Janubiy koreyalik bolalarni xalqaro asrab olish - International adoption of South Korean children

The Janubiy Koreya bolalarini xalqaro asrab olish ko'plab etim bolalarning aralashuvi natijasida boshlangan Koreya urushi 1953 yildan keyin. AQSh, Avstraliya va boshqa diniy tashkilotlar G'arbiy Evropa millatlar asta-sekin ijtimoiy integratsiyalashgan tizim sifatida xalqaro qabul qilishni ta'minlaydigan apparatga aylandi.

Koreya urushi va Xolt

Koreya urushi

Dastlab 1988 yilda nashr etilgan maqola Progressive va qayta nashr etilgan Pound Pup Legacy Hozir qabul qilingan koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchilarning bir foizdan kamrog'i amerikaliklar, ammo Koreya urushidan keyingi o'n yil davomida asrab olingan koreyslarning aksariyati amerikaliklar bo'lib, ular amerikalik askarlar tomonidan tug'ilgan.^[5]

Albert C. Gaw (1993) 1955-1966 yillarda Qo'shma Shtatlarda 6293 koreys farzandlikka olingan, ulardan 46% ga yaqini oq va koreys aralash, 41% to'liq koreyslar, qolganlari esa Afro-amerikaliklar va koreyslar aralashgan.^[6] Koreyadan asrab olinganlarning birinchi to'lqini, odatda, oilalari qashshoqlikda yashaydigan, aralash irqiy bolalardan kelgan; bolalarning ota-onalari ko'pincha amerikalik harbiy erkaklar va koreys ayollari edi.^[7]

2015 yilgi maqola Xalqaro radio Xalqaro farzandlikka olishning boshlanishi haqida kitob yozgan Arissa Oh shunday dedi: "Koreyaliklar bunga ega irqiy poklik haqidagi afsona; ular bu bolalardan xalos bo'lishni xohlashdi. Dastlab xalqaro qabul bu irqqa asoslangan evakuatsiya bo'lishi kerak edi."^[8]

Xolt

Janubiy Koreyada farzand asrab olishning boshlanishi odatda hisobga olinadi Garri Xolt 1955 yilda.^[9][7] Garri Xolt Janubiy Koreyaning bolalariga yordam bermoqchi edi, shuning uchun Xolt Janubiy Koreyadan sakkiz nafar bolani asrab olib, ularni uyiga olib keldi. Qisman Xolt ushbu sakkiz nafar bolani farzandlikka olganidan so'ng, mamlakat bo'ylab matbuotga berilgan javob tufayli, Xolt boshladi Xolt xalqaro bolalar xizmatlari bu koreys bolalari uchun oilalarni topishga ixtisoslashgan AQShda joylashgan farzand asrab olish agentligi.^[7]

Yetimlarning taqdiriga duchor bo'lgan G'arb diniy guruhlari va boshqa birlashmalar AQShdagi uylarga bolalarni joylashtirish jarayonini boshladilar va Evropa. Janubiy Koreyadan farzand asrab olish 1955 yilda Berta va Garri Xoltlar Koreyaga borib, sakkizta yetim bolani asrab olishganidan keyin boshlandi. Kongress.^[5] Ularning ishi asos solishga olib keldi Xolt xalqaro bolalar xizmatlari. Evropaga yuborilgan birinchi koreys go'daklari Shvetsiyaga Ijtimoiy ta'minot jamiyati 1960-yillarning o'rtalarida. O'sha o'n yillikning oxiriga kelib Xolt xalqaro bolalar xizmatlari koreys etimlarini Norvegiya, Daniya, Belgiya, Gollandiya, Frantsiya, Shveytsariya va Germaniya.

Farzandlikka olish to'g'risida ommaviy axborot vositalarida yoritish

Janubiy Koreyaning ommaviy axborot vositalarida yoritilishi

1988 yilda, Janubiy Koreya mezbonlik qilganida 1988 yil yozgi Olimpiya o'yinlari, Janubiy Koreyalik bolalarni xalqaro farzandlikka olish dunyo e'tiborining markaziga aylandi va bu masala Janubiy Koreya uchun milliy kamsitish manbai bo'ldi. Siyosatchilar "bolalar eksporti" ni to'xtatishga harakat qilishlarini ta'kidladilar, shuning uchun ular tugash sanasi va xalqaro farzand asrab olish uchun kvota belgilashdi. Shu bilan birga, kvota bir necha bor oshirildi va mo'ljallangan tugash sanasi bir necha bor uzaytirildi.^[1]

1980-yillarga va 1990-yillarning boshlariga qadar Janubiy Koreya hukumati va Janubiy Koreyaliklar, ham Janubiy Koreyada, ham diaspora, Koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchilarning taqdiriga jiddiy e'tibor bering. Xalq "yo'qolgan farzandlarini" qaytarishga tayyor emas edi. Ammo Koreyaga tashrif buyurgan ko'plab voyaga etgan koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchilar sayyohlar har yili, asrab olingan koreys diasporasi to'g'risida jamoatchilik xabardorligini oshirishdan tashqari, Koreyani o'z tarixining sharmandali va umuman noma'lum qismiga duch kelishga majbur qildi. Janubiy Koreya prezidenti Kim Da Chjung sakkiz mamlakatdan 29 nafar voyaga etgan koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchilarni shaxsiy uchrashuvga taklif qildi Moviy uy 1998 yil oktyabrda. Ushbu uchrashuvda u Janubiy Koreyaning ularni ko'tarolmagani uchun xalq oldida uzr so'radi.^[10]

Prezident bo'lganimga sakkiz oy bo'ldi. Ushbu davr mobaynida men son-sanoqsiz odamlarni uchratdim. Ammo barchangiz bilan bugungi uchrashuv shaxsan men uchun eng mazmunli va ta'sirli uchrashuvdir. Sizga qarab, men bunday ulkan kattalar bilan faxrlanaman, lekin sizni boshdan kechirgan azob-uqubatlarimdan nihoyatda afsuslanish tuyg'usi meni hayratda qoldiradi. O'tgan yillar davomida 200 mingga yaqin koreys bolalari AQSh, Kanada va ko'plab Evropa mamlakatlariga asrab olindi. Sizni o'zimiz tarbiyalay olmaymiz va sizni chet elda asrab olish uchun berishga majbur bo'ldik, deb o'ylashimdan juda qiynalaman. — Kim Da Chjung, 1998 yilda Kim Da Chjungning 29 nafar koreyalik tarbiyalanuvchidan kechirim so'rashi, Yngvesson (2010)^[11]

O'shandan beri Janubiy Koreya ommaviy axborot vositalari xalqaro farzandlikka olish masalalari to'g'risida tez-tez xabar berishadi. Koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchilarning aksariyati farzand asrab olgan mamlakat fuqaroligini olgan va endi Koreya pasportiga ega emas. Ilgari ular a olishlari kerak edi viza boshqa har qanday chet ellik kabi, agar ular Janubiy Koreyaga borishni yoki yashashni xohlasalar. Bu ularning "haqiqatan ham janubiy koreyalik emasligi" hissini kuchaytirdi. 1999 yil may oyida Koreyada yashovchi bir qator koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchilar qonuniy tan olinishi va qabul qilinishiga erishish uchun imzo yig'ishni boshladilar (Shuhmaxer, 1999). Hozirgi kunda (2009 yil) Janubiy Koreyada (asosan Seulda) uzoq muddatli istiqomat qilayotgan koreys farzand asrab oluvchilar soni taxminan 500 kishini tashkil etadi. Keyingi o'n yillikda bu raqam ko'payishi ehtimoldan yiroq emas (Janubiy Koreyadan xalqaro farzandlikka olish o'rtalarida eng yuqori darajaga etgan) -1980-yillar). Dan hisobot Chet elda qabul qilinganlarning global aloqasi (G.O.A.'L) uzoq muddatli qaytib kelganlar (bir yildan ortiq) asosan yigirmanchi yoki o'ttizinchi yillarning boshlarida ekanligini ko'rsatadi.

Koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchilarning janubiy koreyalik nutqining bir qismiga aylanishiga yordam bergan omillardan biri bu 1991 yilda suratga olingan film edi Susanne Brinkning Arirang bu Shvetsiyada o'sgan koreyalik asrab oluvchining hayoti haqidagi film edi. Ushbu film Janubiy Koreyada koreys bolalarini xalqaro asrab olish mavzusining dolzarb mavzusiga aylandi va bu janubiy koreyaliklarni his qildi uyat va ayb masala bo'yicha.^[1]

1997 yilgi maqola Christian Science Monitor Janubiy Koreyadagi koreyslar ko'pincha ota-onalar o'zlarining biologik farzandi bo'lmagan bolani sevolmaydilar degan koreyslarning e'tiqodi tufayli boshqa mamlakatlarda asrab oluvchi oilalarda koreys etimlarni asrab olishning g'arazli maqsadi bor deb ishonishgan.^[12]

Shimoliy Koreya ommaviy axborot vositalarida yoritilishi

Dastlab 1988 yilda nashr etilgan maqola Progressive va qayta nashr etilgan Pound Pup Legacy dedi Janubiy Koreyaning bosh direktori Sog'liqni saqlash va ijtimoiy ishlar vazirligidagi oilaviy ishlar byurosi Janubiy Koreyadan xalqaro miqyosda farzand asrab olishning ko'pligi 1970-yillarda Shimoliy Koreyaning Janubiy Koreyaga qarshi tashviqotining bir qismi sifatida ishlatilgan. 70-yillarda Shimoliy Koreyaning Janubiy Koreyaga qarshi targ'iboti doirasida Shimoliy Koreya Janubiy Koreyalik bolalarni xalqaro miqyosda asrab olishlarini rad etdi va Shimoliy Koreya Janubiy Koreyaning bolalarini sotish amaliyoti deb hisoblagan. Janubiy Koreyaning bosh direktori xalqaro miqyosda asrab olinadigan janubiy koreyalik bolalar sonini kamaytirmoqchi edi, shuning uchun Shimoliy Koreyada endi Janubiy Koreyaga qarshi targ'ibotida foydalanish masalasi qolmaydi. Yangiliklar maqolasida, shuningdek, Shimoliy Koreyaning boshqa mamlakatlardagi juftliklarga shimoliy koreyalik bolalarni asrab olishga ruxsat bermaganligi aytilgan.^[5]

