Bulut turlarining ro'yxati - List of cloud types

Troposfera bulutlarining paydo bo'lish balandligi bo'yicha tasnifi. Bitta balandlik darajasi bilan chegaralanmagan ko'p darajali va vertikal turdagi jinslarga nimbostratus, cumulonimbus va ba'zi yirik kümülatus turlari kiradi.

The bulut turlarining ro'yxati asosiy naslni quyidagicha guruhlaydi yuqori (sirrus, sirro-), o'rta (alto-), ko'p darajali (nimbostratus, cumulus, cumulonimbus) va past (stratus, strato-) har bir bulut odatda topilgan balandlik darajasi yoki darajalariga qarab. Kichik kumulyatsiya odatda past bulutlar bilan birlashtiriladi, chunki ular vertikal darajada sezilarli emas. Ko'p darajali jins turlaridan, eng katta konvektiv faollikka ega bo'lganlar ko'pincha alohida sifatida guruhlanadi baland vertikal. Turlarning barchasi lotincha nomlarga ega.

Shuningdek, avlodlar beshta jismoniy shaklga birlashtirilgan. Bular beqarorlik yoki konvektiv faollikning taxminiy o'sish tartibida: stratiform choyshab; tsirriform donalar va yamaqlar; stratokumuliform yamaqlar, rulolar va to'lqinlar; kumulyform uyumlar va kumulonimbiform ko'pincha murakkab tuzilmalarga ega bo'lgan minoralar. Ko'pgina nasllarga bo'linadi turlari lotin nomlari bilan, ularning ba'zilari bir nechta naslga xosdir. Ko'pgina nasllar va turlarga bo'linishi mumkin navlari, shuningdek, lotin nomlari bilan, ularning ba'zilari bir nechta nasl yoki turlarga xosdir. Troposfera bulutlari uchun zamonaviy nomenklatura tizimining asoslari tomonidan taklif qilingan Lyuk Xovard, a Inglizlar ishlab chiqarish kimyogar va an havaskor meteorolog keng manfaatlar bilan fan, 1802 yilgi taqdimotda Askesian Jamiyati. Yer yuziga tegib turgan juda past qatlamli bulutlarga umumiy nomlar, tuman va tuman berilgan, bular troposferada baland shakllanadigan bulutlarning lotincha nomlanishi bilan birlashtirilmagan.

Troposferadan yuqorida, stratosfera va mezosfera bulutlar asosiy turlarining umumiy nomlari va pastki tiplari uchun alfa-raqamli nomenklaturasi bilan o'z tasniflariga ega. Ular balandlik bilan tavsiflanadi juda yuqori daraja (qutbli stratosfera) va haddan tashqari daraja (qutbli mezosfera). Troposferadagi beshta fizik shakldan uchtasi bu yuqori darajalarda, stratiform, tsirriform va stratokumuliformada ham ko'rinadi, garchi juda katta kumulonimbiform bulutlarning tepalari pastki stratosferaga kirib borishi mumkin.

Bulutni aniqlash va tasniflash: Ro'yxatdagi turlarning tartibi

Ushbu sahifaning ikkinchi qismida (asosiy turlarning tasnifi) balandlik oralig'i balandlikda taxminiy pasayish tartibida tartiblangan, umumiy ma'noda ko'rsatilgan. O'zaro tasniflash jadvalida shakllar va turlar turlari (shu qatorda ayrim turdagi kichik turlar) beqarorlikning taxminiy o'sish tartibida chapdan o'ngga ko'rsatilgan.

Uchdan beshgacha bo'limlarda quruqlikdagi bulutlar bulutlar paydo bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan har bir atmosfera qatlamining balandligi kamayish tartibida keltirilgan:

