Jek Jonson (bokschi) - Jack Johnson (boxer)

"Black Jack Jonson" bu erga yo'naltiradi. Guruh uchun qarang Yangi xavf.

Jek Jonson
Jek Jonson, 1915 (tahrirlash) .jpg
Jonson 1915 yilda
Statistika
Taxallus (lar)Galveston Giant[1]
Og'irligi (lar)Og'ir vazn[1]
Balandligi6 fut 1⁄2 ichida (184,2 sm)[2][3]
Yetib boring188 dyuymda 74 dyuym[1]
Tug'ilgan(1878-03-31)1878 yil 31 mart[1]
Galveston, Texas, BIZ.[1]
O'ldi1946 yil 10-iyun(1946-06-10) (68 yosh)[1]
Franklinton, Shimoliy Karolina, BIZ.
VaziyatPravoslav[1]
Boks bo'yicha rekord
Jami janglar95
G'alaba70
KO tomonidan yutuqlar35
Zararlar11
Chizadi11
Tanlovlar yo'q3

Jon Artur Jonson (1878 yil 31 mart - 1946 yil 10 iyun), "" laqabliGalveston Giant", amerikalik edi bokschi balandlikda kim Jim qarg'a davri, birinchi bo'ldi Afroamerikalik og'ir vaznda boks bo'yicha jahon chempioni (1908–1915). Davrning eng ustun chempionlari orasida Jonson 1910 yilgi jangiga qarshi boks afsonasi bo'lib qolmoqda Jeyms J. Jeffri "deb nomlanganasrning jangi ".[4] Kinorejissyorning so'zlariga ko'ra Ken Berns, "o'n uch yildan ortiq vaqt davomida Jek Jonson Yer yuzidagi eng taniqli va eng taniqli afroamerikalik bo'lgan".[5][6] Boksdan ustun bo'lib, u bir qismga aylandi madaniyati va Amerikadagi irqchilik tarixi.[7]

1912 yilda Jonson muvaffaqiyatli va hashamatli "qora va tan" ni ochdi (ajratilgan ) restoran va tungi klub, qisman uning xotini, oq tanli ayol tomonidan boshqarilgan. Tez orada o'sha paytdagi yirik gazetalar Jonson oq tanli ayolga uylangan qora tanli erkak sifatida mashhur bo'lib, boshqa oq tanli ayollar bilan bog'langandan keyingina hukumat tomonidan hujumga uchragan deb da'vo qildilar.[8] Jonson ushbu qoidalarni buzganlikda ayblanib hibsga olingan Mann akti - ayolni "axloqsiz maqsadlar uchun" davlat chegaralari orqali olib o'tishni taqiqlash - irqiy g'ayritabiiy ayblov, uning oq tanli ayollar bilan bo'lgan munosabatlari, shu jumladan nikohlari uchun tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi.[9] Bir yillik qamoq jazosiga hukm qilingan Jonson mamlakatdan qochib chiqib, Leavenworthdagi federal jazoni ijro etish muassasasida 1920 yilgacha ettita yil davomida chet elda boks janglarida qatnashgan.

Jonson ko'p yillar davomida janjallarni davom ettirdi va bir nechta boshqa korxonalarda, shu jumladan foydali tasdiqlash bitimlarida faoliyat yuritdi. Jonson a vafot etdi avtohalokat 1946 yil 10-iyunda, 68 yoshida.[10] U dafn etilgan Greseland qabristoni yilda Chikago.

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Jonson Genri va Tina Jonsonning to'qqiz yoshli uchinchi farzandi edi. Uning ota-onasi sobiq qullar bo'lib, ular farrosh va idishlarni yuvish mashinalarida xizmat ko'rsatgan. Uning otasi Genri ittifoqning fuqarolik jamoadoshi bo'lib xizmat qilgan 38-chi rangli piyoda askarlari. U o'g'li tomonidan "u ilgari ko'rgan eng mukammal jismoniy namunasi" deb ta'riflagan, garchi uning xizmatida atrofidagi o'ng oyog'i qolgan bo'lsa ham urush.[11]

O'sish Galveston, Texas, Jonson besh yillik maktabda o'qigan.[12] Boshqa aka-ukalari singari Jek ham ishlashi kutilgan edi.[12] Yoshligida Jonson zaif edi.[13]

Jonson janubda o'sgan bo'lsa-da, u 12-palatada yashovchi har bir kishi kambag'al va bir xil kurashlarni boshdan kechirganligi sababli, ajratish bir oz yolg'iz qolgan Galveston shahrida muammo emasligini aytdi.[14] Jonson oq tanli o'g'il bolalarning "to'dasi" bilan o'sganini eslaydi, u o'zini hech qachon jabrlangan yoki chetlangan deb his qilmagan. Bolaligini eslab, Jonson shunday dedi: "Men ulg'ayganimda oq tanli bolalar mening do'stlarim va mening do'stlarim edi. Men ular bilan ovqatlanib, o'ynab, uylarida uxlar edim. Onalari menga pechene berishdi, men esa ularning stollarida ovqatlandim. Hech kim menga hech qachon oq tanlilar mendan ustunligini o'rgatmagan. "[14]

Jonson maktabni tugatgandan so'ng, mahalliy doklarda ishlay boshladi. U bir kun kelib Dallasga yo'l olgancha, poyga yo'lida otlarni mashq qiladigan ish topib, shahar atrofida boshqa ishlarda ishlashga yana bir necha bor urinib ko'rdi. Uolter Lyuis ismli vagon rassomi uchun yangi shogird topguniga qadar Jek bu ish bilan shug'ullangan. Lyuis do'stlarining kambag'alligini tomosha qilishni yaxshi ko'rar edi va Jonson boks bilan shug'ullanishni o'rgana boshladi.[15] Keyinchalik Jonson aynan Lyuis tufayli u bokschiga aylandi, deb da'vo qildi.[16]

16 yoshida Jonson Nyu-Yorkka ko'chib o'tdi va u bilan yashash sharoitlarini topdi Barbados Jo Uolkott, a o'rta vazn G'arbiy Hindistondagi jangchi.[16] Jonson yana otni charchatgani uchun ishdan bo'shatilgunga qadar mahalliy otxona uchun otlarni mashq qiladigan ishni topdi. Galvestonga qaytgach, u Germaniyada tug'ilgan og'ir vaznli jangchi Herman Bernauga tegishli sport zaliga farrosh sifatida ishga qabul qilindi. Oxir oqibat Jonson ikki juft boks qo'lqopini sotib olish uchun etarli mablag'ni sarfladi va har bir imkoniyatni sarf qildi.[17]

Uyga qaytgach, Jonson bitta Devi Pirson bilan janjallashdi. Jonson Pirsonni "o'stirilgan va qattiqqo'l" odam sifatida eslaydi, u Jonsonni axlat o'yinlari sababli politsiyaga topshirganlikda ayblagan. Ikkalasi ham qamoqdan ozod qilinganida, ular dokda uchrashishdi va Jonson ko'p sonli odamlar oldida Pirsonni kaltakladi.[17] Jonson yozgi ligada Jon "Must Have It" Li ismli odamga qarshi kurashgan. Sovrinli kurash Texasda noqonuniy bo'lganligi sababli, jang buzilib, Jonson o'zining birinchi jangini va bir dollar ellik sent mukofotini yutgan sohilga ko'chib o'tdi.[18]

Dastlabki boksdagi karerasi

Jonson professional bokschi sifatida o'zining birinchi debyutini 1898 yil 1 noyabrda Texas shtatining Galveston shahrida o'tkazgan nokaut qildi Charley Bruks "Texas shtatining o'rta vazn toifasidagi unvoni" deb nomlangan bahs uchun 15 raundlik jangning ikkinchi raundida. 1899 yil 8-mayda o'zining uchinchi pro-jangida u Chikagoda "Qora Gerakl" nomi bilan tanilgan afroamerikalik "Klondayk" (Jon V. Xeyns yoki Xayns) bilan jang qildi. Klondayk (uni noyob oltin deb atashardi, xuddi undagi oltin singari Klondayk ), o'zini "Qora og'ir vazn chempioni" deb e'lon qilgan, a bo'yicha g'alaba qozondi texnik nokaut (TKO) rejalashtirilgan oltita raundning beshinchi bosqichida. Ikki jangchi 1900 yilda yana ikki marotaba to'qnash kelishgan, birinchi revansh jangida durang qayd etilgan, chunki ikkala jangchi ham 20 raund oxirida oyoqqa turishgan. Klondayk 14-raundga chiqishni rad etganda Jonson texnik nokaut bilan uchinchi jangida g'alaba qozondi. Jonson Klondaykning tan olinmagan unvoniga da'vo qilmadi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Djo Choynski

Jonson 1909 yilda Chikagodagi Choynski orqasida turgan

1901 yil 25 fevralda Jonson jang qildi Djo Choynski Galvestonda. Og'ir vaznda mashhur va tajribali Choynski uchinchi raundda Jonsonni nokautga uchratdi. Sovrinli kurash o'sha paytda Texasda noqonuniy edi va ikkalasi ham hibsga olingan. Garov 5000 AQSh dollari qilib belgilandi, uni ikkalasi ham eplay olmaydilar. Sherif har ikkala jangchiga qamoqxonada qamoqxonada saqlashga rozi bo'lgan vaqtlari tunda uylariga ketishga ruxsat berdi. Sessiyalarni tomosha qilish uchun katta olomon to'plandi. 23 kun qamoqda o'tirgandan so'ng, ularning garov puli arzon darajaga tushirildi va katta hay'at ikkala kishini ayblashdan bosh tortdi. Keyinchalik Jonson o'sha qamoq paytida boks mahoratini o'rganganligini aytdi. Ikkalasi do'st bo'lib qoladi.[19]