1988 yildagi maqola tomonidan seriya qilingan Xalq Koreyasi, Shimoliy Koreyani qo'llab-quvvatlovchi jurnal va natijada paydo bo'lgan reklama Janubiy Koreyani shimolda dunyoning birinchi raqamli bola eksport qiluvchi mamlakati sifatida tasavvurga ega bo'lishiga olib keldi:^[13] Pxenyan Tayms, Shimoliy Koreyaning bir gazetasi: "Janubiy Koreyaning xoinlari, xoinlikdagi eski qo'llar," asrab olingan bolalar "nomi bilan minglab, o'n minglab bolalarni yirtqich va ochlik bilan chet el talonchilariga sotmoqda".^[13]

Koreyaning patilineal qon madaniyati

Dastlab 1988 yilda nashr etilgan maqola Progressive va qayta nashr etilgan Pound Pup Legacy Janubiy Koreya madaniyati - bu qon bilan bog'liq bo'lgan oilalarga ahamiyat beradigan ota-ona madaniyati. Qonli oilalarning ahamiyati shundaki, koreyslar koreys etimlarini asrab olishni istamaydilar, chunki koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchi farzand asrab oluvchi ota-onaning qon qarindoshi bo'lmaydi. Koreys patilineal madaniyati koreys jamiyatining turmushga chiqmagan koreyalik onalar va ularning farzandlarini kamsitishi va kamsitilishiga sabab bo'ladi, shuning uchun turmushga chiqmagan onaning ish topolmasligi yoki er topishi mumkin emas.^[5]

Sue-Je Lee Gage tomonidan a-ning qisman bajarilishi uchun 2007 yilda taqdim etilgan Ph.D. Antropologiya kafedrasida Indiana universiteti koreyscha patilineal qon madaniyatida koreyslik ota-onada "toza" koreys qoni bor ekan, ota-onadan bolaga yuqadi va koreysning bu ko'chirilishi, ayniqsa, koreys otasi o'z "toza" koreys qonini o'z koreysiga berganida sezilarli bo'ladi. Koreyslarning irq va o'ziga xoslik tushunchasida otaning nasl-nasabidan kelib chiqadigan bola. Geyjning aytishicha, koreys oilasining nasl-nasab tarixi ularning qon tozaligini rasmiy qayd etishni anglatadi. Geyjning ta'kidlashicha, qon tomirlari va irq bo'yicha o'zlikni anglash kontseptsiyasi tufayli Janubiy Koreyadagi koreyslar Janubiy Koreyaga qaytib kelgan asrab oluvchilar koreys tilida gapira olmasalar ham koreyslar deb hisoblashadi. Geyjning aytishicha, koreyslar uchun boshqa odamlarni koreyslar deb aniqlashda koreyslar tashqi ko'rinishi eng muhim e'tiborga ega, garchi koreyslarning tashqi qiyofasi koreyslar birodar koreys sifatida guruhga a'zo bo'lish masalasida foydalanadigan yagona e'tibor emas. Masalan, Geyjning aytishicha, koreys bo'lmagan erkaklar bilan jinsiy aloqada bo'lgan koreys ayollari ko'pincha koreyslar tomonidan "to'laqonli" ma'noda "koreys" deb hisoblanmaydi.^[14]

Kuz 2012 jurnali Koreysshunoslik jurnali antropolog Elise Prebinning aytishicha, koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchilarning uchrashishi xavfsizroq bo'lishi mumkin va tug'ilish onasining yo'nalishi (patrilineal) bo'yicha tug'ilish onasi (matrilineal) bo'yicha tug'ilish oilalari bilan koreyalik asrab oluvchilarning uchrashuvlarini o'rganish paytida osonroq bo'ladi. Jurnalda "Koreya patilineal qarindoshlik mafkuralari"hali ham Janubiy Koreyada kuchli ijtimoiy ta'sirga ega.^[15]

2014 yilgi maqola Milliy radio Janubiy Koreyada turmushga chiqmagan onalar ijtimoiy isnodga duchor bo'lishmoqda, chunki nikohsiz farzand ko'rish bu koreyscha patilineal qon urf-odatlari madaniyatiga zid ishdir. Shuningdek, 2014 yilgi yangiliklar maqolasida aytilishicha, koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchilar Janubiy Koreyada ijtimoiy isnodga duchor bo'lmoqdalar, chunki koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchilar "qon tomirlaridan ajralishgan".^[16]

2015 yilgi yangiliklar maqolasida Janubiy Koreyada hali turmushga chiqmagan onalar va nikohsiz bolalarga nisbatan kuchli ijtimoiy isnod mavjudligini aytdi. 2015 yilgi yangiliklar maqolasida aytilishicha, ushbu ijtimoiy tamg'a turmushga chiqmagan onaga va hatto uning nikohsiz farzandlariga va uning butun katta oilasiga tegishli bo'lib, nikohsiz tug'ilgan bola Janubiy Koreyada oilaviy, ish va ta'lim istiqbollari pasayishiga olib keladi.^[17]

2015 yilgi maqola Iqtisodchi Janubiy Koreyadagi koreyslar asosan urug 'o'g'illari tomonidan amalga oshiriladigan ota-bobolar urf-odatlariga oid masalalardan qochish va merosxo'rlik bilan bog'liq muammolardan qochish uchun asosan koreys ayollarini asrab olishadi.^[18]

Iqtisodiyot

Janubiy Koreya tomonidan tejalgan xarajatlar

Dastlab 1988 yilda nashr etilgan maqola Progressive va qayta nashr etilgan Pound Pup Legacy Janubiy Koreya hukumati boshqa mamlakatlardagi oilalar tomonidan koreys etimlarini asrab olish orqali yiliga o'n besh-yigirma million dollar ishlab topganligini aytdi. 1988 yilgi yangiliklar maqolasida, shuningdek, Koreyalik etimlarni Janubiy Koreyadan qabul qilishning yana uchta ta'siri borligi aytilgan: bu Janubiy Koreya hukumatiga koreys etimlarini parvarish qilish xarajatlarini tejashga yordam berdi va Janubiy Koreya hukumatini nima qilish kerakligini aniqlash zaruriyatidan ozod qildi. etimlar bilan qiling va bu aholini tushirdi.^[5]

Ba'zi akademiklar va tadqiqotchilarning ta'kidlashicha, etim bolalar uchun koreys farzand asrab olish agentliklari tomonidan sog'lom bolalarning barqaror ta'minoti kafolatlangan (Dobbs 2009). Tizim tarafdorlarining ta'kidlashicha, farzand asrab olish agentliklari faqat uysiz qoladigan yoki muassasaga joylashtiriladigan chaqaloqlarga g'amxo'rlik qiladi.

Koreya farzand asrab olish agentliklari homilador ayollarning uylarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi; to'rtta agentlikning uchtasi o'zlarini boshqaradi. Agentliklardan biri o'z tug'ruqxonasiga ega va etkazib berishni o'zi amalga oshiradi. To'rtalasi ham bolalarni parvarish qilishni ta'minlaydi va yordam beradi. Hammasi emizikli onalarga go'daklarni parvarish qilish uchun oylik stipendiya to'laydi va idoralar barcha oziq-ovqat, kiyim-kechak va boshqa jihozlarni bepul etkazib berishadi. Ular, shuningdek mustaqil bolalar uylarini yoki o'zlari boshqaradigan uylarni qo'llab-quvvatlaydilar. Agentliklar o'z farzandini asrab olish uchun bergan har qanday ayolga etkazib berish va tibbiy yordam xarajatlarini qoplaydi. (Rotshild, Progressive, 1988; Shvekendiek, 2012).

2011 yildagi maqola Siyosiy tadqiqotlar instituti har bir farzand asrab olishning qiymati 15 ming AQSh dollarini tashkil etadi, bu asosan asrab oluvchi ota-onalar tomonidan to'lanadi. Bu homiylik, tibbiy yordam va boshqa 2,300 Koreyalik xalqaro farzand asrab olish uchun xarajatlarni qoplash uchun taxminan 35 million AQSh dollarini tashkil etdi. ^[19]

Janubiy Koreyaning ijtimoiy ta'minoti

2010 yilgi kitobida Kim Rasmussen Janubiy Koreyadan 2010 yilda farzand asrab olishlar sonining "asosiy sababi" Janubiy Koreyaning ijtimoiy ta'minot tizimiga sarflanadigan mablag 'etishmasligidir. Rasmussen boshqasi dedi OECD -30 mamlakat o'zlarining o'rtacha 20,6 foizini sarflagan YaIM ijtimoiy nafaqalar uchun, Janubiy Koreya esa YaIMning 6,9% ini ijtimoiy nafaqalarga sarflagan. Rasmussen, Janubiy Koreyaning ichki farzandlikka olishni targ'ib qilish muammoning markazini hal etmasligini va Janubiy Koreyaning ijtimoiy nafaqalar uchun sarflarini oshirishi kerakligini aytdi.^[20]

Tug'ilgan onalar va etimlar

Tug'ilgan onalar

Dastlab 1988 yilda nashr etilgan maqolada Progressive va qayta nashr etilgan Pound Pup Legacy, Janubiy Koreyadagi bolalar uyi direktorining so'zlariga ko'ra, uning bolalar uyidagi so'rovnomalari ma'lumotlariga ko'ra Koreyada tug'ilgan onalarning 90% o'zlarining biologik bolalarini saqlab qolish va asrab olishdan voz kechishni istashlarini bildirgan, ammo Janubiy Koreyadagi bolalar uyi direktori faqatgina 10% tug'ilgan oxir-oqibat onalar o'zlarining biologik farzandlarini saqlashga qaror qildilar, chunki uning etimxonasi tug'ma onalarga nikohsiz onalar va kambag'al juftliklar o'z farzandini asrab olish uchun berishi kerak. 1988 yilgi yangiliklar maqolasida aytilishicha, Koreyada tug'ilgan onalar farzandlarini asrab olishga bergandan keyin o'zlarini aybdor his qilishgan va bolalarni asrab olish uchun bergan koreyalik tug'ma onalarning aksariyati kambag'al va Janubiy Koreyadagi fabrikalarda yoki ruhoniy ishlarda ishlaganlar.^[5]

Xuddi shu 1988 yilgi maqolada INS ofitser Qo'shma Shtatlarning elchixonasi, Seul, ijtimoiy ishchilar farzand asrab olish agentliklari tomonidan rolini bajarish uchun yollanganligini aytdi "og'irliklar "Janubiy Koreyalik onalarni farzandlarini asrab olish uchun berishga ishontirish. Garchi ofitser, farzand asrab olish biznesi tug'ma onalar, farzand asrab oluvchilar va farzand asrab oluvchilar uchun yaxshi narsa bo'lishi mumkin deb o'ylagan bo'lsa-da, u farzand asrab olish biznesi tufayli uni bezovta qilganini aytdi. INS xodimining ta'kidlashicha, bu raqamlar odamlarni janubiy koreyalik bolalarni farzandlikka olishning qanchasi insonparvarlik masalasi va qanchasi biznes ekanligi to'g'risida savol tug'dirishi kerak.^[5]

