasi 2018 yil iyun oyida saudiyalik ayolga berilgan va haydovchilikka qo'yilgan taqiq 2018 yil 24 iyunda bekor qilingan.[88][89] E'lon bilan taqiqni bekor qilish o'rtasida, haydovchiga ayollar kampaniyasining taqiqni buzgan rahbarlari hibsga olingan va qiynoqqa solingan.[90]
Uydan tashqarida sayohat qilish uchun erkak ruxsatnomasi talab qilinadi, shuning uchun konservativ oilalardagi ko'plab ayollarga transport vositasini boshqarish huquqi berilmagan.[50]
2020 yil 15 mayda hibsga olinganlarning ikki yilligi nishonlanadi ayollar huquqlari faollar. Ular buni himoya qilmoqdalar haydash huquqi Saudiyada ayollar uchun. Xalqaro Amnistiya qirolligini da'vat etdi Saudiya Arabistoni so'nggi ikki yil davomida hibsda saqlanayotgan ayol huquq himoyachilarini ozod qilish.[91]
2020 yil 26 oktyabrda ayollar huquqlari faoli Lujayn hibsda bo'lgan vaqtida oila a'zolari bilan gaplashishga ruxsat berilmaganligi uchun ochlik e'lon qildi. Uning singlisi Lina aytdi Telegraf u o'zini ozodligini so'ramaganligi, faqat ota-onasi bilan doimiy ravishda ovozli qo'ng'iroq qilib, u g'oyib bo'lmagani haqida xabar berishi kerak.[92]
2020 yil 5-noyabrda BMTning Ayollarga nisbatan kamsitishni yo'q qilish bo'yicha qo'mitasi (CEDAW) chaqirdi Saudiya Arabistoni barcha ayollarni ozod qilish inson huquqlari hibsga olingan himoyachilar, shu jumladan Loujayn al-Xatul, 2020 yil 26 oktyabrda boshlangan ochlik aktsiyasi tufayli sog'lig'i yomonlashmoqda.[93]
Irqchilik
Saudiya Arabistonidagi irqchilik qamoq, jismoniy zo'ravonlik, zo'rlash,[94] ortiqcha ish va ish haqini o'g'irlash, ayniqsa qonun bo'yicha ozgina himoya qilingan chet ellik ishchilar.
Antisemitizm
Saudiya Arabistoni ommaviy axborot vositalari tez-tez yahudiylarga kitoblarida, yangiliklar maqolalarida, ularning masjidlarida va ba'zilari antisemitik satira deb ta'riflagan hujumlarda. Saudiya Arabistoni hukumat amaldorlari va davlat diniy rahbarlari ko'pincha yahudiylar butun dunyoni egallab olish uchun fitna uyushtirmoqda degan g'oyani targ'ib qiladilar; da'volarining isboti sifatida ular nashr etadilar va tez-tez keltirishadi Sion oqsoqollarining bayonnomalari fakt sifatida.[95][96] Davomida Fors ko'rfazi urushi (1990-1991), Saudiya Arabistonida yarim millionga yaqin AQSh harbiy xizmatchilari to'planganda va ko'plari o'sha erda joylashganda, Saudiya Arabistonida AQShning yahudiy xizmatining ko'plab xodimlari bor edi. Ma'lum qilinishicha, Saudiya Arabistoni hukumati yahudiylarning diniy marosimlari ularning tuprog'ida o'tkazilmasligini, ammo yahudiy askarlari yaqin atrofdagi AQSh harbiy kemalariga etkazilishini talab qilgan.[97]
Chet elliklarning huquqlari
Mehnat muhojirlarining huquqlari
2016 yilga ko'ra Xalqaro Amnistiya yillik hisobotda, Saudiya Arabistoni hukumati yuz minglab noqonuniy muhojirlarni hibsga oldi va deportatsiya qildi, o'n minglab odamlar oylar davomida maosh olmasdan ishdan bo'shatildi va oziq-ovqat, suv va chiqish vizalarisiz qoldi.[98]
20-aprel kuni xabar berilishicha mehnat muhojirlari Saudiya Arabistoni paytida og'ir sharoitlarga duch keldi Covid-19 pandemiyasi. Mamlakat virus tarqalishining oldini olish uchun qulf ostida bo'lgan joyda, bu mehnat muhojirlari ishsiz yordamsiz qolishgan. Pul etishmasligi sababli, ushbu ishchilarning bir qismi, xususan Bangladesh, oziq-ovqatsiz va Saudiya hukumati tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanmagan holda yashashgan.[99]
2020 yil 30-avgustda Telegraf Tergov ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Saudiya Arabistonida yuzlab afrikalik muhojirlar tanazzulga uchragan sharoitlarda qamalgan Covid hibsxonalar.[100] Gazetaga yuborilgan videolavhada Arabistonning jaziramasidan nogiron bo'lib qolgan o'nlab erkaklar, derazalari tor kichkina xonalarda mahkam o'ralgan qatorlarda ko'ylaksiz yotganliklari tasvirlangan.[101]
2020 yil 2 oktyabrda an Xalqaro Amnistiya tergov hibsxonalarida kamida uchta muhojir halok bo'lganligini aniqladi Saudiya Arabistoni guvohlarning guvohliklariga ko'ra minglab efiopiyalik muhojirlarni ushlab turgan. Amnistiya Saudiya Arabistoni hukumatini o'zboshimchalik bilan hibsga olingan barcha muhojirlarni zudlik bilan ozod qilishga va sharoitlarini yaxshilashga chaqirdi hibsxonalar.[102]
2020 yil 8 oktyabrda Evropa parlamenti Saudiya Arabistoni o'n minglab afrikalik muhojirlarni hibsxonalarda jahannam sharoitida ushlab turishi aniqlanganidan so'ng, tashvish uyg'otdi. A'zolari Evropa parlamenti Saudiya Arabistoni valiahd shahzodasi rejimi tomonidan inson huquqlarining bir qator buzilishini qoralovchi rezolyutsiya qabul qildi Muhammad Bin Salmon. Shuningdek, ular Evropa Ittifoqi davlatlarini G20-dagi vakolatlarini minimallashtirishga chaqirishdi Ar-Riyod Saudiya Arabistoni tomonidan huquqlarning buzilishi qonuniylashtirilmasligi uchun, o'sha yilgi sammit.[103]
Fuqaroligi yo'q odamlar
70,000 bor fuqaroligi yo'q sifatida tanilgan Saudiya Arabistonidagi odamlar Bedoon.[104] Ayrim fuqaroligi bo'lmaganlar, chegaralar o'rnatilguncha Saudiya Arabistoniga ko'chib o'tgan yamanliklardir.[105]
Bu qo'shni BAA, Quvayt, Qatar va Bahraynda ham keng tarqalgan.[106]
Mehnat huquqlari
Har yili yozda Saudiya Mehnat va ijtimoiy taraqqiyot vazirligi 3 oylik kunduzgi ochiq havoda ishlash taqiqini amalga oshiradi. Ushbu taqiqning asosiy maqsadi mehnatni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri quyosh va yuqori harorat ta'siridan himoya qilishdir. Saudiya Arabistoni fuqarolari yoki chet ellik mehnatkashlar har qanday qonun buzilishlarini vazirlik portali orqali yuborishlari mumkin.[107]
Firqabozlik va din erkinligi
Saudiya Arabistoni qonunchiligi diniy erkinlikni tan olmaydi va musulmon bo'lmagan dinlarning ommaviy amaliyoti faol ravishda taqiqlanadi.[108]
Hech qanday qonun fuqarolarning musulmon bo'lishini talab qilmaydi, ammo Fuqarolikni qabul qilish to'g'risidagi qonunning 12.4-moddasida talabnoma beruvchilar o'zlarining diniy e'tiqodlarini tasdiqlashlari, 14.1-moddasida esa ariza beruvchilar o'zlarining mahalliy ruhoniylari tomonidan tasdiqlangan sertifikat olishlari shart.[109] Hukumat Qur'on va Muhammad payg'ambarning sunnatlarini (an'analarini) mamlakat konstitutsiyasi deb e'lon qildi. Din va davlatni ajratish tushunchalarini na hukumat, na umuman jamiyat qabul qilmaydi va bunday ajralish mavjud emas. Huquqiy tizim shariatga asoslanadi (islom huquqi), shariat sudlari o'z hukmlarini asosan Qur'on va Sunnadan olingan kodga asoslanadilar. Human Rights Watch ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Saudiya Arabistoni "muntazam ravishda musulmon diniy ozchiliklarni, xususan shia va ismoiliylarni kamsitadi",[110] ammo hukumat shia musulmonlariga o'zlarining qonuniy an'analaridan foydalanib, o'z jamoalarida jinoiy bo'lmagan ishlarni ko'rib chiqish uchun ruxsat beradi.[109]
2014 yilda Saudiya Arabistoni yangi "terrorizmga qarshi" qonunchilikni qabul qildi. Human Rights Watch tashkiloti tinch siyosiy faollar va muxoliflarni ta'qib qilish va jazolash uchun foydalanilgan qonunchilik va tegishli hukumat qarorlarining keng tilini tanqid qildi.[111] HEW ta'kidlaganidek, "ushbu so'nggi qonunlar va qoidalar deyarli har qanday tanqidiy ifoda yoki mustaqil birlashishni terrorizm jinoyatlariga aylantiradi".[111] Bir qator taniqli huquq himoyachilari yangi qonun bo'yicha hibsga olingan, shu jumladan Valid Abulxayr va Mixlif Alshammari.[111] Shuningdek, Ichki ishlar vazirligining qoidalarida "har qanday shaklda ateistik fikrga da'vat qilish yoki ushbu mamlakat asosidagi islom dinining asoslarini shubha ostiga qo'yish" terrorizm deb ta'riflangan.[111]
Xalqaro huquq
Saudiya Arabistoni Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining ushbu ovozni qabul qilishda ovoz berishidan bosh tortdi Inson huquqlari umumjahon deklaratsiyasi, qarama-qarshi ekanligini aytib shariat qonunlari.[112]Bu tomon emas Fuqarolik va siyosiy huquqlar to'g'risidagi xalqaro pakt din erkinligini o'z ichiga oladi. Mamlakat uchun rezervasyon mavjud Bola huquqlari to'g'risidagi konventsiya shariat qonunlariga zid bo'lgan har qanday qoidalarga qarshi;[113] 14-modda bolalarga "fikr, vijdon va din" erkinligini beradi.