Jonson boksdagi muvaffaqiyati Choynskidan olgan murabbiyligidan kelib chiqqanligini tasdiqladi.[20][21] Keksayib qolgan Choynski Jonsonda tabiiy iste'dod va qat'iyatni ko'rgan va unga "Siz kabi harakatlana oladigan odam hech qachon musht tushirmasligi kerak" deb ta'kidlab, unga mudofaaning nozik tomonlarini o'rgatgan.[6]

Boks uslubi

Butun faoliyati davomida Jonson o'ziga xos o'ziga xos jang uslubini yaratdi, bu vaqt ichida boksda odatiy bo'lmagan. U odatda birinchi bo'lib zarba bergan bo'lsa-da, raqiblari charchashini kutib, mudofaada kurash olib borar edi, garchi raundlar borgan sari tajovuzkorroq bo'lishiga qaramay. U tez-tez raqiblarini nokautga uchratish o'rniga ularni dumaloq jazolash uchun kurashgan va doimiy ravishda ularning mushtlaridan qochib qutulgan. Keyin u tezda o'z zarbasi bilan javob qaytardi. Jonson tez-tez janglarini osonlikcha ko'rinishga keltirar edi va go'yo unga ko'proq narsani taklif qilgandek edi, ammo itarish paytida u kuchli harakatlar va zarbalarni ham namoyish etishi mumkin edi. Uning janglarining filmlari bor, unda u o'zini tuzalguncha, aks holda yiqilib tushishi mumkin bo'lgan raqibini ushlab turganini ko'rish mumkin.[22][23]

Eng yaxshi da'vogar

Jonson qora tanli og'ir vazn toifasidagi sobiq chempionni mag'lub etdi Frenk Childs 1902 yil 21-oktabrda. Childs ikki marta qora tanli og'ir vazn toifasida g'olib chiqqan va u bilan kurashda o'z unvonini yo'qotganiga qaramay, uni haqiqiy qora tanli chempion deb da'vo qilishni davom ettirgan. Jorj Byers va keyin, Byers-dan unvonni qaytarib olgandan so'ng, uni yana yo'qotib qo'ydi Denver Ed Martin. U shuningdek tan olinmagan qora tanli og'ir vazn toifasiga da'vogarlik qildi.[iqtibos kerak ] Jonson rejalashtirilgan 20-raundning 12-raundida texnik nokaut bilan g'alaba qozondi, chunki Childs soniyalarida u tirsagini chiqarib, davom eta olmasligini ko'rsatdi. Jonsonning mag'lubiyati, Childsning qora tanli og'ir vazn tojiga bo'lgan da'vosini abadiy tugatdi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Og'ir vazn toifasida jahon chempioni

Jonson 1908 yilda. Fotosurat muallifi Otto Sarony

1903 yilga kelib, Jonsonning rasmiy rekordida uchta mag'lubiyatga qarshi to'qqizta g'alaba, beshta durang va ikkita bahssiz qatnashgan bo'lsa-da, u oq va qora tanli raqiblarga qarshi kamida 50 ta jangda g'alaba qozongan. Jonson 1903 yil 3-fevralda Denver Ed Martinni 20 raundlik o'yinda ochkolar bo'yicha mag'lubiyatga uchratib, birinchi unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi Og'ir vazndagi jahon chempionati. Jonson ushbu vazn toifasida og'ir vazn toifasida jahon chempionligini qo'lga kiritganida, u bo'sh qolguncha ushlab turdi Tommi Berns Sidneyda, Avstraliyada Boks kuni 1908. Uning 2151 kunlik hukmronligi 60 yillik tarixda og'ir vazn toifasida eng uzun uchinchi o'rinni egalladi. Faqat Garri Uills 3,103 kun ichida va Piter Jekson 3.041 kun davomida unvon uzoqroq ushlab turildi. Og'ir vaznda uch karra rangli chempion bo'lgan Uills bu unvonni jami 3351 kun davomida ushlab turdi.

Jonson og'ir vazn toifasidagi chempionlikni 17 marta himoya qildi, bu Uilts 26 martadan keyin ikkinchi bo'ldi. Rangli chempion bo'lib, u yana Denver Ed Martin va Frenk Chayldsni mag'lubiyatga uchratdi va bo'lajak og'ir vazn toifasidagi chempionlarni mag'lub etdi. Sem Makvi uch marta va Sem Langford bir marta. U 15-raundda Langfordni ochkolar bo'yicha mag'lubiyatga uchratdi va u hech qachon rangli chempion yoki og'ir vazn toifasida jahon chempioni bo'lganida unga boshqa zarba bermadi.

Jonson, Janet va Langford

Jonson jang qildi Jou Jeanette Jami etti marta, u og'ir vaznda jahon chempioni bo'lishidan oldin rangli chempion bo'lgan davrida to'rt marta g'alaba qozongan va ikki marta durang o'ynagan (uchta g'alaba va bitta durang gazeta qarorlari ). 1905 yildagi birinchi o'yinlarida ular durangga qarshi kurashishgan, ammo 1905 yil 25 noyabrda bo'lib o'tgan ikkinchi o'yinida Jonson belgilangan olti raundlik jangning ikkinchi raundida diskvalifikatsiya qilinganligi sababli yutqazgan. Jonson diskvalifikatsiya tufayli unvonni talab qilishni davom ettirdi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Jonson 1908 yil 26-dekabrda og'ir vaznda dunyoning birinchi afro-amerikalik chempioni bo'lganidan so'ng, uning og'ir vazn toifasidagi jahon chempionati bo'shatildi. Janet 1909 yil 20 fevralda Parijda Sem Makvi bilan kurash olib bordi va mag'lubiyatga uchradi, ammo keyinchalik o'sha yilning 17 aprelida Parijda 6000 dollarlik hamyon uchun 49 raundlik jangda Makvidan unvon oldi. Keyinchalik Jyemont Jahon unga qarshi og'ir vazn toifasidagi jahon chempionatini himoya qilishdan bosh tortganidan keyin Sem Langford bu unvonni Janet davrida egallagan. O'n sakkiz oy o'tgach, Jeanette bu nomni Langfordga boy berdi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Jahon chempioni bo'lganida, Jonson yana ko'p marotaba Janet bilan kurashmagan va besh marotaba rangli unvonni qo'lga kiritgan Langforddan qochgan. 1906 yilda Jek Jonson Sem Langford bilan jang qildi. Langford qattiq jazo oldi va 3 marta yiqitildi; ammo, u 15 dumaloq masofani bosib o'tdi.[24]

1945 yil 27-noyabrda Jonson nihoyat Jo Janet bilan ringga qaytdi. 67 yoshli Jonson Nyu-York shahridagi mitingda urush zayomlarini sotish uchun o'tkazilgan ko'rgazmada 66 yoshli Janetga qarshi maydonga tushdi. Hamyurtim sobiq rangli og'ir vazn toifasidagi chempion Garri Uills ko'rgazmada ham ishtirok etdi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Og'ir vazn toifasida jahon chempioni

Og'ir vazn toifasida jahon chempioni bo'lgan Jonsonning og'ir vazn toifasida jahon chempionligini qo'lga kiritishga bo'lgan urinishlari dastlab puchga chiqdi Jeyms J. Jeffri unga duch kelishni rad etdi va buning o'rniga nafaqaga chiqdi.[25] Biroq, Jonson sobiq chempion bilan jang qildi Bob Fitssimmons 1907 yil iyulda va uni ikki raundda nokautga uchratdi.[5]

Jonson og'ir vazn toifasida jahon chempioni unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi, 1908 yil 26 dekabrda, engil vazn chempionidan to'liq olti yil o'tgach Djo Gans birinchi afro-amerikalik boks chempioni bo'ldi. Jonsonning amaldagi jahon chempioni, kanadalik ustidan g'alabasi Tommi Berns, da Sidney stadioni Avstraliyada, Bernsni butun dunyo bo'ylab ikki yil davomida kuzatib borgan va matbuot uchun uni o'yin uchun haqorat qilganidan keyin kelgan.[26] Berns Jonsonga qarshi kurashishga promouterlar unga 30 ming dollar kafolat berganidan keyingina rozi bo'ldi.[27] Jang o'n to'rt raund davom etdi va politsiya tomonidan 20 mingdan ziyod tomoshabin oldida to'xtatildi va Jonson g'olib deb topildi.[27][28]

Jek Jonson Vankuverga, miloddan avvalgi 9-mart kuni og'ir vazn toifasida jahon chempioni sifatida keladi

Jonson Berns ustidan g'alaba qozonganidan so'ng, oq tanlilar o'rtasida irqiy adovat shu qadar chuqurlashdiki, ba'zilar "Buyuk oq umid "unvonini Jonsondan tortib olish uchun.[29] Jonson og'ir vaznda chempion bo'lganida, u boshqa barcha taniqli qora tanli erkaklarnikidan ko'ra matbuotda ko'proq yoritilgan.[30][31] Jangga qarshi irqchi matbuot tomonidan kurash olib borildi. Hatto Nyu-York Tayms voqea haqida shunday yozgan edi: "Agar qora tanli kishi g'alaba qozonsa, uning minglab va minglab johil birodarlari uning g'alabasini o'zlarining oq qo'shnilari bilan jismoniy tenglikdan ko'proq narsani talab qiladigan oqlov sifatida noto'g'ri talqin qiladilar". Jonson unvon egasi sifatida boks targ'ibotchilari tomonidan "katta oq umid" sifatida e'lon qilingan bir qator jangchilarga duch kelishi kerak edi, ko'pincha ko'rgazma o'yinlari. 1909 yilda u Toni Ross, Al Kaufman va o'rta vazn chempionini mag'lub etdi Stenli Ketchel.[iqtibos kerak ]