• mezosfera qatlami;
• stratosfera qatlami;
• troposfera qatlami.
  • Troposferada bulut sathlari balandlik oralig'ining kamayib boruvchi tartibida sanab o'tilgan.
    • Vertikal bo'lmagan turlar (shu qatorda ba'zi bir pastki turlar) bulut asoslari balandligining taxminiy pasayish tartibiga ajratilgan.
    • Vertikal yoki ko'p darajali nasllar va turlarning pastki turlari pastki yoki o'rta darajalarda bo'lishi mumkin va shuning uchun vertikal bo'lmagan past va o'rta darajadagi turlar va pastki turlar orasida joylashtiriladi. Ushbu qalin bulutlar bulut tepaliklari balandligining taxminiy kamayish tartibida keltirilgan.
      • Har bir tur turi bilan bog'liq turlar, agar kerak bo'lsa, beqarorlikning taxminiy o'sish tartibida keltirilgan.
      • Har bir tur yoki tur uchun tarkibiy navlar va ular bilan bog'liq qo'shimcha xususiyatlar va ona bulutlar paydo bo'lish chastotasining taxminiy tartibida joylashtirilgan.
      • Turlarning turlariga va navlariga bo'linishi va bo'linishi natijasida kelib chiqadigan asosiy troposfera variantlarining soni har bir navdan keyin V-1 (variant 1) dan V-92 gacha bo'lgan qavs ichida raqam sifatida ko'rsatilgan, sub-bo'lmagan nimbostratdan keyin turlari va har doim ham navlarga bo'linmaydigan ba'zi turlaridan keyin.

Oltinchi bo'limda umumiy ro'yxatdagi bulut turlari va amaldagi tasniflash jadvalidagi ona bulutlari alfavit tartibida belgilangan joylardan tashqari tartiblangan. Turlar jadvali ushbu turlarni chapdan o'ngga har bir turning konvektiv beqarorligining taxminiy o'sish tartibida saralangan. Qo'shimcha xususiyatlar jadvali ularning paydo bo'lish chastotasining taxminiy kamayish tartibida joylashtirilgan.

Ettinchi bo'limda yerdan tashqaridagi bulutlarni bizning Quyosh tizimimizdagi va undan tashqaridagi boshqa sayyoralar atmosferasida topish mumkin. Bulutli sayyoralar Quyoshdan masofa tartibida ro'yxatga olingan (raqamlanmagan) va har bir sayyoradagi bulutlar balandlikning taxminiy pasayish tartibida.

Gomosferada bulutlarni aniqlash va tasniflash

Quyidagi jadval juda keng ko'lamda va bir qator rasmiy organlar tomonidan gomosferaning turli darajalarida qo'llaniladigan rasmiy va norasmiy tasniflashning bir necha usullaridan kelib chiqadi. Gomosfera tiplari shakli va darajasi bo'yicha bir butun sifatida o'zaro tasniflanadi, o'nta troposfera naslini, sirt sathida hosil bo'ladigan tuman va tumanni va troposferadan yuqori bo'lgan bir nechta qo'shimcha asosiy turlarni hosil qiladi. Kumulus turi vertikal kattaligi va tuzilishi bilan aniqlangan to'rt turni o'z ichiga oladi. Shuning uchun uni har xil bulut turlari bir-birlari bilan o'zaro bog'liqligi haqidagi tasavvur sifatida emas, balki o'z-o'zidan qat'iy tasnif sifatida emas, balki sirt sathidan "kosmik chekka" gacha.

Polar mezosfera bulutini aniqlash va tasnifi

Mezosferada hosil bo'ladigan bulutlar odatda tsirriform tuzilishga ega, ammo bu xususiyat asosida lotin nomlari berilmaydi. Qutbiy mezosfera bulutlari atmosferadagi eng baland va ularga lotin nomi berilgan noctilucent bu ularning chuqurlikda yoritilishini anglatadi alacakaranlık. Ular tsirriform fizikaviy tuzilishining o'ziga xos tafsilotlari bo'yicha alfa-sonli sub-tasniflanadi.

Ekstremal darajadagi stratiform, stratokumuliform va tsirriform

Estoniya ustidan notiltilent bulut

Noctilucent bulutlari taxminan 80 dan 85 kilometrgacha (262,000–279,000 fut) tashkil etadigan va vaqti-vaqti bilan quyosh botganidan keyin va quyosh chiqishidan oldin chuqur alacakaranlıkta ko'rinadigan turli xil shakllarda bo'lgan nozik bulutlardir.^[1][2]

1-toifa

Pardalar, juda yumshoq stratiform; sirrostrat yoki yomon aniqlangan sirusga o'xshaydi.

2-toifa

Ko'pincha parallel guruhlarda yoki kichik burchak ostida bir-biriga to'qilgan uzun stratokumuliform bantlar. Sirrokumulus tasmalariga qaraganda kengroq masofada joylashgan.

Subtiplar

2A

Tarqalgan, qirralari xiralashgan bantlar.

2B

Qirralari keskin aniqlangan bantlar.

3-toifa

Billolar. Aniq intervalgacha, tolali sirriform, taxminan parallel qisqa chiziqlar.

Subtiplar

3A

Qisqa, tekis, tor chiziqlar.