Etimlar

2014 yilgi maqola Milliy radio Korxonadagi 18 yoshga to'lgan etim bolalar uchun barcha xarajatlarni to'lash uchun mablag 'etishmasligi sababli Janubiy Koreyadagi universitetga borishi "samarali" "imkonsiz" ekanligini aytdi. keyin Janubiy Koreya fabrikalarida kam maoshli ish qarish muassasalar. 2014 yilgi yangiliklar maqolasida aytilishicha, Janubiy Koreyadagi ko'plab koreyalik ota-onalar o'z farzandlariga koreys etimlariga uylanishiga ruxsat bermaydilar.^[16]

2015 yilgi maqolada Janubiy Koreyadagi etimlarning aksariyati yoshligida etim bo'lib qolishi va 2015 yilgi maqolada Janubiy Koreyadagi etimlarning aksariyati oxir-oqibat yoshi o'tgan 18 yoshga to'lgan bolalar uylari tarbiyasi hech qachon asrab olinmaydi.^[21]

2015 yilgi maqola Iqtisodchi So'nggi 60 yil ichida Janubiy Koreyadagi ikki million yoki taxminan 85 foiz etim bolalar hech qachon asrab olinmagan Janubiy Koreyaning etimxonalarida o'sgan. 2015 yilgi maqolada 1950 yildan 2015 yilgacha Janubiy Koreyadagi etimlarning umumiy sonining atigi 4 foizini Janubiy Koreyadagi boshqa koreyslar tomonidan mamlakat ichida qabul qilinganligi aytilgan.^[18]

2015 yilgi video BBC yangiliklari Janubiy Koreyadagi hukumat koreyalik etimlarni chet elga qabul qilishni qiyinlashtirishi natijasida Janubiy Koreyadagi bolalar uylari to'la bo'lganligini aytdi.^[22]

Bolalar qutisi

2014 yil 27 martda chop etilgan videoda Frantsiya 24 YouTube kanali Rossiyaning Koreyani farzandlikka olish hamjamiyati (TRACK) uchun haqiqat va yarashuv xalqaro koordinatori Ross Oke shunday dedi. bolalar qutilari Janubiy Koreyadagi kabi, bolalarni tashlab yuborishni rag'batlantiradi va ular tashlandiq bolani shaxsini aniqlash huquqini inkor etadilar.^[23]

2015 yilgi maqola Maxsus eshittirish xizmati 2009 yilda Janubiy Koreyaning ruhoniysi Li Jong-Rak Janubiy Koreyaning Seul shahridagi cherkoviga odamlarning noma'lum holda bolalarni tashlab ketishiga imkon berish uchun "bolalar qutisi" qo'yganini aytdi. Maqolada tashlandiq bolalar rasman voz kechilmaganligi sababli ularni xalqaro miqyosda asrab olish mumkin emasligi aytilgan. Maqolada aytilishicha, bolalar 18 yoki 19 yoshga to'lgunga qadar etimxonalarda qoladilar.^[24]

Korean Adoption Services ma'lumotlar bazasi

2014 yilgi maqola Korea Herald Koreya farzand asrab olish xizmatlari 1950-yillardan beri Janubiy Koreyada bo'lib o'tgan xalqaro farzand asrab olish to'g'risidagi 35000 hujjatni raqamlashtirmoqda, bu koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchilar o'zlarining tug'ma ota-onalarini topishga qaratilgan sa'y-harakatlarni yanada kuchaytirishga qaratilgan.^[25]

2017 yilgi maqola Hankyoreh Seo Jae-Song va Seonggaeongdagi bolalar uyini boshqargan rafiqasi Deokjeokdo va keyinroq Sent-Vinsent uyi Bupyeong tumani 1073 nafar koreyalik farzand asrab olish to'g'risidagi yozuvlarga ega edi. 2016 yilda ushbu 1073 nafar koreyalik farzand asrab olish to'g'risidagi yozuvlar, Korean Adoption Services (KAS) va Sog'liqni saqlash va ijtimoiy ta'minot vazirligi. 2016 yilda KASda 21 ta muassasadan 39000 ta yozuv bor edi.^[26]

Koreyaning ichki farzand asrab olishlari

2015 yilgi maqolada aytilganidek, Janubiy Koreya hukumati, asosan, dunyo bo'ylab odamlar 1950-yillarning o'rtalaridan beri Janubiy Koreyadan tashqarida bo'lgan oilalar tomonidan asrab olingan koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchilarning ko'pligi to'g'risida xabardor bo'lishlari sababli, ko'proq farzand asrab olishga harakat qilmoqdalar. Chunki Janubiy Koreya hukumati "go'daklarni eksport qiluvchi mamlakat" obro'siga ega bo'lishni xohlamaydi va koreyslar bilan tarbiyalanishi kerak degan e'tiqod tufayli Koreya madaniyati, Janubiy Koreya hukumati ichki farzand asrab olishni ko'paytirmoqchi bo'lgan.^[21] Biroq, bu o'nlab yillar davomida kamroq muvaffaqiyatli bo'ldi. Raqamlar faqat 2007 yildan keyin to'plangan.^[27]

Biroq, 2013 yilda farzand asrab oluvchi ota-onalar huquqiga nisbatan qat'iy cheklovlar tufayli ichki farzandlikka olish soni kamaygan. Shu bilan birga, chaqaloqlarning soni chaqaloqlarni majburiy ro'yxatdan o'tkazish bilan ham o'sdi, shuningdek, yangi qonun, bu ko'proq tark etishga olib keldi.^[28]

2015 yilga kelib Janubiy Koreyada taslim bo'lganlarning ko'pchiligining asosiy sababi yolg'iz onalar hali ham Koreyada ochiqchasiga uyalmoqda,^[29][30] va o'z farzandlarini asrab olish uchun beradigan Janubiy Koreyalik onalar 1990-yillardan beri asosan o'rta yoki ishchi ayollardir.^[4] Mamlakat ichida yolg'iz onalar oyiga oladigan pul miqdori oyiga 70000 vonni tashkil etadi, faqat qashshoqlikni isbotlagandan so'ng, soliq imtiyozlari mamlakat ichkarisida, oyiga 150.000 vonni tashkil etadi, bu esa shartsiz, yolg'iz onalar uchun esa shartli.^[29] Yolg'iz va ajrashgan onalar uchun 33 ta ob'ekt, ammo ularning aksariyati bolalar uylari va farzand asrab olish agentliklari tomonidan boshqariladi.

Koreyalik asrab oluvchi Stiven C. Morrison 2009 yilgi maqolasida ko'proq koreyaliklarning koreys bolalarini asrab olishga tayyor bo'lishlarini istashini aytgan. Morrison koreyslarning koreys bolalarini yashirincha asrab olish amaliyoti koreyslarning ichki farzandlikka olishlarini eng katta to'siq bo'lganini aytdi. Morrison, shuningdek, Koreyadagi ichki farzandlikka olish koreyslar tomonidan qabul qilinishi uchun u koreyslar asrab oluvchilarga hurmat ko'rsatishi, koreys farzand asrab olganlar to'g'risida "eksport qilinadigan narsalar" haqida gapirmasligi va koreys farzand asrab oluvchilarga murojaat qilmasligi uchun koreyslarning munosabati o'zgarishi kerak deb o'ylaganini aytdi. Morrison misolida keltirgan yoqimsiz iboralar, "ko'prik ostidan olingan narsa". Morrisonning ta'kidlashicha, Janubiy Koreya hukumati koreyalik ota-onalarning koreys etimlarini qabul qilishi mumkin bo'lgan yoshni oshirishi va koreyalik etimlarni koreys ota-onalari tomonidan qabul qilinadigan yoshini oshirishi kerak, chunki bu ikkala o'zgarish ham ichki farzandlikka olishga imkon beradi. .^[31]

Hatto global iqtisodiyot va OECD davlati sifatida ham Koreya hali ham bolalarni chet elga xalqaro farzandlikka olish uchun yuboradi. Koreyani asrab olish uchun ketayotgan bolalarning ulushi 1980 yillar davomida bir necha yil davomida tirik tug'ilganlarning taxminan 1 foizini tashkil etdi (Keyn, 1993); hozirgi paytda, hatto Koreyada tug'ilish koeffitsienti bir ayolga to'g'ri keladigan 1,2 boladan past bo'lgan va tobora boyib borayotgan iqtisodiyotga ega bo'lgan taqdirda ham, har yili koreys bolalarining taxminan 0,5% (200 dan 1) boshqa mamlakatlarga jo'natilmoqda.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

2005 yil fikr qismi yilda Chosun Ilbo dedi Janubiy Koreyalik aktrisa Shin Ae-ra va Janubiy Koreyalik aktyor Cha In-Pyo biologik o'g'il ko'rganidan keyin koreys qizini oshkora qabul qildi va maqolada aytilishicha, koreys etimini ommaviy ravishda asrab olish orqali bu er-xotin boshqa koreyaliklarning Janubiy Koreyadagi farzand asrab olish to'g'risidagi qarashlarini o'zgartirishi mumkin.^[32]

Chet elda farzand asrab olish uchun kvota

Chet elda farzand asrab olish sonini to'xtatish uchun Janubiy Koreya hukumati 1987 yilda chet ellik farzand asrab olish uchun kvota tizimini joriy qildi. Va ushbu tizimga binoan mamlakat chet elda farzand asrab olishga ruxsat berilgan bolalar sonini har yili 3-5 foizga kamaytirdi, taxminan 8000 yilda 1987 yilda 1997 yilda 2057 taga etdi. Rejaning maqsadi 2015 yilga kelib chet ellik farzand asrab olishni butunlay yo'q qilish edi. Ammo 1998 yilda hukumat chekilgan iqtisodiy qiyinchiliklar ortidan tashlab qo'yilgan bolalar soni keskin ko'payib ketganidan keyin cheklovlarni vaqtincha bekor qildi.

2009 yil Janubiy Koreya hukumatining KCare va ichki farzand asrab olishni rag'batlantirish to'g'risidagi qonunni tashkil etish bilan Janubiy Koreyadan xalqaro farzandlikka olishni tortib olishga qaratilgan harakatlari diqqatga sazovordir.