Dastlab Ketchel bilan o'yin ko'rgazma deb o'ylangan edi va aslida ikkala odam ham shu tarzda kurash olib borishdi, 12-raundgacha, Ketchel Jonsonning boshiga huquqni tashlab, uni yiqitdi. Tezda oyoqlarini tiklagan va juda g'azablangan Jonson darhol Ketchellga qarab yugurdi va o'zi taniqli bo'lgan bitta mushtni, ustki qismni, mushtni Ketchelning jag'iga tashladi va uni nokaut qildi. Musht Ketchelning old tishlarini qirib tashladi; Jonsonni ularni qo'lqopidan echib olishganida ko'rish mumkin.[32]

"Asr jangi"

1910 yilda sobiq mag'lubiyatsiz og'ir vazn toifasida chempion Jeyms J. Jeffri Jonsonga qarshi kurashish uchun nafaqadan chiqdi va "Men bu jangga faqat oq tanli odam negrdan yaxshiroq ekanligini isbotlash uchun boraman" deb aytdi.[33] U olti yil davomida jang qilmagan va chempionlik jang vazniga qaytish uchun 100 kilogrammdan ancha ozishi kerak edi. Dastlab Jeffri beda dehqonligidan juda xursand bo'lib, jangga qiziqish bildirmagan.[iqtibos kerak ] Ammo Jonsonni ko'rishni istaganlar bir necha oy davomida badjahl Jeffri ustidan shafqatsizlarcha mag'lubiyatga uchradilar va unga eshitilmagan pulni taklif qilishdi, ammo taxminan 120 000 dollar (2019 yilda 3,3 million dollarga teng) deb tan olishdi va u nihoyat qabul qildi.[34]

Jeyms J. Jeffri 1910 yilda Jonson bilan jang qiladi

Jefri jang kunigacha asosan ommaviy axborot vositalarining e'tiboridan yashiringan, Jonson esa diqqat markazida bo'lgan. Jon L. Sallivan, boks chempionatlarini ommabop va hurmatli tomoshaga aylantirgan Jonson Jeffri bilan taqqoslaganda juda yaxshi jismoniy holatda bo'lganligini, agar u kunning o'zida mahorat etishmasa, yutqazishi mumkinligini aytdi. Jang oldidan Jeffri: "Mening niyatim raqibimning orqasidan borib, uni imkon qadar tezroq nokautga uchratishdir" deb ta'kidladi. Uning rafiqasi: "Men sovrinli kurashni emas, balki erimning farovonligini qiziqtiraman, umid qilamanki, bu uning so'nggi jangi bo'ladi". Jonsonning so'zlari "Eng yaxshi odam g'olib bo'lsin".[34]

Jang boshlanishidan oldin irqiy ziddiyat kuchayib borar edi va har ikki bokschiga ziyon etkazmaslik uchun maydonda qurol, spirtli ichimliklar va alkogol ta'sirida bo'lganlarni sotish taqiqlangan edi. Olma, shuningdek, har qanday qurol taqiqlangan. Ommaviy axborot vositalari tomonidan qo'zg'atilgan irqiy munosabatlarning orqasida, jang uchun qimor o'ynashga katta sarmoya yotar edi va 10-7 koeffitsient Jeffri foydasiga.[34]

Jang 1910 yil 4-iyulda 20000 kishining ko'z o'ngida, faqat shahar markazida bayram uchun qurilgan halqada bo'lib o'tdi. Reno, Nevada. Jeffri o'z irodasini yosh chempionga yuklay olmasligini isbotladi va Jonson kurashda ustunlik qildi. 15-raundga kelib, Jeffri o'z karerasida birinchi marta ikki marta yiqitilgandan so'ng, Jeffri burchak sochiqni tashladi kurashni tugatish va Jeffri o'z rekordini nokaut qilishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik. Keyinchalik Jonson kurashning 4-raundda tugaganini bilganini aytdi ustki qism va Jeffriyning yuzini ko'rdi va shunday dedi: "Men bu ko'rinish nimani anglatishini bilardim. Eski kema cho'kib ketayotgan edi". Keyinchalik, Jeffri mag'lubiyatdan va Jonsonni o'z o'yinlarida ko'rgan narsasidan kamtar edi. "Men hech qachon Jonsonni eng yaxshi darajada qamchilay olmas edim", dedi Jefri. "Men uni urolmas edim. Yo'q, 1000 yil ichida unga etib borolmasdim."[27]

"Asr jangi" Jonsonga 65 ming dollar (2019 yilda 1,8 million dollardan ortiq) daromad keltirdi va Jonsonning Tommi Berns ustidan qozongan avvalgi g'alabasini "bo'sh" deb hisoblagan tanqidchilarni jim qildi, chunki Berns Jefri mag'lubiyatsiz nafaqaga chiqqanidan beri yolg'onchi chempion edi. Jon L. Sallivan Jonson munosib, adolatli va ishonchli g'alaba qozonganini jangdan so'ng izohladi:

Asr jangi tugadi va qora tanli odam dunyoning shubhasiz chempioni. Janglar o'tishi bilan bu juda yomon kurash edi, bu Jeyms J. Jefri va Jek Jonson o'rtasidagi 15 raunddan kam bo'lgan ish. Kamdan-kam hollarda bu qadar bir tomonlama bo'lgan chempionat musobaqasi bo'lmagan. Jefrisning barcha ahvoli hech narsaga yaramaydi. U birinchi qo'ng'iroq tugmachasidan oxirigacha unda bo'lmagan ... Negrning do'stlari kam edi, ammo unga qarshi namoyishlar kam edi. (Tomoshabinlar) Jonsonga qoyil qolmasdan ilojsiz edilar, chunki u sportchilar tomonidan qoyil qoladigan sovrinli kurashchidir. U har doim adolatli o'ynagan va adolatli kurashgan. ... Qanday hiyla-nayrang, qudratli, ayyor chap qo'l (Jonson) bor. U hech qachon ringga ko'tarilgan ayyor, ayyor bokschilardan biri. ... Ularning ikkalasi ham 15 raund davomida yaqindan kurashdilar. Bu Jefri istagan shunchaki kurash edi. Menda Korbett kabi Nyu-Orleanda bo'lgani kabi yugurish yoki o'rdak yo'q edi (1892). Jeffri shuncha zarbani sog'inmadi, chunki u deyarli zarba bermadi. Jonson har doim uning ustida edi .... (Jonson) avvaliga Jeffri bilan umuman gomoseksual bo'lmagan va har doim oq tanlilar qo'lini ushlagan, ammo Jonson juda ehtiyotkor edi va u orqaga qaytdi va hech qanday imkoniyat olmadi va barchasiga xushmuomala edi ... Eng yaxshi odam g'alaba qozondi va men uni birinchilardan bo'lib tabrikladim, shuningdek kaltaklangan kishiga chin dildan hamdardligimni aytdim.[4]

Tartibsizliklar va oqibatlar

Asosiy maqola: Jonson-Jefri g'alayonlari
LA Times Jonsonning g'alaba qozonishining portlovchi xususiyatini ushbu multfilmni namoyish etib, unda dinamit tayoqchasi jang kabi zo'ravonlik keltirib chiqarmaganligini ko'rsatmoqda.

Jang natijasi boshlandi irqiy tartibsizliklar o'sha kuni kechqurun To'rtinchi iyul - butun AQSh bo'ylab, Texasdan va Kolorado Nyu-York va Vashingtonga, D.C.Jonsonning Jeffri ustidan qozongan g'alabasi, uni mag'lub etish uchun "buyuk oq umid" topish haqidagi oq orzularni puchga chiqardi. Ko'plab oq tanlilar Jeffri mag'lubiyatidan o'zini xor bo'lganini his qilishdi.[5]

Qora tanlilar esa xursand bo'lishdi va Jonsonning buyuk g'alabasini irqiy taraqqiyot g'alabasi sifatida nishonladilar. Qora shoir Uilyam Uoring Kuni keyinchalik "Rabbim, qanday tong" she'rida jangga bo'lgan qora reaktsiyani ta'kidladi.[35] Mamlakat bo'ylab qora tanlilar o'z-o'zidan paradlar o'tkazdilar va ibodat yig'ilishlariga yig'ildilar.[iqtibos kerak ]

Nyu-York, Pitsburg, Filadelfiya, Nyu-Orlean, Atlanta, Sent-Luis, Litl-Rok va Xyustonda poyga tartibsizliklari boshlandi. Umuman olganda, tartibsizliklar 25 dan ortiq shtat va 50 shaharda sodir bo'lgan. AQSh bo'ylab tartibsizliklardan kamida yigirma kishi halok bo'ldi,[36] va yana yuzlab odamlar yaralangan.[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]

Jangning filmi

Jonson va Jeffri kurashlari Qo'shma Shtatlarda ushbu film shu kungacha va kelgusi besh yil ichida, boshqa filmlarga qaraganda ko'proq jamoatchilik e'tiboriga sazovor bo'ldi Xalqning tug'ilishi.[46] Qo'shma Shtatlarda ko'plab shtatlar va shaharlarda "Jonson - Jeffri" filmining namoyishi taqiqlangan. Ga o'tish tsenzura Jonsonning g'alabasi jangdan keyin uch kun ichida mamlakatni egallab oldi.[47]

Uchrashuvdan ikki hafta o'tib sobiq prezident Teodor Ruzvelt, ashaddiy bokschi va muxlis uchun maqola yozdi Outlook Bunda u nafaqat boks uchrashuvlarining suratlarini ko'chirishni taqiqlashni, balki AQShdagi barcha sovrinli janglarni to'liq taqiqlashni qo'llab-quvvatladi. U bunday bahslarni o'rab turgan "qiyshiqlik" va qimor o'yinlarini eslatib o'tdi va harakatlanuvchi rasmlar "pul topish va ruhiy tushkunlikning yangi usulini joriy etdi".[47] To'g'ridan-to'g'ri film atrofidagi tortishuvlar[46] 1912 yilda barcha mukofot filmlarini davlat yo'nalishlari bo'yicha tarqatishni taqiqlash uchun Kongressni rag'batlantirdi; taqiq 1940 yilda bekor qilingan.[iqtibos kerak ]