Saudiya Arabistoni va Fors ko'rfazidagi ayrim davlatlar Yamanga havo hujumlarini uyushtirib, xalqaro qonunlarni buzgan va ularni tanqid qilganlarni hibsga olgan.[114][115][116]
Aparteid haqidagi da'volar
Saudiya Arabistoni va aparteid[118] o'xshashlik ning taqqoslashidir Saudiya Arabistoni "s ozchiliklar va musulmon bo'lmagan musofirlarga munosabat bilan Janubiy Afrika uning paytida oq bo'lmaganlarni davolash aparteid davr yoki Saudiya Arabistonining tavsifi ayollarga shariat qonunlariga muvofiq munosabatda bo'lish tushunchasi bilan Jinsiy aparteid.[iqtibos kerak ]
Yahudiylar
21-asrning boshidan beri Saudiya Arabistonida yahudiylarning deyarli hech qanday faoliyati bo'lmagan. Aholini ro'yxatga olish ma'lumotlari Saudiya Arabistoni hududida yashovchi biron bir yahudiyni aniqlamaydi.[119]
Nasroniylar
Saudiya Arabistoni Islom davlati sifatida musulmonlarga imtiyozli imtiyozlar beradi. Davomida Ramazon, kunduzgi soatlarda jamoat joylarida ovqatlanish, ichish yoki chekishga yo'l qo'yilmaydi.[120] Chet el maktablari ko'pincha har yili Islom diniga bag'ishlangan segmentni o'rgatishlari shart. Saudiya diniy politsiyasi shia ziyoratchilarini hibsga oldi Haj, go'yo ularni chaqirgan "kofirlar Makkada "deb nomlangan.[121] Yahudiy, hindu va nasroniy belgilarini namoyish etishni taqiqlash bilan bir qatorda Qirollikda Islomning shialar tarmog'iga qo'yilgan cheklovlar aparteid deb nomlangan.[122]
Saudiya Arabistoni hukumati xristianlarni jamoat binolarida ibodat qilishni to'xtatishga, hattoki nasroniy imonlilar orasida o'z uylarida shaxsiy namoz yig'ilishlariga hujum qilishdan to'xtadi. 2011 yil 15 dekabrda Saudiya xavfsizlik kuchlari Jidda shahrida 35 ta Efiopiya nasroniylarini hibsga olishdi, ular uyda namoz o'qiyotgan, ularni kaltaklagan va o'lim bilan tahdid qilgan. Efiopiyalik ishchilarning ish beruvchilari xavfsizlik kuchlaridan nima uchun hibsga olinganlarini so'rashganda, ular "nasroniylikni tutganliklari uchun" deb javob berishdi. Keyinchalik, kuchayib borayotgan xalqaro bosim ostida ushbu ayblov "qarshi jins bilan aralashish" ga o'zgartirildi.[123][124]
2012 yil dekabr oyida Saudiya Arabistonining diniy politsiyasi Saudiya Arabistonining al-Jouf viloyatidagi uyga bostirib kirgandan so'ng 41 dan ortiq shaxsni hibsga oldi. Politsiya bo'limi tomonidan 26 dekabr kuni e'lon qilingan bayonotga ko'ra, ular "Rojdestvo bayramini nishonlashni rejalashtirishda" ayblangan.[125] Musulmon bo'lmaganlar tomonidan prozelitizm qilish, shu jumladan, musulmon bo'lmagan diniy materiallarni tarqatish Muqaddas Kitob, Saudiya Arabistonida noqonuniy hisoblanadi.
Shia musulmonlari
The Saudiya Arabistoni hukumat ko'pincha shia e'tiqodini qoralaydigan vahobiylar mafkurasini moliyalashtirgani sababli shia musulmonlarining faol zolimi sifatida qaralmoqda.[126]
1988 yilda fatvolar mamlakatning etakchi ruhoniysi tomonidan o'tgan, Abdul-Aziz ibn Baz qoraladi Shialar kabi murtadlar. Boshqa tomonidan Abdul-Rahmon al-Jibrin, Ulamo Oliy Kengashi a'zosi aytganidek
Ba'zi odamlar raddistlar (Rafidha, ya'ni shia) musulmonlar, chunki ular Xudoga ishonadilar va uning payg'ambari, ibodat qiling va ro'za tuting. Ammo men ularni bid'atchilar deyman. Ular o'zlarining fitnalaridan ehtiyot bo'lishlari kerak bo'lgan musulmonlarning eng ashaddiy dushmani. Musulmonlarning yovuzliklaridan qutulish uchun ularni boykot qilish va haydab chiqarish kerak.[127]
Vali Nasrning so'zlariga ko'ra, al-Jibrin shia o'ldirilishiga sanktsiya bergani 2002 yil oxirlarida vahobiy diniy adabiyotda takrorlangan.
2009 yilga ko'ra Human Rights Watch tashkiloti Saudiya Arabistonidagi shia fuqarolari "din, ta'lim, adolat va ish bilan ta'minlash sohasida muntazam ravishda kamsitishlarga duch kelishmoqda".[128]
Saudiya Arabistoni yo'q Shia kabinet vazirlari, shahar hokimlari yoki boshqa politsiya rahbarlari, Vali Nasr, boshqa mamlakatlardan farqli o'laroq Shia populyatsiyalar (masalan Iroq va Livan ). Shia qurolli kuchlar va xavfsizlik xizmatlaridagi "muhim ishlardan" saqlanib qolinadi, uch yuzdan biri emas Shia Sharqiy viloyatdagi qizlar maktablarida a Shia asosiy.