Mahalliy farzand asrab olishni rag'batlantirish

1997 yilgi maqola Christian Science Monitor Janubiy Koreya koreys etimlarini asrab olgan koreys juftliklariga ichki farzandlikka olishni rag'batlantirish uchun uy-joy, tibbiy va ta'lim subsidiyalari shaklida imtiyozlar berayotganini aytdi, ammo asrab olgan Janubiy Koreyadagi koreys juftliklari ushbu subsidiyalardan foydalanmaslikka harakat qilishdi, chunki ular boshqa koreyslar o'z farzandlari ularning biologik farzandlari emasligini bilishini istamayman.^[12]

Farzandlikka olish to'g'risidagi maxsus qonun

2013 yilgi maqola CNN dedi Jeyn Jeong Trenka Koreyalik farzand asrab olgan shaxs boshqalar qatori Maxsus farzandlikka olish to'g'risidagi qonunni ishlab chiqdi. Maqolada aytilishicha, "Maxsus farzand asrab olish to'g'risida" gi qonun tug'ruq onalari farzandlikka olishdan oldin yetti kun davomida bolasi bilan birga bo'lishlari kerak. Maqolada "Maxsus farzand asrab olish to'g'risida" gi qonun tug'ruq onalarining roziligini ularning farzandidan voz kechishidan oldin tekshirilishi kerak, deyilgan va maqolada aytilishicha, "Maxsus farzand asrab olish to'g'risida" gi qonuni shu sababli bolaning tug'ilishi ro'yxatga olinadi. Maqolada ta'kidlanishicha, "Maxsus farzand asrab olish to'g'risida" gi qonun tug'ruq onasi arizasidan keyin olti oygacha voz kechishni qaytarib olishi uchun qabul qiladi. Maqolada aytilishicha, koreyalik farzand asrab olgan va Koreyada farzandlikka olishni rivojlantirish bo'yicha missiyaning (MPAK) asoschisi Stiv Choi Morrison Maxsus farzandlikka olish to'g'risidagi qonunga qarshi kurashgan. Maqolada aytilishicha, Morrison "Maxsus farzand asrab olish to'g'risida" gi qonunga qarshi bo'lgan, chunki Morrison koreys madaniyati bu erda madaniyat deb aytgan yuzni tejash muhim ahamiyatga ega. Maqolada Morrisonning aytishicha, Koreyada tug'ilgan onalar tug'ilish haqidagi yozuvlar ma'lum bo'lishidan qo'rqishadi va bundan keyin erkaklar ularga uylanmaydi. Maqolada aytilishicha, Morrison koreyalik tug'ma onalarni tug'ruqni ro'yxatdan o'tkazishga majbur qilish tashlab ketishga olib keladi deb bashorat qilgan.^[33]

2015-dagi maqola Vashington xalqaro huquq jurnali Maxsus farzand asrab olish to'g'risidagi qonun 2012 yil 5 avgustda "Maxsus farzand asrab olish to'g'risida" gi qonun qabul qilinganidan keyin ko'proq chaqaloqlarning tashlab ketilishiga sabab bo'lishi mumkin deb taxmin qildi.^[34]

Maxsus farzand asrab olish to'g'risidagi qonun qayta ko'rib chiqildi

2012 yilda Janubiy Koreyada qabul qilingan Qayta ko'rib chiqilgan maxsus farzandlikka olish to'g'risidagi qonun Janubiy Koreyada oilaviy farzand asrab olish koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchi ota-onalarning biologik farzandlari sifatida qayd etildi.^[35]

2014 yilgi maqola Milliy radio Qayta ko'rib chiqilgan Maxsus farzand asrab olish to'g'risidagi qonunda koreys bolalarini asrab olish koreyslar ongiga qon qarindoshini qo'shishga tenglashtirilmaganligi, endi ichki koreys farzand asrab olishlari qonuniy maqsadlarda ko'rib chiqilishidan qat'iy nazar.^[16]

Koreyaliklarni qabul qiladigan mamlakatlar

Koreyalik asrab oluvchilar asosan qabul qilingan davlatlar
Minnesota Viskonsin Ayova Nebraska Michigan Montana Janubiy Dakota Oregon Vashington Nyu York Nyu-Jersi Massachusets shtati Vermont Yuta Aydaho
Manba: Kim (2010)[4]
Mintaqalardagi metropollardagi koreys Adoptee guruhlari Ko'plab asrab olingan Koreyaliklar bilan
Stokgolm Kopengagen Oslo Parij Bryussel Amsterdam
Manba: Kim (2010)[4]
Mintaqalardagi metropollardagi koreys Adoptee guruhlari Ko'plab koreyalik fuqarolar bilan
Nyu York Los Anjeles San-Fransisko Minneapolis Sietl Chikago Boston
Manba: Kim (2010)[4]

Koreyalik farzand asrab olish to'g'risidagi 2010 yilgi kitobda koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchilar guruhlari borligi aytilgan metropollar Stokgolm, Kopengagen, Oslo, Parij, Bryussel, Amsterdam, Nyu-York, Los-Anjeles, San-Frantsisko, Minneapolis, Sietl, Portlend, Chikago, Boston va Seul kabi ko'plab asrab olingan koreyslar istiqomat qiladigan hududlarda joylashgan.^[4]

Qo'shma Shtatlarda asrab oluvchilar

Ning arxivlangan veb-sahifasi Konsullik ishlari byurosi So'nggi marta 2009 yilda yangilangan veb-saytida aytilishicha, koreys bolalarini asrab olmoqchi bo'lgan amerikalik juftliklar ma'lum talablarga javob berishlari kerak. Veb-sahifada er-xotinlar 25 yoshdan 44 yoshgacha, turmush o'rtoqlar o'rtasidagi yosh farqi 15 yoshdan oshmasligi, juftliklar uch yil turmush qurishlari, juftliklar AQShdan yuqori daromad olishlari kerakligi aytilgan. milliy o'rtacha, va juftliklar allaqachon beshdan ortiq farzand ko'rishlari mumkin emas edi. Veb-sahifada amerikalik juftliklar koreys bolasini asrab olish uchun 9500 dan 10000 dollargacha haq to'lashlari kerakligi va veb-sahifada asrab olingan koreys bolasining AQShga kelishi uchun ariza topshirilgandan keyin bir yildan to'rt yilgacha bo'lganligi aytilgan. Veb-sahifada aytilishicha, farzand asrab olmoqchi bo'lgan amerikalik juftliklar uchun ariza berishdan keyin kutish muddati sog'lom koreys bolasi uchun uch yil va alohida ehtiyojli koreys bolasi uchun bir yil.^[36]

Dastlab 1988 yilda nashr etilgan maqola Progressive va qayta nashr etilgan Pound Pup Legacy Qo'shma Shtatlarda farzand asrab olmoqchi bo'lgan 2 000 000 juftlik borligini aytdi, ammo Qo'shma Shtatlarda atigi 20 000 sog'lom bola ichki farzandlikka olishga tayyor edi. 1988 yilgi yangiliklar maqolasida ta'kidlanishicha, uy sharoitida farzand asrab olish uchun bolalar etishmasligi Qo'shma Shtatlarda er-xotinlar bolalarni asrab olish uchun boshqa mamlakatlarga qarashlariga sabab bo'lmoqda va ayni paytda amerikalik juftliklarning boshqa mamlakatlardan asrab olishlari eng tez Janubiy Koreyadan bo'lgan.^[5]

Koreyalik farzand asrab olish haqidagi 2010 yilgi kitobda aytilishicha, koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchilar umumiy sonning o'n foizini tashkil qiladi Koreyalik amerikalik aholi soni 2010 yilgi Janubiy Koreyaning farzand asrab olish haqidagi kitobida. Kitobda aytilishicha, Qo'shma Shtatlarda asrab olingan koreyslarning aksariyati farzand asrab olish agentliklari yaqinida qabul qilingan, shuning uchun ular asosan Minnesota, Viskonsin, Ayova, Nebraska, Michigan, Montana, Janubiy Dakota, Oregon, Vashington, Nyu-York, Nyu-Jersi, Massachusets, Vermont, Yuta yoki Aydaho.^[4]

Shvetsiyadagi asrab oluvchilar

2002 yildagi maqola Shvetsiya elchixonasi, Seul, shvedlarning 60-yillardagi ijtimoiy ahvoli tufayli ko'proq shved oilalari koreys bolalarini asrab olishni boshladilar. Maqolada shvedlarning ijtimoiy ta'minoti tizimi shvetsiyalik onalarga o'zlarini yaxshi ta'minlashga va farzandlarini asrab olish uchun berishga hojat yo'qligiga imkon berganligi aytilgan. Maqolada aytilishicha, Shvetsiyada uyda asrab olish uchun shved etimlari kamroq bo'lgan, shuning uchun bolalarni asrab olmoqchi bo'lgan shved oilalari boshqa davlatlardan farzandlikka olishlari kerak edi. Maqolada aytilishicha, koreyalik farzand asrab olishning sababi, xususan, ba'zi shved oilalari 1950-yillarda koreyslarni asrab olishgan, shuning uchun keyinchalik oilalar ushbu tendentsiyani davom ettirgan.^[37]

Psixologik ta'sir

Farzandlikka oluvchilarning biologik ota-onasi kimligini anglash

16 ning 2016 tadqiqotida Koreyalik amerikalik transmilliy kattalar asrab oluvchilar, asrab olingan koreyslarning bir qismi o'zlarining ota-onalarini "haqiqiy" ota-onalari, ba'zilari esa biologik ota-onalarini "haqiqiy" ota-onalari deb hisoblashgan.^[38]

Koreys tilining talaffuzi

2017 yilgi maqola BBC yangiliklari da chop etilgan maqola Qirollik jamiyati ochiq fan Koreys tilida qayta o'qitilgan golland tilida so'zlashadigan koreys farzand asrab olganlar koreys tilini kutilganidan yaxshiroq talaffuz qilishlari mumkinligini aytdi. Tadqiqotda 30 yoshga to'lgan va golland tilida so'zlashadigan oilalarga go'dak sifatida qabul qilingan koreyalik asrab oluvchilar ishlatilgan. Koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchilar bolaligida koreys tiliga duch kelmagan kattalar guruhiga taqqoslangan. Qisqa muddatli o'quv kursidan so'ng, asrab olingan koreyslardan o'rganish uchun koreys tilidagi undoshlarni talaffuz qilish talab qilindi. Koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchilar mashg'ulotlardan so'ng kutilganidan ham yaxshiroq ishlashdi.^[39]