2005 yilda Jeffri-Jonsonning "Asr jangi" filmi AQShga kirib keldi Milliy filmlar registri saqlashga loyiq bo'lgan sifatida.[48]

Jonson ishtirokidagi asosiy filmlar suratga olingan oltita jang quyidagilar edi:[46]

  1. Jonson-Berns, 1908 yilda chiqarilgan
  2. Jonson-Ketchel, 1909 yilda chiqarilgan
  3. Jonson-Jeffri, 1910 yilda chiqarilgan
  4. Jonson-Flinn, 1912 yilda chiqarilgan
  5. Jonson-Moran, 1914 yilda chiqarilgan
  6. Jonson-Uillard, 1915 yilda chiqarilgan

Rang satrini saqlash

Ranglar paneli Jonson davrida ham o'z kuchini saqlab qoldi. Bir paytlar u og'ir vazn toifasida jahon chempioni bo'lgan Jonson hukmronligining dastlabki besh yilida qora tanli raqibiga qarshi kurashmagan. U qora tanli og'ir vazn toifalariga qarshi o'yinlarni rad etdi Jou Jeanette (uning vorislaridan biri rangli og'ir vazn toifasidagi chempion), Sem Langford (rangli unvon uchun Janetni mag'lub etgan) va yoshlar Garri Uills Jonson hukmronligining so'nggi yilida og'ir vazn toifasida jahon chempioni sifatida tanilgan.[iqtibos kerak ]

Aytishlaricha, qora tanlilarga unvon berish uchun imkoniyat berilmadi, chunki Jonson o'zini oq bokschilarga qarshi kurashda ko'proq pul ishlashini o'ylagan edi. 1913 yil avgustda, Jonson og'ir vazn toifasida jahon chempioni sifatida o'zining shov-shuvli hukmronligini yakunlash arafasida, u chempionlik uchun Parijda Langford bilan jang qilishga rozi bo'lganligi haqida mish-mishlar tarqaldi, ammo bu hech narsaga erishmadi. Jonsonning ta'kidlashicha, Langford o'zining kafolati uchun 30 ming dollar yig'a olmagan.[iqtibos kerak ]

Jonsondan tashqari qora tanli bokschilarga irqchilik sababli og'ir vazn toifasidagi chempionlik uchun kurashish taqiqlanganligi sababli, Jonsonning afroamerikaliklar bilan jang qilishdan bosh tortishi afroamerikaliklar jamoasini xafa qildi, chunki eng yaxshi oq bokschilarga qarshi kurashish imkoniyati kamdan-kam uchraydi. Janet Jonsonni tanqid qilib, "Jek chempion bo'lganidan keyin eski do'stlarini unutdi va o'z xalqiga qarshi rang chizig'ini tortdi" dedi.[49]

Jonsonga qarshi Jonson

Jonson nihoyat 1913 yil oxirida qora tanli raqibni qabul qilishga rozi bo'lganida, hozirgi og'ir vazn toifasida chempion bo'lgan Sem Langfordga unvon berilmagan. Buning o'rniga Jonson tanladi Jim Jonsonga qarshi kurash, kamroq bokschi, 1910 yilda Langfordga yutqazib qo'ygan va sobiq rangli chempion bo'lgan Sem Makviga KO orqali durang va mag'lubiyatga uchragan. Jim bilan kurashish 1912 yil 19-iyuldan 1913-yil 21-yanvargacha to'rt marotaba sobiq rangli chempion Jou Janet bilan jang qildi va to'rtta jangda ham mag'lub bo'ldi. O'sha davrda u notaning yagona jangchisi kelajakdagi rangli chempion edi Katta Bill Teyt 10-raundga mo'ljallangan jangning ikkinchi raundida u KO-ed. Bu Teytning uchinchi pro-jangi edi.[iqtibos kerak ]

1913 yil noyabrda Xalqaro boks ittifoqi Jek Jonson tomonidan qo'lga kiritilgan og'ir vazn toifasidagi jahon unvonini bo'sh deb e'lon qilgan edi.[iqtibos kerak ] 10 raundga mo'ljallangan jang 1913 yil 19 dekabrda Parijda bo'lib o'tgan. Tarixda birinchi marta ikki qora tanlilar og'ir vazn toifasida jahon chempionligi uchun kurash olib borishdi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Jonsonga qarshi Jonsonga qarshi jang og'ir vazn toifasida jahon chempioni sifatida qayd etilgan bo'lsa-da, ko'p jihatdan bu ko'rgazmaga o'xshardi. Sport yozuvchisi Indianapolis yulduzi Jangda olomon hech bir bokschi jang o'tkazmayotgani ko'rinib turgandan keyin tartibsiz bo'lib qolishdi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Bugun kechqurun og'ir vazn toifasida chempion bo'lgan Jek Jonson va Texasning Galveston shahrida yashovchi yana bir rangli pugilist Battling Jim Jonson 10 raundlik bellashuvda uchrashishdi. Tomoshabinlar baland ovoz bilan norozilik bildirishdi, erkaklar jang qilmayapti va pullarini qaytarib berishni talab qilishdi. Ularning ko'plari zalni tark etishdi. Jang tashkilotchilari fiyaskoni uchinchi raundda Jek Jonsonning chap qo'li singan deb ta'kidlash bilan izohlashdi. Jek Jonsonga pichoq bilan jarohat etkazilganligi haqidagi xabarning tasdig'i va bunday avariya atrofida hech qanday dalil yo'q. Dastlabki uch raund davomida u raqibi bilan o'ynagani aniq. Shundan so'ng u faqat o'ng qo'lini ishlatayotgani kuzatildi. Jang tugagach, u qo'li jarohatlanganidan shikoyat qildi. Tekshiruv o'tkazgan shifokorlar, chap qo'l radiusining engil singanligini tasdiqladilar. Umumiy fikr shuki, hafta boshida bo'lib o'tgan kurash bahsida uning qo'li jarohat olgan va shu kecha berilgan zarba suyakning sinishiga sabab bo'lgan.[50][haddan tashqari narx ]

Qur'a tufayli Jek Jonson chempionligini saqlab qoldi. Jangdan so'ng u uchinchi raundda chap qo'li jarohat olganini va undan foydalana olmasligini tushuntirdi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Sarlavha yo'qolishi

Uillard panoramasi - Jonson jangi, Gavanada, Kuba

1915 yil 5-aprelda Jonson unvonini yo'qotdi Jess Uillard, Kanzas shtatidan ishlaydigan, yigirma etti yoshida boks bilan shug'ullangan kovboy. 25,000 odamlari bilan "Sharqiy park" poytaxti yilda Gavana, Kuba, Jonson rejalashtirilgan 45 raundlik jangning 26-raundida nokautga uchradi. Jonson, garchi deyarli har bir raundda g'alaba qozongan bo'lsa-da, 20-raunddan keyin charchay boshladi va 26-raunddagi nokaut oldidan Uilyardning og'ir zarbalaridan jarohat oldi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Jonsonning aytishicha, ko'pchilik u mish oldi degan mish-mish tarqatgan sho'ng'in,[51] ammo Willard kurashda to'liq g'alaba qozongan deb tan olindi. Ko'pchilik Jonson Willard oq tanli bo'lganligi sababli jangni ataylab tashladi deb o'ylardi, chunki uning Mann qonunchiligidagi ayblovlari bekor qilindi. Uillard: "Agar u jangni tashlamoqchi bo'lganida, men buni tezroq qilgan bo'lar edi. U erda do'zaxdan ham issiqroq edi", dedi.[52]

Chempionatdan keyingi

Og'ir vazn toifasidagi jahon chempionligini yo'qotib bo'lgach, Jonson yana og'ir vazn tojida kurashmadi.[tushuntirish kerak ] Uning mashhurligi u yozib olgan darajada kuchli bo'lib qoldi Ajax Records 1920-yillarda.[53] Jonson kurashni davom ettirdi, ammo yoshi uni quvib yetdi. U 1938 yilgacha 60 yoshida professional tarzda kurash olib borgan va so'nggi 9 ta jangining 7 tasida mag'lubiyatga uchragan va oxirgi jangini 7-raunddagi TKO tomonidan Valter Praysga yutqazgan. O'sha paytlarda boks uchun juda qadrli yosh bo'lgan 40 yoshdan keyingi har qanday jangni uning haqiqiy rekordiga qo'shib bo'lmaydi, deb taklif qilishadi, chunki u pul topish uchun qatnashgan. Shuningdek, u "qabrlarga tortishish" deb nomlanuvchi janjalni o'ziga jalb qildi, bu erda hech qanday e'lon qilinmagan, shaxsiy tomoshabinlar uchun, odatda qabrlarga yoki boshqa noma'lum joylarga qarshi kurashlar bo'lib o'tdi. Ushbu janglardan birining fotosuratlari mavjud. Jonson 1945 yil 27-noyabrda 67 yoshida so'nggi ringga chiqdi, ikkita raqibga qarshi uchta bir daqiqali ko'rgazma raundida jang qildi, Jou Jeanette va John Ballcort, AQSh urush majburiyatlari uchun foyda kartasida.[54][55]

Shaxsiy hayot

Jek Jonson, taxminan 1910-1915 yillar

Jonson turli xil mahsulotlarni, shu jumladan patent dori-darmonlarini qo'llab-quvvatlab, katta miqdordagi pul ishlab topdi, shuningdek, avtomobil poygasi va maxsus kiyim kabi qimmatbaho sevimli mashg'ulotlariga ega edi, shuningdek, xotinlari uchun zargarlik buyumlari va mo'yna buyumlarni sotib oldi.[56] U chempion poygachiga qarshi chiqdi Barni Oldfild da o'yin avtouloviga Bruklindagi Sheepshead Bay axloqsizlik izi. Oldfild osonlikcha uzoqlashgan Jonson.[57] Bir marta, uni tezligi 50 dollar bo'lgan chipta uchun tortib olgach, u ofitserga 100 dollarlik pulni berdi; ofitser bunchalik o'zgarishga qodir emasligidan norozilik bildirganida, Jonson unga qaytish safarini bir xil tezlikda amalga oshirmoqchi bo'lganida o'zgarishlarni saqlab qolishini aytdi.[5] 1920 yilda Jonson tungi klubni ochdi Harlem; u uch yildan keyin uni gangsterga sotdi, Owney Madden, kim uni qayta nomladi Paxta klubi.