Pokistonlik sharhlovchi Muhammad Taqi "Saudiya rejimi, shuningdek, oxirgi tahlilda shialarning shikoyatlari ... diniy repressiya va siyosiy marginalizatsiya bilan chegaradosh bo'lgan ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy mahrumlikdan kelib chiqishini juda yaxshi biladi. aparteid."[129]
AQSh oldida guvohlik berish Kongressning Inson huquqlari bo'yicha guruhi, Ali al-Ahmed, Direktori Fors ko'rfazi bilan ishlash instituti, dedi
Saudiya Arabistoni buning yorqin namunasidir diniy aparteid. Hukumat ruhoniylaridan tortib sudyalargacha bo'lgan diniy muassasalar, diniy o'quv dasturlari va ommaviy axborot vositalaridagi barcha diniy ko'rsatmalar aholining 40 foizdan kamrog'iga rioya qilgan holda vahhobiylar islomni tushunish bilan cheklangan. Saudiya Arabistoni hukumati ham diniy fikrlar, ham amallar monopoliyasi orqali Islomni tarqatdi. Vahhobiy islom diniy yo'nalishlaridan qat'i nazar, barcha saudiyaliklarga tatbiq etiladi va tatbiq etiladi. Vahhobiy mazhabi musulmon bo'ladimi yoki yo'qmi, boshqa diniy yoki g'oyaviy e'tiqodlarga toqat qilmaydi. Musulmonlar, nasroniylar, yahudiylar va boshqa imonlilar tomonidan diniy belgilarning barchasi taqiqlangan. Saudiyaning Vashingtondagi elchixonasi diniy aparteidning jonli namunasidir. O'zining 50 yilligida elchixonada sunniy bo'lmagan musulmon diplomat bo'lmagan. Ning filiali Imom Mohamed Bin Saud universiteti yilda Fairfax, Virjiniya shogirdlariga shia islom a Yahudiylarning fitnasi.[130]
2014 yil noyabr oyida al-Dalva sharqiy viloyatidagi qishloq al-Ahsa, niqob kiygan uchta noma'lum qurolli shaxs o‘t ochdi Husseyniya yoki shialar diniy markazida bo'lib, sakkiz kishini o'ldirgan va o'nlab odamlarni jarohatlagan.[131]
Hukumat va rasmiy ommaviy axborot vositalari va diniy idora bu hujumni qattiq qoralagan bo'lsalar-da, Saudiya Arabistoni matbuotidagi bir nechta maqolalarda bu hujum "hech qanday joydan chiqmagan", qirollikda shialarga qarshi qo'zg'olon mavjudligini ta'kidladilar. "diniy tashkilot, va'zgo'ylar va hattoki universitet o'qituvchilari - va u tobora ko'payib borayotgani" ning bir qismi.[132]
Saudiya Arabistoni hukumati shia o'qituvchilari va o'quvchilarini maktabda qatnashish uchun maktabdan ozod qilishga ruxsat bermadi Ashura kuni, shia musulmonlari uchun eng muhim diniy kunlardan biri Muhammad nabirasi, Husayn bin Ali.[133] 2009 yilda Ashurani boshlash paytida shia diniy va jamoat rahbarlari hibsga olingan.
Shialarga masjidlar va boshqa diniy markazlarni qurish taqiqlanadi va juma namozini uylarda o'qishga majbur qilinadi (Al-Hassan). Sharqiy shahrida Al-Xabar, aholisi asosan shia bo'lib, shia masjidlari yo'q.[134] Saudi Arabia's religious police mandate prayers and all those in public buildings during prayer time are required to stop what they are doing to pray. Because there are minor differences between the way that Shiites and Sunnis pray and between prayer times, Shiites are forced to either pray the Sunni way or take a break from work.
In 2009 a group of Shiites on their way to perform haj pilgrimage (one of the five pillars of Islam that all able-bodied Muslims are required to perform once in their lives) in Mecca were arrested by Saudi religious police.[134] Between February 20 and 24, 2009, Shia pilgrims from the heavily Shia Eastern Province who had come to Medina for the anniversary of the prophet Muhammad's death clashed with Sunni religious police at the Baqi' cemetery over doctrinal differences concerning the rituals surrounding commemoration of the dead. Security forces shot a 15-year-old pilgrim in the chest, and an unknown civilian stabbed a Shia religious sheikh in the back with a knife, shouting "Kill the rejectionist [Shia]." The authorities denied that anyone had been wounded, and played down the ensuing arrests of Shia pilgrims.[134]
Religious police have arrested Shia Women in the Eastern Province for matters as trivial as organizing classes for Quranic studies and selling clothing for religious ceremonies as if they were involved in political activities which are not allowed in KSA.[134]
In the eastern city of Dammam where three quarters of the 400,000 residents are Shia, there are no Shia mosques or prayer halls, no Shia call to prayer broadcast on TV, and no cemeteries for Shia.
Late 2011, a Shiite pilgrim was charged for being "involved with blasphemy" and sentenced to 500 lashes and 2 years in jail.[135] Also late 2011, a prominent Shiite Canadian cleric, Usama al-Attar.[136] He was released on the same day, declaring the arrest entirely unprovoked.[137]
Much of education in Saudi Arabia is based on Sunni Wahhabi religious material. From a very young age, students are taught that Shiites are not Muslims and that Shiism is a conspiracy hatched by the Jews, and so Shiites are worthy of death.[138] Government Wahhabi scholars, such as Abdulqader Shaibat al-Hamd, have proclaimed on state radio that Sunni Muslims must not "eat their [Shia] food, marry from them, or bury their dead in Muslims' graveyards".[138]
The government has restricted the names that Shialar can use for their children in an attempt to discourage them from showing their identity. Saudiya Arabistoni textbooks are hostile to Shiism, often characterizing the faith as a form of heresy worse than Nasroniylik va Yahudiylik.
Because anti-Shia attitudes are engrained from an early age, they are passed down from generation to generation. This prejudice is found not only in textbooks, but also within the teachers in the classroom, and even in the university setting.[138] (Wahhabi) teachers frequently tell classrooms full of young Shia schoolchildren that they are heretics.[126][139] Teachers who proclaim that Shiites are atheists and deserve death have faced no repercussions for their actions, barely even receiving punishment.[138] At a seminar about the internet, held in King Abdulaziz City of Science and Technology, professor Dr. Bader Hmood Albader explained that the internet was beneficial to society, but that there were many Shia websites claiming to be Muslim websites, which needed to be stopped.[138]
Much discrimination occurs in the Saudi workforce as well. Shiites are prohibited from becoming teachers of religious subjects, which constitute about half of the courses in secondary education.[138] Shiites cannot become principals of schools.[138] Some Shiites have become university professors but often face harassment from students and faculty alike.[138] Shiites are disqualified as witnesses in court, as Saudi Sunni sources cite the Shi'a practise of 'Taqiyya'- wherein it is permissible to lie while they are in fear or at risk of significant persecution. Shia cannot serve as judges in ordinary court, and are banned from gaining admission to military academies,[134] and from high-ranking government or security posts, including becoming pilots in Saudi Airlines.[140]
Amir Taheri quotes a Shi'ite businessman from Dhahran as saying "It is not normal that there are no Shi'ite army officers, ministers, governors, mayors and ambassadors in this kingdom. This form of religious apartheid is as intolerable as was apartheid based on race." [141]
Human Rights Watch tashkiloti reports that Shiites want to be treated as equals and desire to be free from discrimination (Human Rights Watch). However, the Shia minority is still marginalized on a large scale.[134]
The Saudi government has often been viewed as an active oppressor of Shias[142] because of the funding of the Wahabbi ideology which denounces the Shia faith. 1988 yilda fatvolar passed by the country's leading cleric, Abdul-Aziz ibn Baz qoraladi Shialar kabi murtadlar.[143] Abdul-Rahman al-Jibrin, a member of the Higher Council of Ulama sanctioned the killing on Shiites in 1994. According to Vali Nasr, this was still be reiterated in Wahhabi religious literature as late as 2002.[144] By 2007 al-Jibrin wrote that [Shiites] "are the most vicious enemy of Muslims, who should be wary of their plots."[144] 2009 yilga ko'ra Human Rights Watch tashkiloti report, Shia citizens in Saudi Arabia "face systematic discrimination in religion, education, justice, and employment".[145]
In January 2016, Saudi Arabia executed the prominent Shiite cleric Shayx Nimr, who had called for pro-democracy demonstrations, along with 47 other Saudi citizens hukm qilindi tomonidan Jinoyat ishlari bo'yicha ixtisoslashtirilgan sud terrorizmda ayblanib.[146]
Since May 2017[147][148][149][150][151] in response to protests against the government, the predominantly Shia town of Al-Avomiya Saudiya Arabistoni harbiylari tomonidan to'liq qamalga olingan. Aholining kirishi yoki chiqishi taqiqlanadi, harbiylar mahallalarni tartibsiz ravishda o'qqa tutmoqda havo hujumlari, ohak[152] va artilleriya[153] bilan birga olov merganlar[154] aholini otish.[155][156] Dozens of Shia civilians were killed, including a three year old and[157] a two-year-old children.[158][159] Saudiya hukumati al-Avamiyadagi terrorchilarga qarshi kurashayotganini da'vo qilmoqda.