Jinsiy aloqa

Unda dissertatsiya uning uchun Ph.D., Sara Y. Park Kendall (2005) va Kim (2007) ning so'zlarini keltirgan Park, koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchilar, agar ular Koreyadan tashqarida asrab olinmasa, ular fohishaga aylangan bo'lishi mumkin, deb aytishadi.^[40]

Ijtimoiy muammolar

2002 yilda o'qish Lanset Shvetsiyada turli xil etnik kelib chiqishi bo'lgan farzand asrab oluvchilar, ularning aksariyati koreys, kolumbiyalik yoki hindistonlik (Hindistondan) ekstraktsiyaga ega bo'lganlar, ular Shvetsiyada tug'ilgan ikki ota-ona tomonidan qabul qilingan bo'lib, shuni aniqladiki, chet elga asrab oluvchilarning qolganlariga nisbatan quyidagi ehtimolligi oshgan. Shvetsiyada tug'ilgan bolalarning ikkitasi o'zlari ham Shvetsiyada tug'ilgan: mamlakatlararo farzand asrab oluvchilar o'z joniga qasd qilishdan 3,6 marta, o'z joniga qasd qilishdan 3,6 marta, psixologik buzuqlik uchun 3,2 baravar ko'proq , Giyohvand moddalarni suiiste'mol qilish 5,2 barobar, spirtli ichimliklarni suiiste'mol qilish 2,6 barobar va jinoyat sodir etish 1,6 baravar ko'p.^[41]

Tashlab ketish

2006 yildagi maqola New America Media Janubiy Koreyaning ota-onalari tobora ko'payib borayotgani, keksa amerikalik juftliklarga o'z farzandlarini AQSh ta'limi va AQSh fuqaroligini olishlari uchun o'z farzandlarini asrab olishlari uchun pul to'lashmoqda. Biroq, maqolada aytilishicha, Los-Anjelesdagi Koreys oilaviy markaziga rahbarlik qilgan Piter Changning so'zlariga ko'ra, AQSh ta'limi va AQSh fuqaroligini olish maqsadida asrab olishga berilgan koreys bolalari ko'pincha o'zlarining biologik ota-onalari tomonidan xiyonat qilishlarini his qilishgan. Maqolada aytilishicha, shu yo'l bilan AQSh fuqaroligini olish asrab olingan bolani o'n oltinchi tug'ilgan kunigacha asrab olishlari va asrab oluvchi oilada kamida ikki yil qolishlari kerak.^[42]

1999 yilda Evan B. Donaldsonni qabul qilish instituti tomonidan 167 nafar katta yoshdagi koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchilar o'rtasida o'tkazilgan tadqiqotda, voyaga etgan koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchilarning aksariyati tug'ma onasi ularni qanday qilib asrab olishdan voz kechishi mumkinligi haqida o'ylaydilar.^[43]

Koreya madaniyati ijtimoiylashuvi

2012 yilda o'tkazilgan tadqiqot O'smirlar tadqiqotlari jurnali Qo'shma Shtatlardagi asrab olingan koreyslar, o'rtacha yoshi 17,8 yosh bo'lgan koreys farzand asrab oluvchilarning oq tanli ota-onalari asrab olingan koreys bolalarini ijtimoiylashtirishga intilishganligini aniqladilar. Koreya madaniyati by doing overt actions such as going to Korean restaurants or having them attend Korean culture camp rather than having conversations with them about Korean ethnic identity or being a racial minority in the United States. The study said that for many families doing these overt actions was easier and more comfortable for them than discussing the personal issues of ethnic identity or being a racial minority in the United States.^[44]

In a 2005 article, a 38-year-old Korean adoptee who was adopted in the United States said that social workers told her adoptive parents to not raise her with ties to South Korea, because the social workers said that doing that would confuse her. The 2005 article said that adoptive parents were no longer trying to cut ties with the culture of their adopted child's birth country as of 2005, and adoptive parents were instead trying to introduce their adopted kid to the culture of their birth country. In 2005, one popular way for adoptive parents to expose their adopted child to the traditions and food of their birth country was for them to attend "culture camps" which would last for one day.^[45]

Yarim xoch effekti

2005 yilgi tadqiqot Amerika psixologik jamiyati ning musobaqa effekti used Korean adoptees whose average age was 27.8 years old who were adopted when they were between 3 and 9 years old by European Caucasians in France and the study also used recent Korean immigrants to France. The study had the participants briefly see a photograph of a Caucasian or Japanese face, then the participants had to try to recognize the same Caucasian or Japanese face which they had just seen from a pair of either Caucasian or Japanese faces. The Korean adoptees and French people could recognize the Caucasian faces better than they could recognize the Japanese faces, but the recent Korean immigrants could recognize the Japanese faces better than they could recognize the Caucasian faces, suggesting that the cross-race effect can be modified based on familiarity with certain types of faces due to experiences starting after three years of age.^[46]

Implicitly raised as white

C.N. Le, a lecturer at the sociology department at the Massachusets universiteti Amherst,^[47] said that Korean adoptees and non-white adoptees in general who are raised by white families are raised to implicitly think that they are white, but since they are not white, there is a disconnect between the way they are socialized at home and the way the rest of society sees them. Le further said that most white families of non-white adoptees are not comfortable talking with their adopted children about the issues that racial minorities face in the United States, and Le further advised white families who adopt transracially that just introducing their kids to Asian culture, telling them that race is not important and/or telling them that people should get equal treatment in society is insufficient. Le said that the social disconnection between how they were raised and the reality of society causes "confusion, resentment about their situation, and anger" for adoptees who were transracially adopted by white families.^[48]

Many of the South Korean children adopted internationally, grew up in white, upper or middle-class homes. In the beginning adoptive families were often told by agencies and social workers to assimilate their children and make them as much as possible a part of the new culture, thinking that this would override concerns about ethnic identity and origin. Many Korean adoptees grew up not knowing about other children like themselves.^[49] This has changed in recent years with social services now encouraging parents and using home studies to encourage prospective adoptive parents to learn about the cultural influences of the country. With such works as "Beyond Culture Camp" ^[50] which encourage the teaching of culture, there has been a large shift. Though, these materials may be given, not everyone may take advantage of them. Also, adoption agencies started to allow the adoption of South Koreans by people of color in the late 1990s to early 2000, and not just white people, including Korean-Americans. Such an example of this is the rapper GOWE, who is a Korean adopted into a Chinese family.

As a result of many internationally adopted Korean adoptees growing up in white areas, many of these adoptees avoided other Asians in childhood and adolescence out of an unfamiliarity and/or discomfort with Asian cultures.^[51] These adoptees sometimes express a desire to be white like their families and peers, and strongly identify with white society. As a result, meeting South Koreans and Korean culture might have been a traumatic experience for some.^[49] However, other Korean adoptees, often those raised in racially or culturally diverse communities, grew up with ties to the Korean community and identify more strongly with the Korean aspect of their identities.^[51]

Adoptees' feelings about South Korea

In a 1999 study of 167 adult Korean adoptees by The Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute, group discussions about the topic of how they felt about South Korea led to many feelings. There was anger about the negative way Koreans view adopted Koreans. There was concern over Korean orphans in South Korean orphanages, and there was a feeling of obligation to help the Korean orphans who remained in the South Korean orphanages. There was a feeling of responsibility to change Koreans' views of domestic adoption, so that adopting an orphan in South Korea would not be something that Koreans in South Korea would be ashamed of doing.^[43]

Adoptees' memories of orphanages and initial adoption

In a 1999 study of 167 adult Korean adoptees by The Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute, there were adoptees who mainly remembered experiencing poverty as orphans such as one adoptee who remembered eating much oatmeal with flies in it as an orphan in South Korea. Some adoptees remembered feeling a sense of loss of the relationships that they had with people when they left their South Korean orphanages. Some of the adoptees remembered being scared of their new living situation with adoptive parents in a new country when they had just been adopted out of South Korea.^[43]

Kamsitish

Discrimination for being adopted

2014 yilgi maqola Milliy radio said that Koreans in South Korea were prejudiced against Korean adoptees, and the 2014 news article said that Korean adoptees who were adopted domestically by other Koreans in South Korea often became outcast and bullied by other Koreans at their South Korean school.^[16]

Discrimination for race and appearance

In a 1999 study of 167 adult Korean adoptees by The Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute, the majority of respondents (70%) reported their race being the reason they were discriminated against while growing up, and a minority of respondents (28%) reported their adoptee status as being the reason they were discriminated against while growing up. One of the study's respondents said that growing up in a small town of white people made him an oddity that few people wanted to associated with, and he said that he had wanted to be like other people instead of being different. Other respondents said that the discrimination they received growing up caused them to deny their Korean heritage.^[43]

In a 2010 book, Kim Rasmussen gave an example of a Korean adoptee from the United States who returned to South Korea and tried to apply for the job of an English teacher in South Korea only to be denied the job due to her race. The Korean adoptee was told that she was rejected for the job, because the mothers of the students wanted their children to be taught English from a white person.^[20]

2015-dagi maqolada Bo'g'ozlar vaqti, Korean adoptee Simone Huits who was adopted to a Golland oila Gollandiya made the following remark about growing up in a small Dutch town, "All the children wanted to touch me because I looked different. It was scary and overwhelming."^[52]

Discrimination for not speaking Korean

In a 1999 study of 167 adult Korean adoptees by The Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute, the majority of respondents (72%) reported that they had no ability with the Korean language, and only a minority of respondents (25%) reported that they had any ability with the Korean language. Of the study's respondents who visited South Korea, 22% described their visit as a negative experience, and about 20% described their visit as a both negative and positive experience. Inability to speak Korean was mentioned as being a cause of their visit being a negative experience by more than one respondent, and inability to speak Korean was generally the cause of the negative parts of the visit for the respondents who reported both a positive and negative experience. One respondent said that they felt that Koreans in South Korea looked down on them for their inability to speak Korean. Another respondent said that the Koreans in South Korea were initially nice to them, but the respondent said that Koreans in South Korea became rude to them after finding out that they could not speak Korean. Many of the adoptees felt like they were foreigners while visiting South Korea.^[43]

A 2007 book about Korean adoption said that it was uncomfortable for Korean adoptees who do not speak Korean and who do not have Korean last names to associate with Korean-speaking children of Korean immigrants in school districts with children of Korean immigrant families.^[53]

Korean adoptee camps

Holt International Adoptee Camp Locations
Oregon Camp Wisconsin Camp Nebraska Camp East Coast Camp
Manba: Holt International Veb-sayt[54][55][56][57]
Korean Adoptee Camp Locations
Camp Moo Gung Hwa Korean Adoption Means Pride
Sources: Camp Moo Gung Hwa Website[58] Korean Adoption Means Pride Website[59]