Jonsonning xatti-harakatiga afroamerikaliklar, ayniqsa qora tanli olim yomon qarashdi Booker T. Vashington kim "pulga ega bo'lgan odam uni o'z xalqiga zarar etkazish yo'lida ishlatishi, afsuski, irqini ko'tarish va uning sharoitlarini yaxshilashga intilayotganlar nazarida, men Jek Jonsonning xatti-harakatlari qilganini qat'iy aytmoqchiman" mening shaxsiy roziligimga javob bermang va ular rangli poyga ma'qullashiga to'g'ri kelmasligiga aminman. "

Jonson qora tanlilarning Amerika jamiyatidagi ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy "o'rni" ga oid konventsiyalarni buzdi. Qora tanli erkak sifatida u oq tanli ayollar bilan do'stlashishda kuchli taqiqni buzdi va ring ichida va tashqarisida erkaklarni (oq ham, qora ham) og'zaki ravishda haqorat qildi. Xotin-qizlar ketma-ket paradni tomosha qilgan va chempionning mehmonxonasidan tashqarida bo'lgan muxbirning hokimiyatda qolish sirini so'ragan Jonson, go'yo "Ovqatlaning jelli eels va uzoq fikrlarni o'ylang ".[58]

1911 yilda Jonson tanishi orqali a Mason yilda Dandi. Garchi u shaharda joylashgan 225-sonli Forfar va Kincardine Lodge a'zosi sifatida qabul qilingan bo'lsa-da, asosan uning irqiga qarab uning a'zoligiga katta qarshilik ko'rsatilgan va Forfarshire Lodge Shotlandiyaning Buyuk Lojasi tomonidan to'xtatilgan. Jonsonning to'lovlari unga qaytarib berildi va uni qabul qilish noqonuniy deb topildi.[59]

1912 yil iyulda Jonson Chikagoda "Café de Champion" nomli millatlararo tungi klubni ochdi.[60]

Jonson hayotining ikkita xotirasini yozdi: Mes janglari 1914 yilda va Jek Jonson "Ring and Out" filmida 1927 yilda.[61]

1943 yilda Jonson Kaliforniya shtatining Los-Anjeles shahridagi Anjelus ibodatxonasida kamida bitta xizmatga qatnashdi. Michigan shtatidagi Detroyt poytaxtdagi tartibsizliklarda yonib ketganda, jamoat konvertatsiyasida u o'z e'tiqodini tan oldi Masih xushxabarchi tomonidan o'tkaziladigan xizmatda Aimee Semple McPherson. U "u qo'lini sajda qildi" deb quchoqladi.[62][63]

Nikohlar

Jonson 1912 yilda o'zini o'ldirgan rafiqasi Etta bilan

Jonson turli xil munosabatlar bilan shug'ullangan, shu jumladan uchta hujjatlashtirilgan nikoh. Uning hujjatlashtirilgan barcha xotinlari oq tanli edi. Kariyerasining eng yuqori chog'ida, Jonson o'zining yorqin hayot tarzi va oq tanli ayollarga uylangani uchun matbuot tomonidan g'azablandi.[64]

Jonsonning 1927 yilgi tarjimai holiga ko'ra, u Texas shtatining Galveston shahridan bo'lgan qora tanli ayol Meri Ostinga uylandi. Ushbu nikoh haqida hech qanday yozuv yo'q.[65]

1903 yilda Filadelfiyada bo'lganida Jonson qora tanli fohisha Klara Kerr bilan uchrashdi. Jonsonning tarjimai holiga ko'ra, Kerr uni Jonsonning do'sti, Uilyam Brayant ismli poyga otlari murabbiyiga qoldirgan. Ular ketayotganda Jonsonning zargarlik buyumlari va kiyimlarini olib ketishdi. Jonson er-xotinni kuzatib, Kerrni o'g'irlikda ayblanib hibsga olishdi. Jonson va Kerr u yana uni tark etishidan oldin bir muddat yarashishdi.[65]

1907 yilda Avstraliyaga uch oylik safari davomida Jonson Sidneydan kelgan oq tanli ayol Alma "Lola" Toy bilan qisqa munosabatda bo'ldi. Jonson amerikalik jurnalistga Toyga uylanish niyati borligini tasdiqladi. Qachon Hakam Jonsonning Toy bilan turmush qurishni rejalashtirgani, bu Sidneyda tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi. Toy o'yindan voz kechishni talab qildi va keyinchalik gazetaning tuhmatga oid da'vosida g'olib chiqdi.[66]

Avstraliyadan qaytib kelganidan so'ng, Jonson "Meri Ostin va Klara Kerr meni qiynagan azob-uqubatlar meni rang-barang ayollarni kiyishga undadi va bundan buyon mening taqdirim faqat oq tanli ayollar bilan bo'lishini belgilab qo'ydi" dedi.[65]

Jonson 1909 yilda Bruklindagi sotsialist va Klarens Duryeaning sobiq rafiqasi Etta Terri Duryea bilan avtoulov poygasida uchrashgan. 1910 yilda Jonson Duryeani boshqaruvchisi bilan ishqiy aloqada bo'lganidan gumon qilib, unga ergashish uchun maxsus tergovchini yollagan. Rojdestvo kuni Jonson Duryea bilan to'qnashdi va kasalxonaga yotqizish uchun uni kaltakladi.[65] Ular yarashishdi va 1911 yil 18-yanvarda turmush qurishdi.[67] Depressiyaga moyil bo'lib, uning holati Jonson tufayli yomonlashdi suiiste'mol qilish va xiyonat ularning irqlararo munosabatlariga dushmanlik reaktsiyasidan tashqari.[9] Duryea o'z joniga qasd qilishga uringan 1912 yil 11-sentabrda o'zini o'zi tan jarohati berishdan vafot etishidan oldin.[68][69]

1912 yil yozida Jonson o'zining Chafagodagi tungi klubida Chikagoga ko'chib o'tgan Minneapolisdan kelgan 18 yoshli fohisha Lusil Kameron bilan uchrashdi.[9] Jonson uni o'ziga o'xshab yolladi stenograf, ammo Duryeaning dafn marosimidan ko'p o'tmay ular er-xotin bo'lib jamoat joylarida bo'lishdi. Ular 1912 yil 3-dekabr kuni kunduzi soat 3:00 da turmush qurishdi.[70] Kameron 1924 yilda xiyonati tufayli ajrashishga ariza bergan.[65]

Jonson Irene Pineau bilan poyga trassasida uchrashdi Avora, Illinoys 1924 yilda. U keyingi yili eri bilan ajrashganidan so'ng, ular turmush qurgan Vokegan 1925 yil avgustda. Jonson va Pineu 1946 yilda vafotigacha birga bo'lishgan. Jonsonning dafn marosimida muxbir tomonidan u haqida nimani yaxshi ko'rishini so'raganida, u shunday javob berdi: "Men uni jasorati tufayli yaxshi ko'rardim. U dunyoga qo'rqmasdan duch keldi. U hech kimdan qo'rqmadi ".[65]

Qamoq jazosi

Jonson 1921 yilda rafiqasi Lyusil bilan. Ularning munosabatlari Jonsonning 1912 yildagi birinchi hibsga olinishiga olib keldi.

1912 yil 18 oktyabrda Jonson Lyusel Kemeron bilan munosabatlari buzilganligi sababli hibsga olingan Mann akti "ayollarni axloqsiz maqsadlar bilan davlat chegaralari orqali olib o'tishga" qarshi, chunki u go'yo fohisha bo'lgan. Onasi ham qizining aqldan ozganiga qasam ichdi.[71] Tez orada uning ikkinchi rafiqasi bo'lish uchun Kemeron hamkorlik qilishdan bosh tortdi va ish buzildi. Bir oy o'tmasdan Jonson yana shu kabi ayblovlar bilan hibsga olingan. Bu safar ayol, Belle Shrayber ismli yana bir gumon qilingan fohisha,[72] u bilan birga bo'lgan 1909 va 1910 yillarda unga qarshi guvohlik bergan. Sud zalida Kenesaw Mountain Landis, Kelajak Beysbol bo'yicha komissar kimni abadiylashtirgan beysbol rang chizig'i o'limigacha Jonson tomonidan sudlangan oq tanli hakamlar hay'ati 1913 yil iyun oyida,[73] uni ayblash uchun ishlatilgan hodisalar Man qonunining qabul qilinishidan oldin sodir bo'lishiga qaramay.[5] U bir yil va bir kunlik qamoq jazosiga hukm qilindi.