Shuningdek, aholining ta'kidlashicha, askarlar uylarga, mashinalarga va ko'chadagi barchaga o'q uzgan.[160]
Qatag'on paytida Saudiya hukumati Qatifdagi bir necha tarixiy joylarni va boshqa ko'plab binolarni va uylarni buzdi.[161][162][163]
On July 26, 2017, Saudi authorities began refusing to give emergency services to wounded civilians. Saudi Arabia has also not provided humanitarian help to trapped citizens of Awamiyah.[164]
In August 2017, it was reported that the Saudi government demolished 488 buildings in Awamiyah. This demolition came from a siege of the city by the Saudi government, as it continued to try to prevent the citizens of the city from gaining their rights.[165]
20 ming aholi tirik qolish uchun uylaridan qochishga majbur bo'ldi.[166][167]
President of Quran Council[168] and two cousins of executed Nimr al-Nimr were also killed by Saudi security forces in Qatif 2017 yilda.[169][170]
In July 2018, Saudi forces raided and "violently ransacked" the home of a Shia activist that had been executed the previous year. Saudi forces also arrested Zuhair Hussain bu Saleh, a Shia cleric, for organizing congregational prayers in his home in the city of Xabar. The Saudi government forbids Shia Muslims in Khobar from setting up a Mosque and gathering for worship.[171]
The Saudi authorities announced in May 2019, the decision to extend the jailterm for a cleric, Sheikh Mohammad bin Hassan al-Habib, known for challenging the systematic discrimination of Shia minorities in Saudi Arabia. Hassan al-Habib has been serving a seven-year prison sentence.[172]
"Magic, witchcraft and sorcery"
According to Sarah Leah Whitson, Middle East director at Human Rights Watch tashkiloti in 2009, "Saudi judges have harshly punished confessed `witches` for what at worst appears to be fraud, but may well be harmless acts."[173] In 2009 the Saudi "diniy politsiya " established a special "Anti-Witchcraft Unit" to educate the public, investigate and combat sehrgarlik.[174]
Among the people executed in Saudi for magic and sorcery (and often other charges) are Egyptian pharmacist Mustafa Ibrahim (beheaded in 2007 in Riyadh), Muree bin Ali bin Issa al-Asiri (found in possession of talismanslar, and executed in Najran viloyati in June 2012), Amina bin Salem Nasser[175] (executed in December 2011 in Jawf ), and Abdul Hamid Bin Hussain Bin Moustafa al-Fakki (a Sudanese migrant worker executed in a car park in Madina on September 20, 2011).[176][177] Ali Husayn Sibat, a Lebanese host of a popular fortune-telling TV program, was arrested while in Saudi in May 2008 on Umra and sentenced to death but finally released sometime in 2011 or 2012.[178]
Many convicted of magic receive lesser punishments of lashes and/or prison. In 2011, the "Anti-Witchcraft Unit" processed over 586 cases of magical crime.[179] In 2012 there were 215 witchcraft arrests made.[180] The majority of these offenders are foreign domestic workers from Africa and Indonesia.[179]Foreign domestic workers who bring unfamiliar traditional religious or folk customs are a disproportionately affected by the anti-witchcraft campaign according to Human Rights Watch researchers Adam Coogle and Cristoph Wilcke. Saudis assume folk practices are "some kind of sorcery or witchcraft"[174][179] and widespread belief in witchcraft means it can be invoked as a defense in Sharia courts against workers complaining of mistreatment by Saudi employers.[181] Humans Rights Watch believes that the conviction of a Syrian national, `Abd al-Karim Mara'I al-Naqshabandi – executed in 1996 for undertaking `the practice of works of magic and spells and possession of a collection of polytheistic and superstitious books`—was actually resulted from a dispute with his employer Prince Salman bin Sa'ud bin `Abd al`Aziz, a nephew of Shoh Fahd.[182][183]
Freedom of press and communication
Ga binoan Human Rights Watch tashkiloti in 2017 Saudi Arabia continued to repress pro-reform activists and peaceful muxoliflar.[184]
Speech, the press and other forms of communicative media, including television and radio broadcasting and Internet reception, are actively censored by the government to prevent political dissent and anything deemed, by the government, to be offensive to Wahhabi culture or Islamic morality.[185]
In 2008, a prominent Saudi blogger and reformist, Fouad al-Farhan, was jailed for posting comments online that were critical of Saudi business, religious and media figures, signifying a move by the government to step up its censorship of the Internet within its borders.[186] U 2008 yil 26 aprelda ozod qilingan.[187]
Online social media has increasingly come under government scrutiny for dealing with the "forbidden" topics. In 2010 a Saudi man was fined and given jail time for his sexually suggestive YouTube video production. That same year another man was also jailed and ordered to pay a fine for boasting about his sex life on television.[188]
D + Z, a magazine focused on development, reports that hundreds were arrested in order to limit freedom of expression. Many of these individuals were held without trial and in secret. The torture of these prisoners was also found to be prevalent.[189]
On December 17, 2012, blogger Raif Badaviy was charged with apostasy, which carries the death penalty. Badawi is the editor and of co-founder of Free Saudi Liberals, a website for religious discussion.[190][191] The organization Human Rights Watch has called for charges against him to be dropped.[192] He had been sentenced to seven years in prison and 600 lashes for "insulting Islam", but this sentence was changed to 1,000 lashes, 10 years in prison, and additionally a fine of 1,000,000 Saudi riyals. The lashes are due to be administered every Friday for 20 weeks, 50 lashes at a time, but have not continued past the first flogging. The second flogging has been postponed more than twelve times; previous postponements were due to health reasons, but the reason behind the most recent postponement is unknown.
Saudi novelist and political analyst Turkiy al-Hamad was arrested December 24, 2012 after a series of tweets on religion and other topics. Hibsga olishga Saudiya Ichki ishlar vaziri shahzoda buyruq bergan Muhammad bin Nayf; however the charges against al-Hamad were not announced.[193] O'shandan beri u ozod qilindi.[194]
2015 yil iyul oyida, Valid Abulxayr, a prominent human rights lawyer, founder of Saudiya Arabistonidagi inson huquqlari monitoringi and recipient of 2012 of the Palm prize for human rights, was sentenced to 15 years of prison by a special criminal court in Riyadh for vague offences such as "setting up an unlicensed organization."[81][195]
2015 yil 17-noyabrda, Ashraf Fayad, a Falastin shoir va zamonaviy rassom, was sentenced to death for committing apostasy. Fayadh was detained by the country's religious police in 2013 in Abha, in southwest Saudi Arabia, and then rearrested and tried in early 2014. He was accused of having promoted ateizm in his 2008 book of poems Ichidagi ko'rsatmalar. However, the religious police failed to prove that his poetry was atheist propaganda and Fayadh's supporters believe he is being punished by hardliners for posting a video online showing a man being lashed in public by the religious police in Abha. Adam Coogle, a Middle East researcher for Human Rights Watch, said Fayadh's death sentence showed Saudi Arabia's "complete intolerance of anyone who may not share government-mandated religious, political and social views".[196][197]
2015 yil 15-iyulda, Saudiya Arabistoni yozuvchisi va sharhlovchi Zuhair Kutbi was sentenced to four years in prison without clear charges following an interview at the Rotana Xalejiya U Saudiya Arabistonida tinchlikni isloh qilish g'oyalarini muhokama qilgan telekanal konstitutsiyaviy monarxiya va jang qilish haqida suhbatlashdi diniy va siyosiy repressiyalar. Kutbi's lawyer and son said half the sentence was suspended, but that he was also banned from writing for 15 years and travelling abroad for five, and fined US$26,600.[198][199]
2017 yil fevral, Human Rights Watch tashkiloti issued a report regarding the violation of freedom of speech in Saudi Arabia.[200] According to the report, since 2010, at least 20 prominent Saudi dissidents were sentenced to a long prison term or a travel ban for some years; the offenses ranged from breaking allegiance with the ruling family[tushuntirish kerak ] to participating in protests demanding rights be respected. According to the report, the government has been trying to silence people expressing dissenting views regarding religion, politics, and human rights. On April 17, 2011, Nadhir al-Majed, a prominent 39-year-old writer, was arrested at school and detained for 15 months. On January 18, 2017, he was sentenced to seven years in prison and a seven-year travel ban; he has also not been permitted to call his family or receive visits. The conviction was based on "his participation in protests in 2011 over discrimination against Shia " and "his communication with international media and human rights organizations", supporting the right of Shia in the country. On 10 January, Abdulaziz al-Shubaily, a human rights activist, was re-sentenced to eight years in prison, an eight-year ban on using social media after his release and an eight-year travel ban; the charges included "his incitement against the government and judiciary" as well as "his communication with international agencies against his government". He remains free on bail, however. On 8 January, Essam Koshak, 45, was detained without charge; he used social medial to highlight Saudi Arabia's repression of dissident writers, activists, and advocates for their release. Since 2014, nearly all Saudi dissidents have been sentenced to a long jail term based on their activism in addition to arrest of all the activists associated with the Saudiya Arabistoni fuqarolik va siyosiy huquqlar assotsiatsiyasi, which was dissolved in March 2013.[201]