3B

To'lqinlarga o'xshash to'lqinlarga o'xshash tuzilmalar.

4-toifa

Girdoblar. Qorong'u markazlari bo'lgan qisman (yoki kamdan-kam hollarda) sirriform halqalari.

Subtiplar

4A

Ba'zan suv sathidagi engil to'lqinlarga o'xshash kichik egrilik radiusiga ega burilishlar.

4B

Bir yoki bir nechta chiziqli o'rta burchakli radiusning oddiy egri chizig'i.

4C

Keng ko'lamli halqa tuzilmalari bilan burilishlar.

Polar stratosfera bulutini aniqlash va tasnifi

Polar stratosfera bulutlari juda baland balandliklarda stratosferaning qutbli mintaqalarida hosil bo'ladi. Ko'rsatadiganlar marvarid onasi ranglar ism berilgan nafratli.^[3]

Juda yuqori darajadagi stratiform

Azot kislotasi va suv qutbli stratosfera

Ba'zida 1-tur, sirrostrat yoki tumanga o'xshash ingichka choyshabga o'xshash bulut deb nomlanadi. Super sovutilgan tarkibiga kiradi azot kislotasi va suv tomchilari; ba'zida supero'tkazgich ham mavjud sulfat kislota uchlamchi eritmada.

Juda yuqori darajadagi sirriform va stratokumuliform

Nacreous qutbli stratosfera buluti (marvaridning onasi)

Ba'zida 2-toifa deb nomlanuvchi, taxminan 18-30 km (59,000–98,000 ft) masofada joylashgan va ko'pincha o'rtasida ko'rinadigan ingichka odatda sirriform yoki lentikulyar (stratokumuliform) bulut. quyosh botishi va quyosh chiqishi.^[3] Faqat muz kristallaridan iborat.

Antarktida ustidagi stratosfera nakreus bulutlari

Troposferada bulutlarni aniqlash va tasnifi

Standart ikki harfli qisqartirishlar yordamida aniqlangan asosiy troposfera bulutlari turlari

Troposfera bulutlari tuzilishi bilan belgilanadigan fizik shakllarga va balandlik diapazoni bilan belgilanadigan darajalarga bo'linadi. Ushbu bo'linmalar o'zaro tasniflanib, o'nta asosiy turdagi turlarni ishlab chiqaradi. Ular tomonidan tasdiqlangan lotincha ismlar mavjud Jahon meteorologiya tashkiloti (WMO) fizik tuzilishini, balandligini yoki balandligini va shakllanish jarayonini bildiradi

Yuqori darajadagi sirriform, stratokumuliform va stratiform

Troposferaning eng baland va eng sovuq mintaqasida yuqori bulutlar mo''tadil kengliklarda taxminan 5 dan 12 km gacha (16,500 dan 40,000 fut) gacha hosil bo'ladi.^[4][5] Ushbu balandlikda suv deyarli har doim muzlaydi, shuning uchun odatda baland bulutlar tarkib topadi muz kristallari yoki super sovutilgan suv tomchilari.

Cirrus turi

Cirrus uncinus bulutlari (V-2)

Cirrus spissatus (V-3) bulutlari

Cirrus fibratus radiatus (V-8)

Qisqartma: Salom

Cirriform bulutlari aqlli bo'lib, asosan shaffof yoki shaffofdir. Izolyatsiya qilingan sirus olib kelmaydi yomg'ir; ammo, ko'p miqdordagi sirus yaqinlashayotganini ko'rsatishi mumkin bo'ron tizim oxir-oqibat adolatli ob-havo.

Cirrus turidagi bulutlarning turlari va navlariga qarab bir nechta o'zgarishlari mavjud:

Turlar

• Cirrus fibratus (V-1)
  An'anaviy "бие dumi" ko'rinishiga ega baland bulutlar. Ushbu bulutlar uzun, tolali va kavisli bo'lib, uchlarida tutam va buruqlar yo'q.
• Cirrus uncinus (V-2)
  Yuqoriga o'girilgan kancalar yoki buruqli filamentlar.
• Cirrus spissatus (V-3)
  Zich va shaffof bo'lmagan yoki asosan shaffof bo'lmagan yamaqlar.
• Cirrus castellanus (V-4)
  Yupqa poydevor bilan bog'langan bir qator zich topaklar yoki "minoralar".
• Cirrus floccus (V-5)
  Yuqoridan yumaloq ko'rinishga ega bo'lgan elementlar, pastki qismi esa yirtiq ko'rinadi.^[6]

Shaffoflikka asoslangan navlar

• Yo'q; tabiatan shaffof bo'lmagan spissatus turlaridan tashqari har doim shaffof.^[7]

Fibratus naqshiga asoslangan navlar

• Cirrus fibratus intortus (V-6)
  Noto'g'ri egri yoki chigal iplar.
• Cirrus fibratus vertebratus (V-7)
  A tarzida joylashtirilgan elementlar umurtqali hayvonlar yoki baliq skelet.