Jonson garov pulini o'tkazib yubordi va Lyusilga qo'shilib, mamlakatni tark etdi Monreal 25 iyun kuni, Frantsiyaga qochishdan oldin. Kanadaga qochib ketish uchun Jonson o'zini qora tanli beysbol jamoasi a'zosi sifatida ko'rsatdi. Keyingi etti yil davomida ular Evropada, Janubiy Amerikada va Meksikada muhojirlikda yashadilar. Jonson 1920 yil 20-iyulda AQShga qaytib keldi. U Meksika chegarasida federal agentlarga taslim bo'ldi va Leavenworth, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Penitentsiar jazosini 1920 yil sentyabrda o'tashi kerak.[74] U 1921 yil 9-iyulda ozod qilingan.[5]

Prezidentning kechirimi

Jonsonga vafotidan keyin uni berish to'g'risida takroriy takliflar bo'lgan prezidentni kechirish. Prezidentdan so'raladigan qonun loyihasi Jorj V.Bush Jonsonni avf etish uchun 2008 yilda palatadan o'tgan,[75] ammo Senatdan o'tolmadi.[76] In April 2009, Senator Jon Makkeyn, along with Representative Piter King, film yaratuvchisi Ken Berns and Johnson's great-niece, Linda Haywood, requested a presidential pardon for Johnson from President Barak Obama.[77] In July of that year, Congress passed a resolution calling on President Obama to issue a pardon.[78] In 2016, another petition for Johnson's pardon was issued by McCain, King, Senator Garri Rid va kongressmen Gregori Meks to President Obama, marking the 70th anniversary since the boxer's death.[79] This time citing a provision of the Har bir talaba muvaffaqiyatga erishadi, signed by the president in December 2015, in which Congress expressed that this boxing great should receive a posthumous pardon, and a vote by the Fuqarolik huquqlari bo'yicha Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari komissiyasi passed unanimously a week earlier in June 2016 to "right this century-old wrong."[80]

Mayk Tayson, Garri Rid va Jon Makkeyn lent their support to the campaign, starting a Change.org petition asking President Obama to posthumously pardon the world's first African-American boxing champion of his racially motivated 1913 felony conviction.[81]

After various attempts from WBC former president, Jose Sulaiman, who reached out to different presidential administrations dating back to Ronald Reagan, President Donald Tramp announced in April 2018, that he was considering a full pardon of Johnson after speaking with a World Boxing Council committee, along with actor Silvestr Stallone.[82] Trump pardoned Johnson on May 24, 2018, 105 years after his conviction during a ceremony which included special guests Mauricio Sulaiman (WBC President), Hector Sulaiman (President of the Board of Advisors of Scholas Occurrentes), Silvestr Stallone (actor), Deontay Wilder (WBC Champion at the moment) and Lennox Lewis (WBC Former Champion).[7][83]

Maymun kaliti

A persistent hoax on social media claims Johnson invented the maymun kaliti and it was named a maymun wrench as a racial slur. Johnson did receive a patent for improvements to the monkey wrench, but the first patent for a monkey wrench was awarded in the 1840s, around 30 years before he was born.[84]

O'lim

Graves of boxer Jack Johnson and Etta

On June 10, 1946, Johnson died in a car crash on AQSh avtomagistrali 1 yaqin Franklinton, Shimoliy Karolina 36°05'42.0"N 78°27'40.8"W[85] after racing angrily from a oshxona that refused to serve him.[10] He was taken to the closest black hospital, Sankt-Agnes kasalxonasi yilda Rali. He was 68 years old at the time of his death. He was buried next to his second wife, Etta Duryea Johnson who committed suicide in 1912, at Greseland qabristoni yilda Chikago. His grave was initially unmarked, and then marked with a large stone that bore only the name "Johnson." This changed after 2005 and the film by Ken Burns. Johnson's (new, smaller) stone reads [top] "Jack / John A. Johnson / 1878-1946" [front] "First black heavyweight / champion of the world". Johnson's signature is on the back of the stone.[86][87]

Meros

Jack Johnson Park -- Galveston
Jack Johnson Bronze Statue in Jack Johnson Park -- Galveston

Johnson was an inaugural 1954 inductee to Uzuk jurnalning Shon-sharaf boks zali (disbanded in 1987), and was inducted to the Xalqaro boks shon-sharaf zali in 1993. In 2005, the United States Milliy filmlarni himoya qilish kengashi deemed the film of the 1910 Johnson-Jeffries fight "historically significant" and put it in the Milliy filmlar registri.

During his boxing career, Jack Johnson fought 114 fights, winning 80 matches, 45 by knockouts.[61]

In the short term, the boxing world reacted against Johnson's legacy. But Johnson foreshadowed one of the most famous boxers of all time, Muhammad Ali. In fact, Ali often spoke of how he was influenced by Jack Johnson. Ali identified with Johnson because he felt America ostracized him in the same manner because of his opposition to the Vetnam urushi and affiliation with the Islom millati.[88]

2002 yilda olim Molefi Kete Asante listed Jack Johnson on his list of 100 eng buyuk afro-amerikaliklar.[89]

In 2012, the City of Galveston dedicated a park in Johnson's memory as Galveston Island's most famous native son. The park, called Jack Johnson Park, includes a life-size, bronze statue of Johnson.[90]

Ommaviy madaniyat

The first filmed fight of Johnson's career was his bout with Tommy Burns, which was turned into a contemporary documentary The Burns-Johnson Fight 1908 yilda.

Folksinger and blues singer Qorinni boshqaring referenced Johnson in a Qo'shiq haqida Titanik: "Jack Johnson wanna get on board, Captain said I ain't hauling no coal. Fare thee, Titanic, fare thee well. When Jack Johnson heard that mighty shock, mighta seen the man do the Eagle rock. Fare thee, Titanic, fare thee well" (The Eagle Rock was a popular dance at the time). In 1969, American folk singer Xaym Brokett reworked the Lead Belly song into a satirical talking blues called "The Legend of the S.S. Titanic." There is no convincing evidence that Johnson was in fact refused passage on the Titanic because of his race, as these songs allege.

Johnson's story is the basis of the play Buyuk Oq umid and its 1970 filmni moslashtirish, bosh rollarda Jeyms Erl Jons as "Jack Jefferson", and Jeyn Aleksandr uning sevgisi qiziqishi sifatida. Both Jones and Alexander won Tonys and were nominated for Oscars.

Also in 1970, Jimmi Jeykobs va Bill Keyton brought together much of the rare archive footage of Johnson which they had saved and restored, and made the film Jek Jonson, with Johnson's words voiced by Brok Piters va musiqa Maylz Devis. Davis' score later became the 1971 album named after the boxer. It features the actor Peters (as Johnson) saying:

I'm Jack Johnson. Heavyweight champion of the world.
I'm black. They never let me forget it.
I'm black all right! I'll never let them forget it!

2005 yilda kinorejissyor Ken Berns produced a two-part documentary about Johnson's life, Kechirilmas qora rang: Jek Jonsonning ko'tarilishi va qulashi, based on the 2004 nonfiction book of the same name by Geoffrey C. Ward, and with music by Vinton Marsalis. Kitob g'olib bo'ldi Yilning eng yaxshi sport kitobi Uilyam Xill (2006).[91][92]

Jack Johnson's life was the subject of a three-part series of the podcast Yong'in tarixi tarixchi tomonidan Daniele Bolelli.[93]

Several hip-hop activists have also reflected on Johnson's legacy, most notably in the album Yangi xavf, tomonidan Mos Def, in which songs like "Zimzallabim" and "Blue Black Jack" are devoted to the artist's pugilistic hero. Additionally, both Southern pank-rok guruh This Bike is a Pipe Bomb va muqobil mamlakat ijrochi Tom Rassel have songs dedicated to Johnson. Russell's piece is both a tribute and a biting indictment of the racism Johnson faced: "here comes Jack Johnson, like he owns the town, there's a lot of white Americans like to see a man go down ... like to see a black man drown."

In the trenches of World War One, Johnson's name was used by British troops to describe the impact of German 150 mm heavy artillery shells which had a black color.[94] In his letters home to his wife, Rupert Edward Inglis (1863–1916), a former rugby international who was a Forces Chaplain, describes passing through the town of Albert:

We went through the place today (2 October 1915) where the Virgin Statue at the top of the Church was hit by a shell in January. The statue was knocked over, but has never fallen, I sent you a picture of it. It really is a wonderful sight. It is incomprehensible how it can have stayed there, but I think it is now lower than when the photograph was taken, and no doubt will come down with the next gale. The Church and village are wrecked, there's a huge hole made by a Jack Johnson just outside the west door of the Church.[95]

Jack Johnson was painted several times by Raymond Sonders.

Yilda Jou R. Lansdeyl qisqa hikoya Katta zarba, Johnson is featured fighting a white boxer brought in by Galveston, Texas's boxing fans to defeat the African American fighter during the 1900 yil Galveston dovuli. The story won a Bram Stoker mukofoti and was expanded into a novel.[96]

Johnson is a major character in the novel The Killings of Stanley Ketchel (2005), tomonidan Jeyms Karlos Bleyk.