2018 yil sentyabr oyida To'g'ri yashash uchun mukofot awarded three jailed Saudi human rights activists with the "alternative Nobel prize" award. Abdulloh al-Hamid, Muhammad Fahad al-Qahtoniy va Valid Abu al-Xayr were jointly awarded one million kronor cash award "for their visionary and courageous efforts, guided by universal human rights principles, to reform the totalitarian political system in Saudi Arabia." 2018 yil sentyabr oyidan boshlab[yangilash], al-Hamid and al-Qahtani, founding members of the Saudiya Arabistoni fuqarolik va siyosiy huquqlar assotsiatsiyasi, were serving prison sentences of 11 and 10 years respectively, according to the charges for "providing inaccurate information to foreign media, founding and operating an unlicensed human rights organization"; while al-Khair, a lawyer and activist, was serving a sentence of 15 years for "disobeying the ruler".[202]
In 2018, a Saudi American journalist, Jamal Khashoggi was murdered inside a foreign embassy. He was a critic of Saudi Arabia.[116] In June 2019, a 101-page report by the OHCHR accused the kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the premeditated Jamol Xashogining o'ldirilishi.[203] The same year, British media group, Guardian, claimed that it was being targeted by a cybersecurity unit in Saudi Arabia. The unit was directed to hack into the email accounts of the journalists probing into the various crises involving the royal court. The claim was made based on what is said to be a confidential internal order, signed in the name of Saud al-Qahtoniy, a close aide of the crown prince Muhammad bin Salmon also named in the murder of Khashoggi.[204]
On February 1, 2020, Abdulrahman Almutairi, a Saudi dissident, was given asylum in Los Angeles after he claimed that the Saudi kingdom attempted to kidnap him from the US, as a result of his criticism of the crown prince Mohammed Bin Salman.[205]
2020 yil mart oyida, Guardian buni aniqladi Saudiya Arabistoni had been allegedly josuslik its citizens in the BIZ. The Britaniya ommaviy axborot vositalari cited that the nation has been readily exploiting the weakness in global mobile telecom network called SS7, and informed that the data reviewed by them shows millions of covert tracking requests for the US location of Saudi-registered phones since November 2019.[206]
On April 9, 2020, a prominent human rights activists Dr. Abdullah al-Hamid died in the prison after suffering a stroke. U asoschisi bo'lgan Saudiya Arabistoni fuqarolik va siyosiy huquqlar assotsiatsiyasi and was arrested in 2013 for a peaceful protest.[207]
2020 yil 8-iyun kuni Human Rights Watch tashkiloti documented that Saudi authorities have arbitrarily detained a Yemeni blogger and inson huquqlari activist, Mohamad al-Bokari, being held in al-Malaz prison in Riyadh. He was arrested on April 8, 2020, for posting a video on social media and calling for equal human rights in Saudiya Arabistoni. The organization has called for his immediate release and documented his arrest as a threat to so'z erkinligi Shohlikda.[208]
Extraterritorial harassment, forced repatriation, and killing
About 1,200 people fled Saudi Arabia and sought asylum in other countries in 2017, including many women fleeing forced marriages or abusive male family members.[209] The Saudi government has frozen bank accounts, arrested family members, and revoked official documents in an attempt to get fleeing citizens to return to the country or to a Saudi embassy.[209] Students studying abroad have been threatened with termination of scholarships in response to criticism of the Saudi government on social media. In 2018, some studying in Canada were de-funded after the Canadian government criticized human rights in Saudi Arabia.[209] Women who have successfully gained asylum in Western countries report fearing for their personal safety after being harassed by Saudi government agents on social media, and sometimes in person, warning them that they will be sorry for their actions or be punished.[50] Occasionally they are asked to go to Saudi embassies for no stated reason.[50] One woman, unlike most, reported going to the embassy to try to end harassment of a firm she had left to her business partners, but she said authorities attempted to get her to return, threatened her, and said the business would continue to have problems as long as she remained in Germany.[209]
The Saudi government is suspected of being behind the disappearance of its critic Naser al-Sa'id from Lebanon in 1979. Human rights activist Loujayn al-Xatul was forcibly repatriated from the United Arab Emirates in 2017, jailed for a short time, banned from future international travel, and then disappeared after being arrested again in 2018. Her husband was forcibly repatriated from Jordan.[210] In 2016, three women and seven children who fled to Lebanon were arrested by Lebanese police and returned to Saudi Arabia minutes after using a bank card.[209]
In April 2017, 24-year-old Dina Ali attempted to flee from Saudi Arabia to Australia via the Philippines to escape a majburiy nikoh. Despite her pleas for international assistance over social media, airport personnel in the Philippines blocked her from boarding her flight to Sydney, and handed her over to Saudi authorities. She was duct taped and forcibly repatriated to Saudi Arabia, where she feared her family would kill her.[211]
2019 yil yanvar oyida, Rahaf Muhammad attempted a similar flight from a forced marriage, traveling to Australia via Kuwait and Thailand. She also said that her family threatened to kill her for leaving Islam (which is also a capital offense in Saudi Arabia). After her passport was taken and authorities in Manilla acted at the request of the Saudi government to stop her travel, she barricaded herself in her hotel room and pleaded on social media for international assistance. The UNHCR and the government of Canada intervened, and Rahaf travelled successfully to Canada via South Korea. Other Saudi women have done the similar things.[212]
2018 yil 2 oktyabrda, Jamol Xashogi entered the Saudi consulate in Istanbul in order to deal with paperwork related to his marriage. A veteran Saudi journalist who had become a vocal critic of Saudi regime, upon arrival Khashoggi suiqasd qilingan and dismembered.[213] In the previous September, Khashoggi had fled Saudi Arabia after the arrests of other Saudi intellectuals, clerics and activists, fearing that he too would be arrested or banned from travelling.[214][215] On 3 October, a Saudi official claimed that Khashoggi had been neither detained nor killed, saying "He is not in the consulate nor in Saudi custody." Ibrohim Kalin, Turkish presidential spokesman, said "According to the information we have, this person who is a Saudi citizen is still at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul."[216] Three weeks after Khashoggi went missing, Saudi authorities acknowledged that he had been killed at the consulate and that his body was removed from the consulate. The killing was described as "murder" and "a tremendous mistake" by Saudi Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubayr. On 25 October 2018, one of the Saudi public prosecutors told the media that Khashoggi's murder was "premeditated".[213]
2019 yil 23 dekabrda, Saudiya Arabistoni sentenced five people to death for the Jamol Xashogining o'ldirilishi and charged three others with a prison term of 24 years. The list of those sentenced did not include Mohammed al-Otaibi and Former royal adviser Saud al-Qahtoniy, accused of playing a major role in the assassination. Qahtani, who was under investigation earlier, was released with no evidence found against him.[217] After Khashoggi's son pardoned the accused, sparing five of the accused from execution, Saudi Arabia's criminal court sentenced eight convicts in the Jamol Xashogining o'ldirilishi. Five of the accused were sentenced to 20 years in prison, one was sentenced for 10 years and the remaining two were each sentenced to 7 years in prison. The verdict was issued in a closed court hearing. The BMT maxsus ma'ruzachi Agnes Callamard dedi Muhammad bin Salmon remained "well protected against any kind of meaningful scrutiny in his country" and called the verdict a "parody of justice".[218]
2020 yil 28 aprelda Saudiya Arabistoni government introduced criminal justice changes to limit the qamchilash va o'lim jazosi of children accused of terrorizm, ga binoan Human Rights Watch tashkiloti. It was unclear whether the children would be excused from 10-year prison terms. It was specified that the new law does not cover qisas yoki hudud cases, i.e. murder or serious criminal activities under Islom shariati.[219]
Siyosiy erkinlik
The 1990s marked a slow period of political liberalization in the kingdom as the government created a written constitution, and the advisory Maslahat kengashi, the latter being an appointed delegation of Saudi scholars and professionals that are allowed to advise the king. Some political dissidents were released from prison, after agreeing to disband their political parties. In 2005, adult male citizens were allowed to vote for some municipal seats, although plans for future elections, which may include adult women, have been put on hold indefinitely.
Political parties are banned, but some political dissidents were freed in the 1990s on the condition that they disband their political parties. Bugun, faqat Green Party of Saudi Arabia remains, although it is an illegal organization. Trade unions are also banned, but the government has granted permission for Saudi citizens to form some private societies, which are allowed to do some humanitarian work within the kingdom.