Holt adoptee camps

Holt adoptee camps are places where transracial and/or international adoptees can talk about feelings of not fitting in and isolation in a safe space. Each day there are group discussions about issues of identity, adoption and questions regarding race that last about an hour.^[60] The locations of the camps are Korbett, Oregon; Uilyams Bay, Viskonsin; Ashland, Nebraska va Sasseks, Nyu-Jersi.^{[54][55][56][57]}

Camp Moo Gung Hwa

Camp Moo Gung Hwa is a Korean culture camp for Korean adoptees in Raleigh, Shimoliy Karolina. The camp first started in 1995 with the name Camp Hodori, and the camp changed its name to Camp Moo Gung Hwa in 1996. The purpose of the camp is to improve the Korean adoptees' knowledge of Koreya madaniyati and improve their self-esteem.^[61]

Korean Adoption Means Pride

Korean Adoption Means Pride (KAMP) is a camp in Deyton, Ayova for Korean adoptees and their families. The camp exposes camp attendees to Koreya madaniyati. Korean culture classes cover Koreys oshxonasi, Koreys raqsi, Koreys tili, taekvondo and Korean arts and crafts.^[59]

Heritage Camps for Adoptive Families

Heritage Camps for Adoptive Families (HCAF) was founded in 1991 and consists of nine different camps for varying adoptee groups, one of which is Korean Heritage Camp.^[62] KHC is held annually at Snow Mountain Ranch in Frayzer, Kolorado. It brings adoptees and their families together each year to learn about adoption and Koreya madaniyati.^[63]

Adoptees returning to South Korea

Adoptees returning to visit South Korea

In a 1999 study of 167 adult Korean adoptees by The Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute, most of the adult Korean adoptees felt that younger Korean adoptees should visit South Korea, 57% of the 167 adult Korean adoptees reported that they have visited South Korea and 38% of the 167 adult Korean adoptees reported visiting South Korea as a means with which they explored their Korean heritage.^[43]

Eleana J. Kim, Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the Rochester universiteti, said that South Korea developed programs for adult Korean adoptees to return to South Korea and learn about what it means to be Korean; these programs included wearing hanboks and learning to make kimchi.^[64]

Adoptees returning to live in South Korea

When International Korean Adoptees turned into adults, many of them chose to return.^[65] These countries include Sweden, United States of America, the Netherlands, France, Belgium etc. In this respect the so-called re-Koreanization of the Korean adoptees is often reproduced in South Korean popular media (e.g. the blockbuster 'Kuk'ka Taep'yo/National Representative/Take Off). The 're-Koreanization can be reflected in Korean ethnic based nationalism (both North and South of the 38th parallel).

2005 yildagi maqola Tire: Osiyo Amerikasi jabrlanmagan said that an increasing number adoptees were moving back to live in South Korea to try to help other Korean adoptees, and it said that many of these returning Korean adoptees were critical of South Korea's adoption system. The article said that one returning Korean adoptee, for example, made a confrontational exhibition where he posted photos of 3,000 Korean adoptees in South Korea's three largest cities with the hope that South Koreans would see these photos and question why South Korea was still sending many Korean children abroad as adoptees. The article said that another returning Korean adoptee created an organization based in South Korea called Adoptee Solidarity Korea (ASK) to end the international adoption of South Korean orphans, and the article said that ASK intended to accomplish this goal by "preventing teenage pregnancy through sex education, monitoring orphanages and foster care, increasing domestic adoption and expanding welfare programs for single mothers." The article said that other Korean adoptees who returned to live in South Korea did volunteer work in orphanages.^[66]

The article went on to say Korean adoptees who return to live in South Korea choose to use a Koreyscha ism, their adopted name or a combination of both while living in South Korea. The article said that one returning adoptee said that they chose to use a combination of both names to indicate their status as a Korean adoptee. The article said that another returning Korean adoptee chose to use a Korean name, but the name they decided to go by was one that they chose for themselves and not the Korean name which was originally assigned to them by their orphanage when they were an orphan. The article said that another returning Korean adoptee decided to go by their original Korean name over their adopted Belgian name, because their Belgian name was difficult for other people to pronounce.^[66]

The article also claimed that Korean adoptees who return to live in South Korea from the United States generally hold higher paying jobs in South Korea that involve speaking English and teaching while Korean adoptees who return to live in South Korea from European countries that use other languages generally get involved with lower paying jobs in restaurants, bars and stores while living in South Korea.^[66]

In 2010 the South Korean Government legalized dual citizenship for Korean adoptees, and this law that went into effect in 2011.^[2]

Adoptees deported to South Korea

2016 yilgi maqola Guardian said that the South Korean government had record of 10 Korean adoptees who were deported from the United States to South Korea.^[67]

2016 yilgi maqola Millat described the story of a Korean adoptee who did not have AQSh fuqaroligi who was deported to South Korea from the United States for committing a crime in the United States.^[68]

A 2017 article in the New York Times about a Korean adoptee who was deported and is looking to make a life in South Korea, the article does an overview of the lives of returning Korean adoptees and the difficulties they face.^[69]

Adoptee Associations

Birinchi birlashma to be created for adult Korean adoptees was Adopterade Koreaners Förening which as founded on November 19, 1986, in Sweden.^[70] In 1995, the first Korean adoptee conference was held in Germany, and, in 1999, Korean adoptee conferences were arranged in both the US and South Korea.^[1]

A 2010 book about South Korean adoption estimated that ten percent of Korean adoptees who are over the age of eighteen are part of adult Korean adoptee associations.^[4]

Against international adoptions

2015 yilgi maqola Iqtisodchi said that the Truth and Reconciliation for the Adoption Community of Korea (TRACK) was a lobby group of Korean adoptees that lobbied against the adoption of South Koreans by other countries.^[28]

A 2016 book about South Korean adoption said that Adoptee Solidarity Korea (ASK) was an association of Korean adoptees that was committed to ending international adoption.^[83]

Statistika

U.S. adoption of Korean children by year

U.S. adoption of Korean children by age group

1999 to 2016 US adoptees

From 1999 to 2015, there have been 20,058 Koreans adopted by US families. Of these 20,058 children, 12,038 (about 60%) have been male and 8,019 (about 40%) have been female. Of these 20,058 children, 16,474 were adopted when they were less than one year old, 3,164 were adopted when they were between one and two years old and 310 were adopted when they were between three and four years old. Of these 20,058 children, 19,222 of them immigrated to the United States using the IR-4 Immediate Relative Immigrant Visa, and 836 of them immigrated to the United States using the IR-3 Immediate Relative Immigrant Visa.^[87]

Individual Korean adoptees

Works of Korean adoptees have become known both in art, literature and film-making. Other Korean adoptees have received celebrity status for other reasons, like Tez orada-Yi Previn kim bilan turmush qurgan Vudi Allen, aktrisalar Nikol Bilderbak va Jenna Ushkovits, model va aktrisa Beckitta Fruit, Washington State Senator Pol Shin, former Slovak rap-artist Daniel Hwan Oostra, Kristen Kish of Top Chef - Season 10, make-up artist turned content creator Claire Marshall,^[89] former French minister Fler Pellerin va professional beysbol o'yinchi Rob Refsnyder. The 2015 Movie Egizaklar which covers the life of real life Korean Adoptees Samantha Futerman and Anaïs Bordier who were separated at birth and reconnected online and meeting in real life.

Alessi, Joy

2016 yilgi maqola Hankyoreh covered the story of Korean adoptee Joy Alessi. Alessi was put in a South Korean orphanage in Munsan on July 20, 1966, a day or two after being born, and she was adopted in the United States through Holt Children's Welfare Association when she was seven months old. Alessi found out that she was not a US citizen when she was 25 years old after trying to apply for a AQSh pasporti and being unable to obtain one due to not being a US citizen. Alessi was ultimately able to get a Janubiy Koreya pasporti after some difficulties. Alessi needed to present her South Korean passport, adoption documents and describe her situation in order to get a job, and she obtained a job as a flight attendant. Alessi returned to South Korea when she was 49 years old, and she tried to find her birth parents in South Korea, but she was not able to find them.^[90]

Almoz, Sivan

Born in South Korea in the 1960s, Sivan Almoz was found abandoned by an orphanage soon after her birth. She spent three years at an orphanage before being adopted by an Israeli couple.

Almoz went on to become a social worker, and co-founded the “First Hug†association which trains and dispatched volunteers that care for babies abandoned at Israeli hospitals.

In an interview, she has stated that when she turned 18, the age at which she is entitled to access information and documentation related to her adoption according to law, she has decided instead to “adopt my non-biological parents†. She has never searched for her birth parents. ^[91]

Audenaerde, Hojung

2017 yilgi maqola Yonxap covered the story of Korean adoptee Hojung Audenaerde. The article said that Audenaerde was twenty-seven months old when her birth father gave her up for adoption. Audenaerde was adopted by a Belgiyalik couple who moved to the United States. Audenaerde's adoption agency found her birth father, because Audenaerde's documentation was intact and correct. Audenaerde communicated with her birth father by exchanging letters which led to Audenaerde finding her partially paralyzed birth mother with whom she had her first meeting in 2014.^[92]

Brandt, Marissa

2017 yilgi maqola The New York Times said that Korean adoptee Marissa Brandt who was adopted by an American family was a himoyachi kuni Janubiy Koreyaning xokkey bo'yicha ayollar terma jamoasi, and the article said that she wore her Koreyscha ism, Park Yoon-jung, on her xokkey formasi.^[93]

Boyer, Pierre Sang

A 2016 video on the Arirang YouTube channel covered the story of Pierre Sang Boyer. The narrator of the video said that Boyer was a Korean adoptee who arrived in France when he was seven years old. The narrator said that Boyer started cooking French cuisine when he was sixteen years old. The narrator said that Boyer experienced Korean cuisine on his trip back to Korea to find his heritage. The narrator said that Boyer opened a Korean-style, French cuisine restaurant in 2012, and the narrator said that Boyer was encouraged to open another restaurant in 2014. The narrator said that Boyer wanted to introduce French-style, Korean cuisine in Korea.^[94]

Burns, Cyndy

2016 yilgi maqola CBS News covered the story of Korean adoptee Cyndy Burns who was left at an adoption agency when she was ten months old. Burns had grown up in Konnektikut. Burns used a DNA sample to find her birth mother, Sun Cha, who had been living in the United States, and Burns went to Takoma, Vashington to meet her birth mother.^[95]