Naqshga asoslangan turli xil radiatsiya
Ga yaqinlashgandek ko'rinadigan katta gorizontal chiziqlar ufq; odatda fibratus va uncinus turlari bilan bog'liq.

• Cirrus fibratus radiatus (V-8)
• Cirrus uncinus radiusi (V-9)

Naqshga asoslangan turli xil dublikat
Bir yoki bir nechta nuqtada bog'lanishi mumkin bo'lgan yuqori troposferaning turli qatlamlaridagi varaqlar; odatda fibratus va uncinus turlari bilan bog'liq.

• Cirrus fibratus duplicatus (V-10)
• Cirrus uncinus duplicatus (V-11)

• Turlar odatda Ci spissatus turlari bilan bog'liq emas, kastellanus yoki flokus.^[6][7]

Yog'ingarchiliklarga asoslangan qo'shimcha xususiyatlar

• Sirus bilan bog'liq emas.

Bulutga asoslangan qo'shimcha xususiyat

• Mamma
  Pufakka o'xshash pastga qarab chiqib ketish; asosan kastellanus turlari bilan uchraydi.^[8]

Genitus ona bulutlari

• Cirrus cirrocumulogenitus
• Cirrus altocumulogenitus
• Cirrus cumulonimbogenitus
• Cirrus homogenitus; samolyot kontraktlarini yoyish natijasida hosil bo'lgan sirus.

Mutatus ona buluti

• Cirrus tsirrostratomutatus
• Cirrus homomutatus; tsirrus homogenitusining to'liq o'zgarishi natijasida hosil bo'lgan sirus.

Tsirrokumulus

Cirrocumulus stratiformisning katta maydoni (V-12)

Qisqartma: Cc.^[4]

Jinsning yuqori darajadagi stratokumuliform bulutlari tsirrokumulus trop troposfera balandligidagi nam havo to'yinganligi natijasida muz kristallari yoki o'ta sovigan suv tomchilari hosil bo'lganda hosil bo'ladi. Bulut darajasidagi cheklangan konvektiv beqarorlik bulutga o'ralgan yoki to'lqinlangan ko'rinish beradi. Yo'qligiga qaramay strato- prefiks, qatlamli sirrokumulus jismonan yuqori stratokumuliform turidir.^[9]

Yuqori stratokumuliform turlari

• Cirrocumulus stratiformis^[10] (V-12)
  Sirokumulusning choyshablari yoki nisbatan tekis bo'laklari.
• Cirrocumulus lenticularis^[10] (V-13)
  Lentikulyar yoki ob'ektiv - shakllangan baland bulut.
• Cirrocumulus castellanus^[10] (V-14)
  "Minoralar" bilan tsirrokumulus qatlami, yoki minoralar bazalarda birlashtirilgan.
• Cirrocumulus floccus^[10] (V-15)
  Yalang'och poydevorli va tepalari yumaloq bo'lgan juda kichik oq uyumlar.^[6]

Shaffoflikka asoslangan navlar

• Yo'q (har doim shaffof)

Stratokumuliform naqshga asoslangan turli xil undulatus
Dalgalanuvchi asosli tsirrokumulus; odatda stratiformis va lentikularis turlari bilan bog'liq. (V-16)

• Cirrocumulus stratiformis undulatus (V-17)
• Cirrocumulus lenticularis undulatus ^[7] (V-18)

Naqshga asoslangan turli xil lakunoz
Katta aniq teshiklari bo'lgan tsirrokumulus; odatda stratiformis va kastellanus turlar (shuningdek, kumuliform floccus turlari bilan).

Stratocumuliform lacunosus

• Cirrocumulus stratiformis lacunosus (V-19)
• Cirrocumulus castellanus lacunosus (V-20)
• Cirrocumulus floccus lacunosus ^[7] (V-21)

Yog'ingarchilikka asoslangan qo'shimcha xususiyat

• Virga
  Engil yog'ingarchilik er sathidan yaxshi bug'lanadi; asosan stratiformis, castellanus va floccus turlari bilan uchraydi.^[8]

Bulutga asoslangan qo'shimcha xususiyat

• Mamma
  Pufakka o'xshash pastga qarab chiqib ketish; asosan kastellanus turlari bilan uchraydi.