Public demonstrations or any public act of dissent are forbidden. In April 2011, during the 2011–2012 yillarda Saudiya Arabistoni namoyishlari, the kingdom made it a crime to publish any criticism harming the reputation of government or religious leaders, or which harms the interests of the state.[220]
Ga binoan Human Rights Watch tashkiloti annual report 2016, Saudiya Arabistoni continued to prosecute pro-reform activists and dissidents. Saudi Arabia's terrorism court sentenced Waleed Abu al-Khair, prominent activist, to 15 years. He was convicted on charges concerning his peaceful criticism of the human rights situation in his country. In July, authorities arrested Zuhair Kutbi, an activist, because of his discussion to a peaceful reform in media. In September 2015, all of banned –Saudi Civil Political Rights Association (ACPRA) founders were jailed.[221]
On 21 June 2020, Guardian reported that a Human Rights activist and Saudi dissident Omar Abdulaziz, who is currently living in Kanada, was warned by the Canadian authorities that he could be targeted by the government of Saudiya Arabistoni. He was asked to take precautions and protect himself. Omar is a vocal critic of Saudi Arabia and also a close associate of the assassinated Washington Post, jurnalist, Jamol Xashogi.[222]
Siyosiy mahbuslar
Bunga qarshi bo'lganlar hibsga olingan Saudiya Arabistonidagi siyosiy mahbuslar 1990, 2000 va 2010 yillar davomida.[223] Namoyish va o'tirishlar calling for political prisoners to be released took place during the 2011–2012 yillarda Saudiya Arabistoni namoyishlari Saudiya Arabistonining ko'plab shaharlarida,[224][225][226][227][228] 2012 yil 19 avgust kuni xavfsizlik kuchlari tomonidan havoda tirik o'qlarni otish bilan al-Ha'ir Prison.[229] 2012 yildan boshlab[yangilash], siyosiy mahbuslar sonining so'nggi taxminlari Mabaxit prisons range from an estimate of zero by the Ichki ishlar vazirligi[225][230] to 30,000 by the Buyuk Britaniya asoslangan Islom inson huquqlari komissiyasi[223] va BBC.[231]
Aytishlaricha Xashogi was not the only dissident on Saudi's list to be abducted. Another Saudi prince, Khaled bin Farhan al-Saud, living in exile in Germaniya aytdi Mustaqil that a similar kidnapping was planned against him by the Saudi authorities 10 days prior. “Over 30 times the Saudi authorities have told me to meet them in the Saudi embassy but I have refused every time. I know what can happen if I go into the embassy. Around 10 days before Jamal went missing they asked my family to bring me to Cairo to give me a cheque. I refused,” said Saud. Five other royals, grandsons of King Abdul-Aziz were detained, when they raised their voice about Khashoggi's disappearance.[232]
In August 2018, a prominent Saudi cleric, Ahmed al-Amari, was detained by the Saudi authorities over the allegations of being associated with scholar and Saudi royal family critic Safar al-Hawali. Amari was held in solitary confinement since then. In January 2019, Amari died suffering a brain hemorrhage.[233]
2019 yil noyabr oyida Vashington Post reported that about eight citizens of Saudiya Arabistoni were detained within two weeks for making critical comments against the kingdom. Rights groups have condemned the act by calling it an escalation of an ongoing crackdown on dissent.[234]
In March 2020, Saudi authorities forcefully arrested the adult children of ex-Saudi intelligence officer, Saad al-Jabri, who has been living in exile since 2017 in Kanada. Saad Al-Jabri was a close ally and advisor of the former crown prince of Saudi Arabia, Muhammad bin Nayf. 2020 yil 25 mayda, HRW urged Saudi authorities to immediately inform of Omar and Sarah's whereabouts to their relatives and release them. They also demanded to end their travel bans and stop using them as tokens against Jabri.[235]
On September 2, 2020, the family of Saad al-Jabri revealed that Saudi Arabia had arrested Salem Almuzaini, the son-in-law of Saad al-Jabri, who accused Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salmon of sending a hit squad to Kanada uni o'ldirish.[236]
Inson huquqlarini himoya qiluvchi tashkilotlar
Mustaqil
The Arabiston yarim orolida inson huquqlarini himoya qilish qo'mitasi is a Saudi Arabian human rights organization based in Bayrut 1992 yildan beri.[238][239]
The Inson huquqlari birinchi jamiyati applied unsuccessfully for a governmental licence in 2002, but was allowed to function informally.[240] The Saudiya Arabistonida ayollar huquqlarini himoya qilish va himoya qilish uyushmasi was created in 2007 and is also unlicensed.[241]
The Saudiya Arabistoni fuqarolik va siyosiy huquqlar assotsiatsiyasi (ACPRA) was created in 2009.[242] One of its co-founders, Muhammad Solih al-Bejadiy, edi arbitrarily arrested tomonidan Mabaxit, the internal security agency, on 21 March 2011, during the 2011 yil Saudiya Arabistoni namoyishlari.[243][244] Al-Bejadi was charged in the Jinoyat ishlari bo'yicha ixtisoslashtirilgan sud in August 2011 for "insurrection against the ruler, instigating demonstrations, and speaking with foreign [media] channels."[245] Another co-founder, Muhammad Fahad al-Qahtoniy, was charged for his human rights activities in June 2012.[246][247]
Sixteen people who tried to create a human rights organization in 2007 were arrested in February 2007, charged in August 2010, and convicted on 22 November 2011 of "forming a secret [organization], attempting to seize power, incitement against the King, financing terrorism, and money laundering" and sentenced by the Specialized Criminal Court to 5–30 years' imprisonment, to be followed by travel bans.[248] They appealed on 22 January 2012.[249]
The Rivojlanish va o'zgarishlar jamiyati was created in September 2011[250] and campaigns for equal inson huquqlari uchun Shia yilda Sharqiy viloyat, Saudiya Arabistoni.[251] Tashkilot a konstitutsiya va saylangan qonun chiqaruvchi uchun Sharqiy viloyat.[252] The Evropa Saudiya Inson Huquqlari Tashkiloti, which started operating around 2013,[253] campaigns for Saudi human rights in general, including reports on what its leader Ali Adubisi describes as the Saudi government's "war" against the Eastern Province.[254][255] ALQST is a Saudi human rights organisation created in August 2014 by Yahya Assiri, with a Saudi-based team for collecting evidence and a London-based team for reports and human rights campaigning.[256][257]
Government-associated
2004 yilda, Inson huquqlari bo'yicha milliy jamiyat, associated with the Saudi government, was created.[258][259] Most of the commission's directors are members of the Saudi "religious and political establishment" according to Jon R. Bredli.[260]
The Inson huquqlari bo'yicha komissiya is a government organization established in September 2005. It claims to be fully independent from the government in performing its responsibilities.[261] In March 2019 it opposed international investigation of the 2 October 2018 Jamol Xashogining o'ldirilishi.[262]
LGBT huquqlari
LGBT huquqlar yilda Saudiya Arabistoni are unrecognized. Gomoseksualizm is frequently a taboo subject in Saudi Arabian society and is punished with imprisonment, jismoniy jazo va o'lim jazosi. Transgender people are generally associated with homosexuality and doctors are banned by the Saudi Ministry of Health from giving gormonlarni almashtirish terapiyasi to transgender people seeking to medically transition.[iqtibos kerak ] 2017 yilda ikkitasi transgender Pakistanis were tortured to death by Saudi police.[263]