Clay, Phillip

2017 yilgi maqola Filadelfiya tergovchisi covered the story of Korean adoptee Phillip Clay who was adopted in 1983 to a couple in Filadelfiya u 8 yoshida. Not having AQSh fuqaroligi and having a long sudlanganlik, Clay was deported in 2012 to South Korea. For the next five years, Clay struggled to speak Korean and form connections with other Korean adoptees. On May 21, 2017, Clay committed o'z joniga qasd qilish by jumping from the 14th floor of a building in Ilsan.^[96]

Clement, Thomas Park

2015 yilgi maqola Washington Times said that mixed-race Korean adoptee Thomas Park Clement who was born during the middle of the Koreya urushi remembered being abandoned by his birth mother when he was four and half years old after Clement's birth mother told him to walk down a street and not turn around. Clement lived on the streets before being put in an orphanage. Two years after, Clement was adopted by a family in Shimoliy Karolina. Clement later received a degree in electrical engineering from Purdue universiteti, and Clement founded Mectra Labs, a medical device company, in 1988. Clement was not planning on looking for his birth mother.^[97]

2013 yilgi maqola Berkshir burguti said that Clement's 2012 biography was called Dust of the Streets: The Journey of a Biracial Orphan of the Korean War.^[98]

2016 yilgi maqola Sietl Tayms said that Korean adoptee Thomas Park Clement founded Mectra Labs which is a medical-manufacturing company, and it said that Clement has pledged $1,000,000 worth of DNA testing kits for donation. Clement has given 2,550 DNA testing kits to Korean adoptees and Korean War veterans, and he has given 450 DNA testing kits to 325Kamra which is a volunteer organization to give to people in South Korea. Clement said, "I have throughout the years experienced so many of my fellow Korean adoptees' frustrations with birth-relative searches", and Clement said, "DNA is shortcutting the search process and bringing all parties in direct communication with each other."^[99]

2015 yilgi maqola PRI said that Clement was paying for the DNA kits from 23 va men.^[100]

Crapser, Adam

2016 yilgi maqola Q13 tulki said that Immigration Judge John O'Dell chose to deport Adam Crapser, a Korean adoptee who was not a AQSh fuqarosi, due to Crapser's criminal record.^[101]

2016 yilgi maqola The New York Times covered the story of Kwon Pil-ju, the birth mother of Korean adoptee Adam Crapser. The article said that Kwon gave Crapser up for adoption when Crapser was three years old. Kwon found out about Crapser from a relative who told her about Crapser being on an MBC documentary in 2015. Kwon got in touch with the producer of the 2015 MBC documentary, and the producer set up a video communication for Kwon and Crapser. Crapser plans to reunite with Kwon after being deported to South Korea.^[102]

Davidson, Kyung Eun

2016 yilgi maqola Korea Herald covered the story of Korean adoptee Kyung Eun Davidson. The article said that Davidson was a Korean adoptee who was given up for adoption when she was three years old by her birth father. Davidson grew up in Oregon qabul qilinganidan keyin. Davidson was in Korea from 2005 to 2007 to find her birth mother. Davidson reunited with her birth father in 2007, but after their first reunion he disappeared. Davidson went back to the United States from Korea in 2007. Davidson's birth father had lied to her birth mother that he had been raising her for more than twenty years when in reality he had put her up for adoption. Davidson's birth mother went to Xolt in 2008 after Davidson's birth mother found out about her biological daughter being put up for adoption by Davidson's birth father. Davidson became aware that her birth mother did not relinquish her for adoption in 2016. Davidson found her birth mother through a DNA match, and Davidson and her birth mother were going to meet each other in person.^[103]

Davis, Amy

2017-dagi maqola Duluth News Tribune covered the story of Korean adoptee Amy Davis. Davis was adopted in the seventies, and Davis grew up in Kloket, Minnesota, in a community of mostly white people. Davis's adoptive parents were told that Davis had been abandoned, so there was no way to contact Davis's birth parents. In 2016, Davis went to Korea to search for her birth parents, and Davis's case manager told Davis that her biological aunt had been looking for her seven years ago. Davis's case manager originally did not tell Davis the name of her biological aunt, because it was against Korea's privacy laws for the case manager to tell Davis this information, but the case manager eventually broke the law and told Davis the information. Davis found her biological aunt, and Davis found her birth father who was proven to be her birth father through DNA testing. Davis's birth parents had split up when Davis was one year old, and Davis's birth father had been leaving Davis with his mother (Davis's biological grandmother) while Davis's birth father went to work. Davis had long thought that she was abandoned in a police station, but, in reality, it was her biological grandmother who had put her up for adoption without her birth parents' consent or awareness, and this act had caused her birth family to become begona. Davis's 97-year-old biological grandmother asked for forgiveness for what she had done to Davis, and Davis forgave her.^[104]

Eckert, Karen Hae Soon

A 2000 article in PBS covered the story of Korean adoptee Karen Hae Soon Eckert. Eckert was discovered at a police station in Seul on February 21, 1971, with no accompanying written information left with her. Because she had no written information left with her, she was given the name Park Hae-soon. Officials estimated Eckert's birthday to be February 12, 1971, because they said that she looked about 10 days old. Eckert was in a hospital for four months after she was born before being put in Holt International's foster care. When Eckert was 9 months old, she was adopted, and she grew up in Danville, Kaliforniya. Eckert's brothers and parents were white people. Five years after she was eighteen years old, Eckert joined a group of adult adoptees. Eckert liked encountering other adoptees, she liked sharing experiences and she liked being able to empathize.^[105]

Fostervold, Layne

2017 yilgi maqola PRI covered the story of Korean adoptee Layne Fostervold. Fostervold's birth mother, Kim Sook-nyeon, was unwed when she became pregnant with Fostervold in 1971, and Kim Sook-nyeon's family would have encountered a lot of stigma and prejudice if she had kept Fostervold. Fostervold was adopted when he was 2 years old, and Fostervold grew up in Willmar, Minnesota. Fostervold said that he had the feeling for almost all of his life that his birth mother did not want to give him up for adoption. Kim Sook-nyeon said that she had to promise not to go looking for Fostervold in the future. Kim Sook-nyeon said that she had prayed for Fostervold, worried about Fostervold and wanted Fostervold to have a good life. Fostervold went to Korea in 2012, and he talked to Korea Social Service (KSS) which was the agency which had done his adoption. A social worker for KSS told Fostervold that a person who claimed to be his birth mother looked for him in 1991 and 1998, but nobody from KSS had told his adoptive family this information. Fostervold reunited with his birth mother. Fostervold moved to South Korea in 2016, and Fostervold was living with his birth mother in 2017. Fostervold was trying to learn the Korean language in order to obtain a professional job, and Fostervold changed his last name from Fostervold back to Kim on social media.^[106]

Haruch, Steven

A 2000 article in PBS covered the story of Korean adoptee Steven Haruch. The story was that Haruch was born in Seul in 1974, and Haruch was given the name Oh Young-chan by the strangers who took care for him until Haruch went to the United States in 1976. Haruch was adopted to a white family and most of the people around him were white too. In high school and college, Haruch wrote self-pitying poems about being adopted. In 2000, Haruch was the Acting Instructor in the Department of English in Vashington universiteti. Haruch wrote film tanqidlari uchun Sietl haftaligi, and Haruch was a part-time teacher at a Koreys-amerikalik maktabdan keyingi dastur.^[107]

Heit, Shannon

2014 yilgi maqola MinnPost covered the story of Korean adoptee Shannon Heit. Heit was on K-pop yulduzi in 2008 for the purpose of trying to find her birth mother who she believed had given her up for adoption more than twenty years ago. Heit's appearance on TV and Heit's singing ability led to her being reunited with her birth mother. Heit learned that she had been put up for adoption by her biological grandmother when her birth mother was away working which was contrary to the story her adoptive family had been told. Heit was supportive of the Special Adoption Law which went into effect in August 2012. 2014 yilda Xeyt Janubiy Koreyada yashagan, turmush qurgan va muharriri va tarjimoni bo'lib ishlagan. Shuningdek, 2014 yilda Heit turmush qurmagan onalarga yordam berish uchun fuqarolik guruhlari bilan ish olib borgan va u asrab olingan bolalarga maslahat bergan. Xeyt AQShdagi asrab olgan ota-onasi bilan aloqada bo'lib qoldi va Xeyt "mening ishim asrab oluvchi ota-onalar mehr-muhabbatli va eng yaxshi niyatli bo'lsa ham, qanday qilib shikast etkazishi mumkinligini ko'rsatmoqda."^[108]

Jons, Sara

1970-yillarda Janubiy Koreyada tug'ilgan Saraning otasi, unga munosib g'amxo'rlik ko'rsatilishini ta'minlash uchun uni etimxonaga joylashtirish to'g'risida qat'iy qaror qildi. Uni bolalar uyiga joylashtirishdan oldin, otasi oilasining har bir a'zosiga maxsus tatuirovka qilgan.

3 yoshida Sara AQShning Yuta shtatidan kelgan oq tanli oila tomonidan asrab olindi. Uning yangi ota-onasi uni Yuta shtatiga ko'chirishdi, unga yangi ism berishdi va sirli tatuirovkasini olib tashlashdi. Keyin u asosan oq tanli jamoada yagona ozchilik sifatida tarbiyalangan. Uning tarbiyasi natijasida Sara Osiyolik ayolga qaraganda ko'proq oq tanli ayol ekanligini aniqladi. Sara Yuta Universitetini imtiyozli diplom bilan B.S. kimyo muhandisligi sohasida Brigham Young Universitetini bitirgan, ayol bosh direktorga aylangan va Ayollar Texnik Kengashiga asos solgan.

Muvaffaqiyatiga qaramay, Sara o'z oilasini topishni va Osiyo merosini qabul qilishni orzu qildi. U o'zining tug'ilgan oilasini qidirishni boshlash uchun zamonaviy resurslardan va uning sirli tatuirovkasidan foydalangan. Qabul qilinganidan 42 yil o'tgach, Sara o'zining tug'ilgan oilasi bilan birlashdi. U hozirda koreyalik farzand asrab olish, asosan oq tanli jamoada ozchilikni o'stirish, tug'ilgan oilasi bilan birlashish va boshqalarga yordam berish uchun oq tanli erkaklar ustun bo'lgan sohada ishlaydigan ayol rahbar bo'lish kabi noyob tajribasidan foydalanmoqda. Yaqinda u Ted.com tomonidan 2019 yilgi "TedxSaltLakeCity" nutqi uchun "Transracial asrab oluvchi sifatida sevgi va yo'qotish haqidagi hikoyam" bilan qatnashdi.