Qirollik klubi, tomonidan ijro etilgan Marko Ramires, uses the life of Jack Johnson as inspiration for its main character, Jay Jackson. It premiered in March 2016 at Linkoln markazi teatri rejissor Reychel Chavkin,[97] and was nominated for a Drama Desk Awards for Ajoyib o'yin, Spektaklning ajoyib rejissyori, and a Special Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Ensemble.[98]

Professional boks bo'yicha rekord

Professional yozuvlar xulosasi
93 fights54 g'alaba11 yo'qotish
Nokaut bilan356
Qaror bilan134
Diskvalifikatsiya bo'yicha61
Chizadi7
Tanlovlar yo'q3
Gazeta qarorlari / qur'a tashlashlar18
Hammasi Gazeta qarorlari "qaror qabul qilinmagan" janglar sifatida qaraladi, chunki ular "na bokschining yutishiga va na mag'lub bo'lishiga olib kelgan va shu sababli ularning rasmiy jang yozuvlarining bir qismi hisoblanmaydi".
Yo'qNatijaYozib olishRaqibTuriDumaloq, vaqtSanaManzilIzohlar
93G'olib54–11–7 (21)Qo'shma Shtatlar Brad SimmonsKO2 (10)28 Apr 1931Qo'shma Shtatlar Tulsa, Oklaxoma, AQSh
92Yo'qotish53–11–7 (21)Qo'shma Shtatlar Brad SimmonsPTS104 Mar 1931Qo'shma Shtatlar Tulsa, Oklaxoma, AQSh
91G'olib53–10–7 (21)Qo'shma Shtatlar Rough House WilsonDQ3 (10)19 Jul 1928Qo'shma Shtatlar Douglas Park, Indianapolis, Indiana, BIZ.
90Yo'qotish52–10–7 (21)Qo'shma Shtatlar Bill HartwellRTD6 (10)1928 yil 15-mayQo'shma Shtatlar Xotira zali, Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.
89Yo'qotish52–9–7 (21)Qo'shma Shtatlar Bearcat RaytKO5 (10)16 Apr 1928Qo'shma Shtatlar Topeka, Kansas, U.S.
88Yo'qotish52–8–7 (21)Qo'shma Shtatlar Brad SimmonsPTS106 Sep 1926Qo'shma Shtatlar 101 Ranch Arena, Enid, Oklaxoma, BIZ.
87Yo'qotish52–7–7 (21)Qo'shma Shtatlar Bob LousonRTD7 (12)1926 yil 30-mayMeksika Kolizey, Syudad Xuares, Meksika
86G'olib52–6–7 (21)Qo'shma Shtatlar Pat LesterPTS151926 yil 2-mayMeksika Plaza de Toros, Nogales, Sonora, Meksika
85G'olib51–6–7 (21)Qo'shma Shtatlar Gomer SmitPTS1022 Feb 1924Kanada Saint-Denis teatri, Monreal, Kanada
84G'olib50–6–7 (21)Qo'shma Shtatlar Jek TompsonNWS121923 yil 20-mayKuba Gavana, Kuba
83G'olib50–6–7 (20)Qo'shma Shtatlar Farmer LodgeKO41923 yil 6-mayKuba Gavana, Kuba
82G'olib49–6–7 (20)Qo'shma Shtatlar Jorj RobertsKO31920 yil 17-mayMeksika Tixuana, Quyi Kaliforniya, Meksika
81G'olib48–6–7 (20)Qo'shma Shtatlar Bob UilsonKO318 Apr 1920Meksika Mexicali, Quyi Kaliforniya, Meksika
80G'olib47–6–7 (20)Qo'shma Shtatlar Marty CutlerKO6 (25)28 Sep 1919Meksika Mexiko, Meksika
79G'olib46–6–7 (20)Birlashgan Qirollik Tom CowlerPTS1510 Aug 1919Meksika Toros Plazmasi, Mexiko, Meksika
78G'olib45–6–7 (20)Qo'shma Shtatlar Bob RoperPTS1022 Jun 1919Meksika Mexiko, Meksika
77G'olib44–6–7 (20)Qo'shma Shtatlar Bill FlintKO2 (10)12 Feb 1919Ispaniya Teatro de la Gran Via, Madrid, Spain
76G'olib43–6–7 (20)Qo'shma Shtatlar Blink McCloskeyRTD6 (20)5 Feb 1918Ispaniya Teatro Circo Price, Madrid, Ispaniya
75G'olib42–6–7 (20)Shveytsariya Artur KravanKO6 (20)23 Apr 1916Ispaniya Plaza de Toros Monumental, "Barselona", Ispaniya
74G'olib41–6–7 (20)Yamayka Frank KrozierTKO7 (10)23 Mar 1916Ispaniya Gran Teatro de Madrid, Madrid, Ispaniya
73Yo'qotish40–6–7 (20)Qo'shma Shtatlar Jess UillardKO26 (45), 2:205 Apr 1915Kuba Oriental Park, Gavana, KubaLost lineal heavyweight title
72G'olib40–5–7 (20)Qo'shma Shtatlar Jek MyurreyKO3 (10)10 Jan 1915Argentina Sociedad Sportiva Argentina, Buenos-Ayres, Argentina
71G'olib39–5–7 (20)Qo'shma Shtatlar Frank MoranPTS201914 yil 27-iyunFrantsiya V'lodom d'Hiver, Parij, FrantsiyaRetained lineal heavyweight title
70Chizish38–5–7 (20)Qo'shma Shtatlar Battling Jim JohnsonPTS1019 Dec 1913Frantsiya Elisée Montmartre, Parij, FrantsiyaRetained lineal heavyweight title
69G'olib38–5–6 (20)Qo'shma Shtatlar Fireman Jim FlynnDQ9 (45)19 Iyul 4Qo'shma Shtatlar Sharqiy Las-Vegas, Las-Vegas, Nyu-Meksiko, BIZ.Retained lineal heavyweight title
68G'olib37–5–6 (20)Qo'shma Shtatlar Jeyms J. JeffriTKO15 (45), 2:204 Jul 1910Qo'shma Shtatlar Reno, Nevada, BIZ.Retained lineal heavyweight title
67G'olib36–5–6 (20)Qo'shma Shtatlar Stenli KetchelKO12 (20)16 Oct 1909Qo'shma Shtatlar Mission Street Arena, Kolma, Kaliforniya, AQShRetained lineal heavyweight title
66G'olib35–5–6 (20)Qo'shma Shtatlar Al KaufmanNWS109 Sep 1909Qo'shma Shtatlar Coffroth's Arena, San Francisco, California, U.S.Retained lineal heavyweight title
65G'olib35–5–6 (19)Qo'shma Shtatlar Toni RossNWS630 Jun 1909Qo'shma Shtatlar Duquesne bog'lari, Pitsburg, Pensilvaniya, AQShRetained lineal heavyweight title
64Chizish35–5–6 (18)Qo'shma Shtatlar Philadelphia Jack O'BrienNWS619 may 1909 yilQo'shma Shtatlar National Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.Retained lineal heavyweight title
63G'olib35–5–6 (17)Kanada Tommi BernsPTS14 (20)26 Dec 1908Avstraliya Sydney Stadium, Sydney, AustraliaYutuq lineal heavyweight title
62G'olib34–5–6 (17)Birlashgan Qirollik Ben TeylorTKO8 (10)31 Jul 1908Birlashgan Qirollik Cosmopolitan Gymnasium, Plimut, Angliya
61G'olib33–5–6 (17)Qo'shma Shtatlar Sailor BurkeNWS612 Sep 1907Qo'shma Shtatlar Smith's Theater, Bridgeport, Konnektikut, BIZ.
60G'olib33–5–6 (16)Qo'shma Shtatlar Charlz KutlerKO1 (6)28 Aug 1907Qo'shma Shtatlar Lauer's Park, O'qish, Pensilvaniya, AQSh
59G'olib32–5–6 (16)Birlashgan Qirollik Bob FitssimmonsKO2 (6)17 Jul 1907Qo'shma Shtatlar Washington Sports Club, Filadelfiya, Pensilvaniya, BIZ.
58G'olib31–5–6 (16)Avstraliya Bill LangTKO9 (20)4 Mar 1907Avstraliya Richmond Race Course, Melburn, Avstraliya
57G'olib30–5–6 (16)Avstraliya Piter FeliksKO1 (10), 2:2019 Feb 1907Avstraliya Gaiety Athletic Hall, Sidney, AvstraliyaRetained World Colored heavyweight title
56Chizish29–5–6 (16)Qo'shma Shtatlar Jou JeanetteNWS1026 Nov 1906Qo'shma Shtatlar Auditoriya, Portlend, Maine, U.S.Retained World Colored heavyweight title
55G'olib29–5–6 (15)Qo'shma Shtatlar Jim JeffordsNWS68 Nov 1906Qo'shma Shtatlar Lancaster Athletic Club, Lankaster, Pensilvaniya, AQSh
54G'olib29–5–6 (14)Qo'shma Shtatlar Jou JeanetteNWS6020 Sep 1906Qo'shma Shtatlar Broadway Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
53Chizish29–5–6 (13)Qo'shma Shtatlar Billy DunningNWS103 Sep 1906Qo'shma Shtatlar Millinocket, Men, BIZ.
52G'olib29–5–6 (12)Qo'shma Shtatlar Charlie HagheyKO2 (12)16 Jun 1906Qo'shma Shtatlar Gloucester Athletic Club, Gloucester, Massachusets, AQSh
51G'olib28–5–6 (12)Kanada Sem LangfordPTS1526 Apr 1906Qo'shma Shtatlar Lincoln Athletic Club, Chelsea, Massachusetts, U.S.Retained World Colored heavyweight title
50G'olib27–5–6 (12)Qo'shma Shtatlar Jim MakkormikDQ8 (10)17 Apr 1906Qo'shma Shtatlar Association Park, Topeka, Kansas, U.S.
49G'olib26–5–6 (12)Qo'shma Shtatlar Qora BillKO7 (10)16 Apr 1906Qo'shma Shtatlar Peerless Athletic Club, Pittston, Pensilvaniya, AQSh
48G'olib25–5–6 (12)Qo'shma Shtatlar Jou JeanettePTS1514 Mar 1906Qo'shma Shtatlar Germania Maennerchor Hall, Baltimor, Merilend, BIZ.Retained World Colored heavyweight title
47G'olib24–5–6 (12)Qo'shma Shtatlar Jou JeanetteNWS316 Jan 1906Qo'shma Shtatlar Sharkey Athletic Club, Nyu-York, Nyu-York, BIZ.
46G'olib24–5–6 (11)Qo'shma Shtatlar Jou JeanetteNWS62 Dec 1905Qo'shma Shtatlar National Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
45G'olib24–5–6 (10)Qo'shma Shtatlar Young Peter JacksonNWS121 Dec 1905Qo'shma Shtatlar Germania Maennerchor Hall, Baltimor, Merilend, BIZ.Retained World Colored heavyweight title
44Yo'qotish24–5–6 (9)Qo'shma Shtatlar Jou JeanetteDQ2 (6)25 Nov 1905Qo'shma Shtatlar National Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
43G'olib24–4–6 (9)Qo'shma Shtatlar Joe GrimNWS624 Jul 1905Qo'shma Shtatlar National Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
42G'olib24–4–6 (8)Kanada Sandy FergusonDQ7 (15)18 Jul 1905Qo'shma Shtatlar Douglas Athletic Club, "Chelsi", Massachusets, AQSh
41G'olib23–4–6 (8)Qo'shma Shtatlar Morris HarrisKO1 (3)13 Jul 1905Qo'shma Shtatlar Broadway Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
40G'olib22–4–6 (8)Qo'shma Shtatlar Qora BillNWS313 Jul 1905Qo'shma Shtatlar Broadway Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
39G'olib22–4–6 (7)Kanada Jack MunroeNWS626 Jun 1905Qo'shma Shtatlar National Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
38G'olib22–4–6 (6)Qo'shma Shtatlar Valter JonsonKO3 (3)9 may 1905 yilQo'shma Shtatlar Knickerbocker Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
37G'olib21–4–6 (6)Qo'shma Shtatlar Jou JeanetteNWS39 may 1905 yilQo'shma Shtatlar Knickerbocker Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
36G'olib21–4–6 (5)Qo'shma Shtatlar Qora BillTKO4 (6)2 May 1905Qo'shma Shtatlar Knickerbocker Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
35G'olib20–4–6 (5)Qo'shma Shtatlar Jim JeffordsKO4 (6)25 Apr 1905Qo'shma Shtatlar Knickerbocker Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
34Yo'qotish19–4–6 (5)Qo'shma Shtatlar Marvin XartPTS2028 Mar 1905Qo'shma Shtatlar Woodward's Pavilion, San Francisco, California, U.S.
33G'olib19–3–6 (5)Qo'shma Shtatlar Denver Ed MartinKO2 (20)10 Oct 1904Qo'shma Shtatlar Hazard's Pavilion, Los Angeles, California, U.S.Retained World Colored heavyweight title
32G'olib18–3–6 (5)Qo'shma Shtatlar Frenk ChildsPTS62 Jun 1904Qo'shma Shtatlar Apollo Hall, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.Retained World Colored heavyweight title
31G'olib17–3–6 (5)Qo'shma Shtatlar Sem MakviKO20 (20)22 Apr 1904Qo'shma Shtatlar Mechanic's Pavilion, San-Fransisko, Kaliforniya, AQShRetained World Colored heavyweight title
30G'olib16–3–6 (5)Qo'shma Shtatlar Qora BillNWS615 Feb 1904Qo'shma Shtatlar Lenox Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
29Bosimining ko'tarilishi16–3–6 (4)Kanada Sandy FergusonBosimining ko'tarilishi5 (6)6 Feb 1904Qo'shma Shtatlar National Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
28G'olib16–3–6 (3)Kanada Sandy FergusonPTS2011 Dec 1903Qo'shma Shtatlar Kolma, Kaliforniya, AQSh
27G'olib15–3–6 (3)Qo'shma Shtatlar Sem MakviPTS2027 Oct 1903Qo'shma Shtatlar Hazard's Pavilion, Los Angeles, California, U.S.Retained World Colored heavyweight title
26G'olib14–3–6 (3)Kanada Sandy FergusonNWS631 Jul 1903Qo'shma Shtatlar Penn Art Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
25G'olib14–3–6 (2)Qo'shma Shtatlar Djo ButlerKO3 (6)11 May 1903Qo'shma Shtatlar Washington Sports Club, Filadelfiya, Pensilvaniya, BIZ.
24G'olib13–3–6 (2)Kanada Sandy FergusonPTS1016 Apr 1903Qo'shma Shtatlar Essex Athletic Club, Boston, Massachusets, BIZ.
23G'olib12–3–6 (2)Qo'shma Shtatlar Sem MakviPTS2026 Feb 1903Qo'shma Shtatlar Hazard's Pavilion, Los Angeles, California, U.S.Retained World Colored heavyweight title
22G'olib11–3–6 (2)Qo'shma Shtatlar Denver Ed MartinPTS205 Feb 1903Qo'shma Shtatlar Hazard's Pavilion, Los Angeles, California, U.S.Yutuq World Colored heavyweight title
21G'olib10–3–6 (2)Qo'shma Shtatlar Fred RasselDQ8 (20)4 Dec 1902Qo'shma Shtatlar Hazard's Pavilion, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
20G'olib9–3–6 (2)Qo'shma Shtatlar Jorj GardinerPTS2031 Oct 1902Qo'shma Shtatlar Woodward's Pavilion, San-Fransisko, Kaliforniya, AQSh
19G'olib8–3–6 (2)Qo'shma Shtatlar Frenk ChildsTKO12 (20)21 Oct 1902Qo'shma Shtatlar Hazard's Pavilion, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
18Chizish7–3–6 (2)Qo'shma Shtatlar Xen GriffinPTS2020 Jun 1902Qo'shma Shtatlar Hazard's Pavilion, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
17G'olib7–3–5 (2)Qo'shma Shtatlar Jek JeffriKO5 (20)16 may 1902 yilQo'shma Shtatlar Xatar pavilyoni, Los Anjeles, Kaliforniya, AQSh
16G'olib6–3–5 (2)Qo'shma Shtatlar Djo KennediKO4 (15)7 Mar 1902Qo'shma Shtatlar Reliance Athletic Club, Oakland, California, U.S.
15Chizish5–3–5 (2)Qo'shma Shtatlar Xen GriffinPTS1527 Dec 1901Qo'shma Shtatlar Reliance Athletic Club, Oklend, Kaliforniya, AQSh
14Yo'qotish5–3–4 (2)Qo'shma Shtatlar Xen GriffinPTS204 Nov 1901Qo'shma Shtatlar Armory Hall, Bakersfield, Kaliforniya, BIZ.
13Chizish5–2–4 (2)Qo'shma Shtatlar Mexican Pete EverettPTS2014 Aug 1901Qo'shma Shtatlar Gold Coin Club, Viktor, Kolorado, AQSh
12Chizish5–2–3 (2)Qo'shma Shtatlar Billy StiftPTS1026 Apr 1901Qo'shma Shtatlar Colorado Athletic Club, Denver, Kolorado, BIZ.
11Yo'qotish5–2–2 (2)Qo'shma Shtatlar Djo ChoynskiKO3 (20)25 Feb 1901Qo'shma Shtatlar Harmony Hall, Galveston, Texas, U.S.
10Chizish5–1–2 (2)Qo'shma Shtatlar Jim ScanlonPTS7 (20)14 Jan 1901Qo'shma Shtatlar Galveston Athletic Club, Galveston, Texas, U.S.
9G'olib5–1–1 (2)Qo'shma Shtatlar Klondike HaynesTKO4 (20)27 Dec 1900Qo'shma Shtatlar Phoenix Athletic Club, Memfis, Tennesi, BIZ.
8Chizish4–1–1 (2)Qo'shma Shtatlar Klondike HaynesPTS2025 Jun 1900Qo'shma Shtatlar Galveston Athletic Club, Galveston, Texas, U.S.
7G'olib4–1 (2)Qo'shma Shtatlar Jim MakkormikDQ6 (20)20 Apr 1900Qo'shma Shtatlar Galveston Athletic Club, Galveston, Texas, U.S.
6Bosimining ko'tarilishi3–1 (2)Qo'shma Shtatlar Uilyam MakneylND49 Apr 1900Qo'shma Shtatlar Galveston Athletic Club, Galveston, Texas, U.S.
5Bosimining ko'tarilishi3–1 (1)Qo'shma Shtatlar Jim MakkormikND1521 Mar 1900Qo'shma Shtatlar Galveston Athletic Club, Galveston, Texas, U.S.
4Yo'qotish3–1Qo'shma Shtatlar Klondike HaynesTKO5 (6)6 may 1899 yilQo'shma Shtatlar Howard Theatre, Chikago, Illinoys, BIZ.
3G'olib3–0Qo'shma Shtatlar CherokeeKO? (6)24 Jul 1898Qo'shma Shtatlar Kanzas-Siti, Kanzas, BIZ.
2G'olib2–0Qo'shma Shtatlar Ed JonsonKO520 Nov 1897Qo'shma Shtatlar Convention Hall, Galveston, Texas, U.S.Retained Texas State middleweight title
1G'olib1–0Qo'shma Shtatlar Charley BruksKO2 (15)1 Nov 1897Qo'shma Shtatlar Prof. Bernau's Gymnasium, Galveston, Texas, BIZ.Won Texas State middleweight title