OIV / OITS
Qonunga ko'ra, OIV yoki OITS yuqtirgan barcha Saudiya fuqarolari bepul tibbiy yordam, shaxsiy hayoti va ish bilan ta'minlash imkoniyatlarini himoya qilish huquqiga ega. However, most hospitals will not treat patients who are infected, and many schools and hospitals are reluctant to distribute government information about the disease because of the strong taboos and stigma that are attached to how the virus can be spread.[264]
Until the late 1990s, information on OIV /OITS was not widely available to the public, but this has started to change. In the late 1990s, the government started to recognize Butunjahon OITSga qarshi kurash kuni and allowed information about the disease to be published in newspapers.[iqtibos kerak ] The number of people living in the kingdom who were infected was a closely guarded secret. However, in 2003 the government announced the number of known cases of HIV/AIDS in the country to be 6,700, and over 10,000 in June 2008.[265]
Xalqaro konventsiyalar
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ratified the International Convention against Torture in October 1997 according to the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. The Human rights of Saudi Arabia are specified in article 26 of the Saudiya Arabistonining asosiy qonuni. Recently created human rights organisations include Inson huquqlari birinchi jamiyati (2002),[240] Saudiya Arabistonida ayollar huquqlarini himoya qilish va himoya qilish uyushmasi (2007),[241] Saudiya Arabistoni fuqarolik va siyosiy huquqlar assotsiatsiyasi (2009)[243][244] and the government-associated Inson huquqlari bo'yicha milliy jamiyat (2004).[258][259] 2008 yilda, Shura kengashi tasdiqladi Inson huquqlari to'g'risidagi arab xartiyasi.[266] 2011 yilda Jinoyat ishlari bo'yicha ixtisoslashtirilgan sud was used to charge and sentence human rights activists.[245][248] On June 15, 2020, UN Secretary-General António Guterres Yamanda bolalarga nisbatan jiddiy qonunbuzarliklarning davom etishiga qaramay Saudiya Arabistoni boshchiligidagi koalitsiyani o'zining so'nggi "uyat ro'yxatidan" olib tashladi.[267]
Saudiya Arabistoni g'olib chiqish uchun kurashni boy berdi BMTning Inson huquqlari bo'yicha kengashi - dunyo miqyosida inson huquqlarini himoya qilish va rivojlantirishga da'vo qiladigan 47 o'rinli tashkilot. Mamlakat o'z taklifini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun atigi 90 ta ovoz oldi. Tahlilchilar qotillikni nomlashdi Jamol Xashogi va ayollar huquqlari faollarini hibsga olish va mamlakatning inson huquqlarini buzuvchi sifatida global obro'si, ariza berish uchun ovoz berolmasligiga olib keldi, deb da'vo qildilar.[268]
Javoblar va tanqidlar
![[belgi]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png){kind=small} | Ushbu bo'lim kengayishga muhtoj. Siz yordam berishingiz mumkin unga qo'shilish. (2018 yil aprel) |
Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Terrorizmga qarshi kurash bo'yicha maxsus ma'ruzachisi, Ben Emmerson, 2017 yil 30 apreldan 4 maygacha bo'lgan Saudiya Arabistoniga tashrifi chog'ida terrorizmga qarshi kurashish uchun inson huquqlarini buzganlikda Saudiya Arabistonini tanqid qildi. Hisobotga ko'ra, Saudiya Arabistoni o'zining terrorizm tribunali va terrorizmga qarshi qonunidan inson huquqlari himoyachilari, yozuvchilarini nohaq ta'qib qilish uchun foydalanadi. va tinch tanqidchilar.[269][270]
Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Uchinchi ming yillik sammitida Nyu-York shahri Shoh Abdulloh ibn Abdul Aziz Saudiya Arabistonining inson huquqlari bo'yicha pozitsiyasini himoya qilib, "Shaxsga yoki jamiyatga uning e'tiqodi yoki tamoyillariga begona huquqlarni yuklash bema'nilikdir" deb aytdi.[271]
Kanada tashqi ishlar vaziri 2018 yil 2-avgust kuni Twitter orqali bayonot berdi Kanada yaqinda hibsga olinganidan xavotirda Samar Badaviy, huquq himoyachisi va qamoqda bo'lgan saudiyalik bloggerning singlisi Raif Badaviy va Saudiya huquq himoyachilarini ozod qilishga chaqirdi.[272] Kanadaning tanqidiga javoban, Saudiya Arabistoni haydab chiqarildi Kanada elchisi va Kanada bilan barcha yangi savdo-sotiqlarni muzlatib qo'ydi.[273][274]
36 mamlakat tomonidan e'lon qilingan qo'shma bayonot Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Inson huquqlari bo'yicha kengashi yilda Jeneva 2019 yil mart oyida, hukm qildi saudiyalik jurnalistni o'ldirish Jamol Xashogi, 2018 yil may oyida hibsga olingan saudiyalik ayollar huquqlari faollarini ozod qilishga chaqirdi va qirollikni dissidentlar va inson huquqlari faollarini nishonga olish uchun aksilterror qoidalaridan foydalanishni to'xtatishga chaqirdi.[275] Qirollikning birinchi jamoaviy tanbehi bo'lgan ushbu xat taniqli faol ayollarni, shu jumladan, ozod qilinishini talab qildi Loujayn al-Xatul, Xatun al-Fassi va Samar Badaviy.[276]
2019 yil iyul oyida notijorat tashkilot tomonidan kuchaytirilgan bosimdan so'ng Inson huquqlari jamg'armasi, Nikki Minaj Saudiya Arabistonining Jidda Jahon Festivali (Xalqaro festivalidan) chiqib, xalqning bostirilgan ayollari va LGBTQ jamoasini qo'llab-quvvatladi.[277] Minaj, millatdagi inson huquqlarining doimiy ravishda suiste'mol qilinishini bilib olgach, "Men bitta xatoga yo'l qo'yib, boshqa mamlakatda ayollar huquqlari bo'lmagan qamoqxonaga tushishim mumkin edi" dedi. Tashkilot Minajning qarorini maqtadi va shunga o'xshash boshqa rassomlarni chaqirdi Stiv Aoki va Liam Peyn xalqqa chiqishdan.[278]
2019 yil noyabr oyida Saudiyadan oldinda Ispaniya Superkubogi 2020 yil yanvar oyida bo'lib o'tadigan Ispaniya telekompaniyasi RTVE inson huquqlari, xususan sport sohasidagi ayollar huquqlari bilan bog'liqligi sababli musobaqa mezbonlik huquqiga da'vogarlik qilmasligini aytdi. "Bu mamlakat yaqinda ayollar futbolga borishga qodir bo'lmagan mamlakat", - deyishdi translyatsiya xizmati. RFEF Prezident Luis Rubiales, da'volarni himoya qildi va ayollarga hech qanday cheklovlarsiz kirishga ruxsat berilishini kafolatlashini aytdi.[279]
2020 yil yanvar oyida, Human Rights Watch tashkiloti 11 boshqa xalqaro huquq tashkilotlari bilan bir qatorda ushbu tashkilotga qo'shma xat yozdilar Amaury Sport tashkiloti ko'chib o'tishga qaror qilganidan keyin Dakar mitingi ga Saudiya Arabistoni. Huquq guruhi o'z maktubida Saudiya Arabistonini millatdagi ayollar huquqlarini buzayotganlikda ayblab, frantsuz tashkilotchisidan ayollar huquqlari ta'qib qilinishini qoralashni hamda inson huquqlari siyosatini qabul qilishni so'ragan. "Amaury Sport tashkiloti va Dakar mitingida poyga haydovchilari Saudiya Arabistoni hukumati ayollarning huquqlarini himoya qilish huquqini himoya qilish huquqini himoya qilish uchun ayollarga nisbatan yomon muomalasi to'g'risida gapirishlari kerak", - deyiladi Human Rights Watch global tashabbuslari direktorining bayonotida. Ammo Saudiya Arabistoni inson huquqlari Al Qst guruhi Amaury Sport tashkilotidan iltimosnomani ko'rib chiqmaslikni so'radi.[280]
2020 yil yanvar oyida, Meghan MacLaren 2020 yil mart oyida bo'lib o'tadigan Saudiya Arabistoni ayollari Evropa turidan chiqib ketdi. Golfchi u tashkilotlarga yoqadigan narsalarni e'tiborsiz qoldirolmasligini aytib o'tdi. Xalqaro Amnistiya ta'kidladilar. «Men o'ylaymanki, sport bilan shug'ullanadigan narsalar asosida o'ynamaslikka qaror qildim Saudiya Arabistoni ", dedi u millatning dahshatli inson huquqlari holatiga urg'u berar ekan." Bizda mavjud bo'lgan juda ko'p tanlov va erkinlikni oddiy narsa deb bilamiz, lekin qarorlarimni shaxs sifatida kim ekanligimga qarab qabul qilishga harakat qilaman, nafaqat golfchi ", deya qo'shimcha qildi uning intervyusidagi bayonotda.[281]