Genitus ona bulutlari

• Jinsiy turlari yo'q.

Mutatus ona bulutlari

• Cirrocumulus cirromutatus
• Cirrocumulus cirrostratomutatus
• Cirrocumulus altocumulomutatus
• Cirrocumulus homomutatus; tsirrus homogenitusining transformatsiyasidan kelib chiqadi.

Sirrostratus

Cirrostratus nebulosus (V-22) quyuqroq altostratus translucidus (V-47) ga qo'shilib ketadi.

Qisqartma: CS^[4]

Jinsning bulutlari sirrostrat osmonning katta maydonini qamrab oladigan, asosan uzluksiz, keng bulutli qatlamlardan iborat. U konvektiv ravishda barqaror nam havo yuqori balandlikda to'yinganlikka qadar sovib, muz kristallarini hosil qilganda hosil bo'ladi.^[11] Frontal sirrostrat - yomg'irning kashfiyotchisi yoki qor agar u o'rta darajadagi altostratga va oxir-oqibat nimbostratusga qalinlashsa ob-havo jabhasi kuzatuvchiga yaqinlashadi.

Turlar

• Cirrostratus fibratus^[10] (V-22)
  Tashqi ko'rinishi tolali sirrostratus varag'i, ammo sirus singari ajralmagan.
• Cirrostratus tumanligi^[10] (V-23)
  Xushsiz, bir xil choyshab.^[6]

Shaffoflikka asoslangan navlar

• Yo'q (har doim shaffof)^[7]

Fibratus naqshiga asoslangan navlar

• Cirrostratus fibratus duplicatus^[7] (V-24)
  Bir qatlam boshqasidan biroz yuqoriroq bo'lgan alohida yoki yarim birlashtirilgan choyshablar.
• Cirrostratus fibratus undulatus^[7] (V-25)
  To'lqinli to'lqinlar.

Turlar, odatda, Cs turlari nebulosus bilan bog'liq emas.^[7]

Qo'shimcha funktsiyalar / aksessuar bulutlari

• Sirrostrat bilan bog'liq emas.^[8]

Genitus ona bulutlari

• Cirrostratus cirrocumulogenitus
• Cirrostratus cumulonimbogenitus

Mutatus ona bulutlari

• Cirrostratus cirromutatus
• Cirrostratus cirrocumulomutatus
• Cirrostratus altostratomutatus.
• Cirrostratus homomutatus; tsirrus homogenitusining konversiyasidan kelib chiqadi.

O'rta darajadagi stratokumuliform va stratiform

O'rta bulut mo''tadil kengliklarda 2 dan 7 km gacha (6500-23000 fut) hosil bo'ladi va shu balandlikdagi harorat rejimiga qarab suv tomchilari yoki muz kristallaridan iborat bo'lishi mumkin.^[5]

Altocumulus turi

Altocumulus castellanus (V-28)

Altocumulus floccus (V-29)

Altocumulus lenticularis duplicatus (V-39)

Altocumulus stratiformis translucidus undulatus (V-40)

Altocumulus stratiformis perlucidus undulatus (V-41) bulutlari altostratus opacus (V-50) ga qo'shilib, yuqori tsirrus fibratus qatlami bilan (V-1)

Fallstreak teshigi -altocumulus stratiformis translucidus lacunosus (V-44)

Qisqartma: Ac^[4]

O'rta darajadagi stratokumuliform bulutlari altokumulus har doim ham ob-havo jabhasi bilan bog'liq emas, lekin baribir yog'ingarchilikni, odatda, shaklida olib kelishi mumkin virga erga etib bormaydigan. Altokumulusning qatlamli shakllari odatda cheklangan konvektiv beqarorlikning ko'rsatkichi hisoblanadi va shuning uchun asosan stratokumuliformdir.