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ a b v d e f g Ingming Duque Aberia (2009). Manny Pacquiao: The Greatest Boxer of All Time. Hermilando "Ingming" Aberia. p. 47. ISBN  9781449596989. Olingan 28 avgust, 2014.
  2. ^ "Jack Johnson the "Galveston Giant"". Boxing Hall of Fame. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2014 yil 3 sentyabrda. Olingan 28 avgust, 2014.
  3. ^ "BoxRec - Jack Johnson".
  4. ^ a b John L. Sullivan, cited in: Christopher James Shelton, Historian for The Boxing Amusement Park, "'Fight of the Century' Johnson vs. Jeffries, the 100th anniversary"
  5. ^ a b v d e f Ken Berns, Unforgivable Blackness[qo'shimcha tushuntirish kerak ]
  6. ^ a b "Unforgivable Blackness . Sparring . Johnson's Rise". PBS. Olingan 30 sentyabr, 2014.
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87. Papa Jack, Jack Johnson and the Era of the White Hopes, Randy Roberts, Macmillan, 1983, Chapter 8.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • Ocania Chalk, Pioneers of Black Sport. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1975.
  • Henry Louis Gates and Cornel West, The African-American Century: How Black Americans have shaped our Country. New York: The Free Press, 2000.
  • Theresa Runstedtler, Jack Johnson, Rebel Sojourner: Boxing in the Shadow of the Global Color Line. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2012.

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