2020 yil aprel oyida, Xalqaro Amnistiya, Saudiya Arabistoni PIF-ning 80 foizini egallab olgani haqidagi xabarlar orasida Premer-liga klub "Nyukasl Yunayted", Saudiya Arabistonining ingliz futboliga aralashishi qirollikning "tubsizligini" o'ziga jalb qilmoqda "deb ta'kidladi inson huquqlari rekord ”yozuvini yozish. Tashkilotning ta'kidlashicha, monarxiya PIF "PR vositasi" sifatida.[282]
2020 yil may oyida Saudiya Arabistoni PIF-ni o'z zimmasiga olganligi haqidagi xabarlarga javoban "Nyukasl Yunayted", o'ldirilgan jurnalistning kelini Jamol Xashogi dedi Premer-liga moliyaviy yutuqlardan yuqori bo'lgan axloqiy qadriyatlarni hisobga olish kerak. “Dunyoda hamma narsani pul sotib ololmaydi. Shunday qilib, valiahd shahzodaga o'xshagan odamlarga etkaziladigan xabar juda muhimdir ”, - deya Xitayse Chingiz BBCga iqtibos keltirdi.[283]
2020 yil iyun oyida Saudiya Arabistoni Premer-liganing "Nyukasl Yunayted" klubini qo'lga kiritgani haqidagi xabarlarda 16 kishilik deputatlar va tengdoshlar guruhi Buyuk Britaniya bosh vaziriga xat yozishdi Boris Jonson. Partiyalararo siyosatchilar guruhi tomonidan imzolangan o'z maktublarida ular uni Buyuk Britaniyaning "sportni yuvish" targ'ibotchisi sifatida ishlatilishini to'xtatishga undaydilar. Bundan tashqari, Fors ko'rfazi davlatining vahshiylarcha qotillikka aloqadorligi taxmin qilingan Jamol Xashogi, qamoqqa olish huquq himoyachilari, onlayn josuslikdan foydalanish va Yaman fuqarolar urushi, va yana ko'p narsalar dahshatli haqiqat to'g'risida aniq xabar yuboradi.[284]
2020 yil 26-iyunda bir guruh britaniyalik deputatlar Buyuk Britaniya tashqi ishlar vazirligi Fors ko'rfazidagi taniqli inson huquqlari himoyachilari, shu jumladan Saudiya Arabistoni ayollari huquqlarini himoya qilish tashkilotining xavfsizligini ta'minlashga aralashish uchun Loujayn al-Xatul. Ushbu faollar tomonidan xavf ostida bo'lgan deb o'ylashadi koronavirus epidemiya, chunki ular hali ham Yaqin Sharq bo'ylab panjara ortida qolmoqda.[285]
2020 yil iyun oyida "Nyukasl Yunayted" Jahon savdo tashkilotining qaroriga ko'ra, beoutQ orqali tarqatiladigan qaroqchilarga haq to'laydigan televizion xizmat Saudiya hisoblanadi, u "Saudiya Arabistoni yurisdiktsiyasidagi shaxslar yoki tashkilotlar tomonidan boshqariladi". Tashkilot o'zining 125 betlik hisobotida Saudiya Arabistonining beoutQga qarshi harakat qilmasligi intellektual mulk to'g'risidagi TRIPS shartnomasi bo'yicha o'z majburiyatlari bilan Jahon savdo tashkilotining qoidalarini buzganligini ta'kidladi.[286]
2020 yil 13-iyul kuni Richard Masters bosh direktori Premer-liga Saudiya qamoqxonasida bo'lgan huquq himoyachilari oilalari tomonidan egallab olishni to'xtatishga chaqirilgan "Nyukasl Yunayted" tomonidan Saudiya Arabistoni, ularning yaqinlari qamoqda qolishda.[287]
2020 yil 15 sentyabrda Germaniya Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Inson huquqlari bo'yicha kengashi nomidan Yevropa Ittifoqi, qamoqqa tashlangan huquq himoyachilarining ozod qilinishini talab qilmoqda Saudiya Arabistoni va hibsga olish va sudga tortish Jamol Xashogi Qotillar adolatni o'rnatish uchun Washington Post jurnalist.[288]
Inson huquqlarini himoya qilish guruhlarining global koalitsiyasi shahar hokimlariga maktub yo'lladi Berlin, London, Nyu York, Parij, Rim, Los Anjeles va Madrid boykot qilishga chaqirish a G20 mezbonlik qiladigan shahar sammiti Saudiya Arabistoni 2 oktyabr kuni, huquq himoyachilarining qamoqqa olinishi va qiynoqqa solinishi, inson huquqlarining buzilishi va 2018 yilgi suiqasd asosida Washington Post jurnalist Jamol Xashogi. Maktubda vijdon mahbuslarini ozod qilish, inson huquqlari buzilishini tugatish va Xashogining o'ldirilishi uchun tegishli javobgarlik talablari ta'kidlangan.[289]
2020 yil 2 oktyabrda, Human Rights Watch tashkiloti dedi, Saudiya Arabistoni mamlakatning keng tarqalgan inson huquqlari buzuvchisi qiyofasini o'zgartirish uchun burilish strategiyasini amalga oshirdi. Xabar qilinishicha, ushbu strategiya asosida qirollik o'zining repressiv qiyofasini oqartirish maqsadida yirik ko'ngilochar, madaniy va sport tadbirlarini o'tkazishga milliardlab dollar sarflagan. HRW Saudiya Arabistoni hukumatining o'zining noxush huquqlari ro'yxatini oqartirish bo'yicha harakatlariga qarshi global qarshi kampaniyani boshladi.[290]
2020 yil 27 oktyabrda Xalqaro Amnistiya Formula 1 egalarini Saudiya Arabistonida keyingi yil oldingi mavsum poygasini rejalashtirishda aybladi, bu Qirollikning inson huquqlari yozuvlarini "sport bilan yuvish" uchun ishlatilgan. Huquq guruhi, shuningdek, poygachilarni mamlakat rejimiga qarshi gapirishga chaqirdi.[291]
Shuningdek qarang
- Saudiya Arabistonining huquqiy tizimi
- Saudiya Arabistonida LGBT huquqlari
- Saudiya Arabistonidagi shia islomi
- Aksariyat qismi musulmon bo'lgan mamlakatlarda inson huquqlari
- Yaqin Sharqdagi inson huquqlari
- Aksariyat musulmon mamlakatlarida birinchi ayollarning saylov huquqlarini berish muddati
- Jeff Bezosning telefonini buzish
Adabiyotlar
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Saudiya Arabistonida sehr-joduda ayblangan Efiopiyaliklar yoki Nigeriyaliklar kabi chet elliklarni o'zlarining kelib chiqish mamlakatlaridan an'anaviy urf-odatlar tufayli qayta-qayta eshitamiz. ... Ular odatda diniy politsiya tomonidan ushlanib, sudga keltiriladi va ogohlantirish yoki darra urish bilan qo'yib yuboriladi. [Kristof Uilke]
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Agar ish beruvchiga oid nizo bo'lsa - deylik, mehnat muhojiri unga ish haqi to'lanmaganligini aytadi yoki uning sharoitlari yashash uchun yaroqsiz - afsuski, sodir bo'ladigan holatlar ko'p marta sudlanuvchi uy ishchisiga qarshi da'volar qiladi ", dedi Coogle." Va juda ko'p narsa. ba'zida ular sehr-jodu, sehr-jodu va shunga o'xshash narsalarga qarshi da'vo qilishadi.
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Qo'shimcha o'qish
- Laube, Lidiya (2003). Pardaning orqasida: Hamshiraning arab kabusi. Ko'zlar uchun kitoblar. ISBN 1-903070-19-8. OCLC 51994153.
- Mitchell, Sendi; Xollingsvort, Mark (2006). Saudiya Bobil: Saud uyi ichidagi qiynoqlar, korruptsiya va yashirish. Asosiy nashr. ISBN 1-84596-185-4. OCLC 225546299.
- Sasson, Jan (2001). Malika: Saudiya Arabistonidagi parda ortidagi hayotning haqiqiy hikoyasi. Vindzor-Brukning kitoblari. ISBN 0-9676737-4-7. OCLC 46766141.
- Jons, Jon Pol (2007). Agar Olaya ko'chasi gaplashishi mumkin bo'lsa: Saudiya Arabistoni - Neft va Islomning yuragi. Taza Press. ISBN 978-0-9790436-0-4.
Tashqi havolalar
- Saudiya Arabistoni haqida sharh tomonidan Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Inson huquqlari bo'yicha kengashi "s Umumjahon davriy sharh, 2009 yil 6-fevral
- Saudiyaliklar o'zlarining eng xavfli joylarini jo'natishadi
- "Xalqaro Amnistiya - Saudiya Arabistoni: Maxfiylikni tugatish, azob-uqubatlarni to'xtatish". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007-02-02 da.
- "Saudiya Arabistoni G'arbda murosasizlikni targ'ib qiladimi?" (PDF). Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2007-02-07 da.
- Saudiya Arabistonidagi Demokratiya va Inson Huquqlari Markazi
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