Sara hozirda inklyuziv ish muhitini yaratishda tashkilotlarga yordam berishga ixtisoslashgan "InclusivePro" konsalting firmasining bosh direktoridir. U Silikon Slopes Tech Summit-ni ochib berdi, shuningdek ko'plab maqolalarda, nashrlarda va podkastlarda namoyish etildi. Sora o'z ishi natijasida Yuta Universitetining muhandislik kollejining "Xizmat ko'rsatgan bitiruvchisi" mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi. U olgan boshqa mukofotlar qatoriga yilning bosh direktori, "Ayollarni tomosha qilish" sharafiga sazovor bo'lish va Utah Innovation mukofotini olish kiradi. ^{[109][110][111][112][113]}

Kim, Dong-xva

2017 yilgi maqola Korea JoongAng Daily Koreyalik asrab oluvchi Kim Dong Xvaning hikoyasini yoritdi. Maqolada aytilishicha, Kim va uning tug'ma singlisi ikkalasi ham go'dakligida tug'ilgan onasi tomonidan tashlab ketilgan. Kim va uning singlisi 1979 yilda Janubiy Koreyadan uchib ketishgan. Ikkovi bir oilaga asrab olingan Portlend, Oregon va Kimning aytishicha, bu taxminan bir yil davom etgan. Kim va uning singlisi keyinchalik homiylik ostidagi oilaga yuborildi Denver, Kolorado, taxminan besh yil davomida va bu oila bolalarga nisbatan jismoniy zo'ravonlik uchun aybdor deb topilgan. Keyin Kim va uning singlisi homiylikka berildi. 1986 yilda Kim va uning singlisi meksikalik kelib chiqishi bo'lgan ota-onalari bilan homiylik ostidagi oilaga joylashtirildi hujjatsiz muhojirlar yilda Sharqiy Los-Anjeles, Kaliforniya. Kimning aytishicha, bu yangi homiylik ostidagi oila uni va uning singlisini kaltaklagan, Kim esa uni katta tayoq bilan urishgan. Kimning aytishicha, u singlisiga jinsiy zo'ravonlik ko'rsatilayotganini his qilgan, chunki Kim buni aytgan "U g'alati ishlarni qila boshladi, shuning uchun… bilasizmi"Kim ikki yil bor edi voyaga etmaganlarni hibsga olish Kim tarbiyalovchi otasini maqtagan qo'shnilarni eshitgandan so'ng, bolasini tarbiyalagan otasining boshiga bolg'a bilan urganidan keyin. Keyinchalik Kim hujum qilish, to'daga mansublik va qurolni saqlashda ayblanib, Kimni besh yil qamoq jazosiga hukm qildi va Kim o'ldiruvchi qurol bilan hujum qilganlikda ayblanib, ushbu besh yillik qamoq muddatidan uch yil o'tib. Kimning advokati Kimga u umrbod deportatsiyani qabul qilish orqali qamoq jazosidan qochib qutulishni taklif qildi, chunki Kim AQSh fuqarosi bo'lishi uchun qog'oz ishi hech qachon tugatilmagan. Kim dedi: "Men shunchaki qamoqxonada o'tirishni xohlamadim.", va Kim Janubiy Koreyaga bordi. Janubiy Koreyada Kim kreditlar yordamida boshqa odam bilan Meksika restoranini ochishdan oldin ingliz tilini o'rgatdi.^[114]

Metyu, Dan

2016 yilgi hujjatli film NBC News muqobil reper bo'lgan koreyalik asrab olingan Den Metyusning hikoyasini yoritdi. 2013 yilda Metyus hujjatli filmda bo'lgan "aka Dan"u erda u o'zining biologik oilasi va egizak akasi bilan qayta bog'langan. 2016 yilda yana to'rt nafar koreyalik farzand asrab olganlar va Metyuslar hujjatli filmda Koreyaga tashrif buyurishdi"aka SEUL"bu film NBC Asian America va International Secret Agents (ISAtv) tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan va beshta koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchilar ushbu hujjatli filmda asrab oluvchining shaxsini yoritib berishgan.^[115]

O'Kallagan, Madok Xyonsu

2016 yilgi maqola WUSA 9 Koreyalik asrab oluvchi Madok Xyonsu O'Kallaganning hikoyasini yoritdi. Maqolada uch yoshga to'lgan O'Kallaganni asrab olgan otasi Brayan O'Kallagan o'ldirganligi, faqat uch oy davomida uni asrab olgan otasi uni devorga uloqtirgandan keyin uni asrab olgani aytilgan. Asrab olgan otaning advokati uning ekanligini ta'kidladi Dengiz kuchlari korpusi faxriy mijoz bor edi TSSB bu uning g'azablanishiga va boshqaruvni yo'qotishiga olib keldi. Koreyalik asrab oluvchi Annalie Yi, farzand asrab oluvchi otaning qamoqdan ozod etilishi uchun uni to'rt yildan keyin ozod qilishi mumkin bo'lgan qamoq jazosini "deb bildi."bilagiga urmoq"Koreyalik farzand asrab oluvchilar hamjamiyati O'Kallaganning qabrida uning o'rniga uning ismi yozilgan belgi bo'lganidan xafa bo'lishdi. tosh Koreyalik asrab oluvchilar hamjamiyati O'Kallaganning qabri uchun tosh tosh sotib olishni taklif qilishdi, ammo koreyalik asrab oluvchilar hamjamiyati asrab oluvchi onaning jasadni ko'chirmoqchi ekanligi haqidagi bayonotini qabul qildi.^[116]

2016 yilgi maqola DCW 50 Brian O'Callaghan 5 yil ichida shartli ravishda ozod qilish huquqi bilan 12 yillik qamoq jazosini oldi.^[117]

2016 yilgi maqola Washington Post tuman sudyasi Jon Debelius asrab oluvchi otaning fikriga qo'shilganligini aytdi TSSB O'Kallaganning o'limiga sabab bo'lgan va Debelius O'Kallaganning o'limi deb ishonmasligini aytdi oldindan o'ylab qo'yilgan asrab olgan otasi tomonidan o'ldirish.^[118]

Shildkraut, Nikki Sa-eun

2015 yilgi maqola 89.3KPCC koreyalik asrab oluvchi Nikki Sa-eun Shildkrautning hikoyasini yoritdi. Shildkrautning asrab olishdagi aniq yoshi ma'lum emas edi va u AQShning Boston shahri yaqinida o'sgan. Shildkraut ikki marta Janubiy Koreyaga tug'ilgan oilasi haqida ma'lumot topishga harakat qilgan. Shildkraut "Hech qachon biologik oilam va qarindoshlarimni topa olmasligim. Menimcha, bunday yo'qotish yo'qolishi mumkin, shunchaki doimiy yo'qotish."Shildkraut shunday dedi:"Men g'arblashgan oilamda o'sib-ulg'ayganim kabi barcha imtiyozlarga egaman, agar men hali ham Koreyada bo'lganimda, olgan bilimim va darajamga ega bo'lolmas edim, shuning uchun o'zimni baxtli his qilyapman."^[119]

Til, Bruk

2017-dagi maqola Milwaukee Journal Sentinel Koreyalik asrab oluvchi Bruk Tile haqidagi voqeani yoritdi. Thiele yilda tug'ilgan Degu va u 9 oyligida oq tanli oilaga asrab olindi Green Bay, Viskonsin. Thiele mukofotlandi Meri L. Nolning stipendiyasi uning loyihasida ishlash uchun $ 10,000 miqdorida grant millatlararo asrab olish. Thiele a qilishni rejalashtirmoqda hanbok a kabi aylanayotganda pastki qismdagi rasmlarni jonlantiradi zoetrop Nol Fellowship ko'rgazmasi uchun uni asrab olish haqidagi hikoyani aytib berish.^[120]

Tompson, Veronika

2017 yilgi maqola Guardian koreyalik asrab oluvchi Veronika Tompsonning hikoyasini yoritdi. 1974 yilda Tompsonni o'zi Janubiy Koreyaning politsiya idorasi oldida sumkada topdi. Tompson ikki marta uning kelib chiqishi haqida bilishga urindi va bu ikkala urinish ham muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi. Tompson "Fancy of Flights at" yakkaxon shousini namoyish qilmoqchi edi Soho teatri. Fancy Flights - Tompsonning tug'ilgan onasi bilan xayoliy muzokaralar va Fancy Flights - Tompsonning politsiya bo'limidan sayr qilish, asrab olish va bolalikni yaqin shaharchada davom etishi. Sietl oq tanli oila bilan va kelayotgan Birlashgan Qirollik 2000-yillarning boshlarida. Fancy parvozlari chuqurlashdi hisobga olish siyosati, migratsiya va mansublik.^[121]

Trenka, Jeyn Jeong

2010 yildagi maqola MinnPost Koreyalik asrab oluvchi Jeyn Jeong Trenka Gaitidan bir oy o'tgach, Gaitidan asrab olingan bolalardan xavotirda ekanligini aytdi 2010 yil Gaitida zilzila, bo'lishi mumkin sotilgan, noto'g'ri aniqlangan yoki ularga g'amxo'rlik qila oladigan kattalardan olib tashlangan.^[122]

Shuningdek qarang

• Irqlararo asrab olish
• Palimpsest: Koreyalik farzand asrab olishdan olingan hujjatlar - Koreyadan kelib chiqqan shved asrab oluvchisi haqidagi nasl-nasab, uning nasabini kuzatgan

Adabiyotlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Keyn, Saralee, "Xalqaro farzand asrab olish uchun bolalar harakati: epidemiologik nuqtai nazar", Ijtimoiy fanlar jurnali, 1993, jild 30 4-son, p323.
• Meier, Dani Isaac, "Yo'qotilgan va qaytarib berilgan hayot: madaniy o'ziga xoslik va koreys-amerika mamlakatlarida qabul qilinganlarning joyi", Bitiruv malakaviy ishi, Minnesota universiteti, 1998 yil mart.
• Pate, SoJin, Etimlardan asrab olishgacha: AQSh imperiyasi va koreyalik farzand asrab olish nasabnomalari. Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota universiteti matbuoti, 2014 yil.
• Shvekendiek, Daniel, "Koreyaning boy G'arbga ko'chishi", Nyu-York: Nova Publishers, 2012 y
• Bishoff, Tonya va Jo Rankin, Tovushsiz daraxtdan olingan urug'lar: Koreyalik asrab olinganlarning antologiyasi. Glendeyl, Kaliforniya: Pandal Press, 1997 y.