O'rta darajadagi stratokumuliform turlari

• Altocumulus stratiformis (har doim shaffoflikka asoslangan navlarga bo'linadi)
  Choyshablar yoki altokumulusning nisbatan tekis bo'laklari.
• Altocumulus lenticularis (V-26)
  Ob'ektiv shaklidagi o'rta bulut. Rasmiy bo'lmagan altocumulus variantini o'z ichiga oladi Kelvin - Gelmgols buluti, shiddatni ko'rsatuvchi lentikulyar spiral turbulentlik.
• Altocumulus volutus (V27) cho'zilgan, trubka shaklida, gorizontal stratokumuliform bulut.
• Altocumulus castellanus (V-28)
  Taretli qatlamli bulut.
• Altocumulus floccus (V29)
  Tukli stratokumuliform bulutlar, poydevorlari yirtilgan.^[6]

Shaffoflikka asoslangan Stratokumuliform navlari

• Altocumulus stratiformis translucidus (V-30)
  Shaffof altokumulus orqali quyosh yoki oyni ko'rish mumkin.
• Altocumulus stratiformis perlucidus (V-31)
  Shaffof tanaffuslar bilan shaffof bo'lmagan o'rta bulutlar.
• Altocumulus stratiformis opacus (V-32)
  Quyoshni yashiradigan shaffof bo'lmagan altokumulus yoki oy.^[7]

Stratokumuliform naqshga asoslangan xilma-xillik radiusi
Ufqda birlashganday ko'rinadigan altokumul qatorlari; odatda stratiformis turlari bilan bog'liq.

• Altocumulus stratiformis translucidus radiatus (V-33)
• Altocumulus stratiformis perlucidus radiatus (V-34)
• Altocumulus stratiformis opacus radiatus (V-35)

Stratokumuliform naqshga asoslangan turli xil dublikat
Altokumulus bir-birining ustiga, bir-biriga yaqin joylashgan qatlamlarda; odatda stratiformis va lentikularis turlari bilan bog'liq.

• Altocumulus stratiformis translucidus duplicatus (V-36)
• Altocumulus stratiformis perlucidus duplicatus (V-37)
• Altocumulus stratiformis opacus duplicatus (V-38)
• Altocumulus lenticularis duplicatus (V-39)

Stratokumuliform naqshga asoslangan navli undulatus
To'lqinli to'lqinli asosli altokumulus; odatda stratiformis va lentikularis turlari bilan bog'liq.^[7]

• Altocumulus stratiformis translucidus undulatus (V-40)
• Altocumulus stratiformis perlucidus undulatus (V-41)
• Altocumulus stratiformis opacus undulatus (V-42)
• Altocumulus lenticularis undulatus (V-43)

Naqshga asoslangan turli xil lakunoz
Mahalliylashtirilgan dumaloq teshiklari bo'lgan Altokumulus pastga tushirish; odatda stratiformis va kastellanus turlari bilan bog'liq (shuningdek, cumuliform floccus turlari bilan).^[7]

Stratocumuliform lacunosus

• Altocumulus stratiformis translucidus lacunosus (V-44)
• Altocumulus stratiformis perlucidus lacunosus (V-45)
• Altocumulus stratiformis opacus lacunosus (V-46)
• Altocumulus castellanus lacunosus (V-47)
• Altocumulus floccus lacunosus ^[6] (V-48)

Yog'ingarchilikka asoslangan qo'shimcha xususiyat

• Virga
  Altokumulus yog'ingarchilikni hosil qiladi, u erga etib borguncha bug'lanadi; odatda stratiformis, castellanus va floccus turlari bilan bog'liq.

Bulutga asoslangan qo'shimcha xususiyat

• Mamma
  Altokumulus (odatda kastellanus turlari), pastga qarab qabariqqa o'xshash o'smalar bulut ichida lokalizatsiya qilingan pastga tushish natijasida kelib chiqadi.^[8]

Genitus ona bulutlari

• Altocumulus cumulogenitus
• Altocumulus cumulonimbogenitus

Mutatus ona bulutlari

• Altocumulus cirrocumulomutatus
• Altocumulus altostratomutatus
• Altocumulus nimbostratomutatus
• Altocumulus stratocumulomutatus

Altostratus turi

Fotosuratning yuqori qismida Altostratus translucidus (V-49) pastki qismga yaqin bo'lgan altostratus opacus (V-50) ga qo'shiladi.

Qisqartma: Sifatida^[4]

Jinsning stratiform bulutlari altostrat katta konvektiv barqaror havo massasi troposferaning o'rta darajasida, odatda frontal tizim bo'ylab kondensatsiyaga ko'tarilganda hosil bo'ladi. Altostratus ozgina yomg'ir yoki qor yog'dirishi mumkin. Agar yog'ingarchilik doimiy ravishda davom etsa, u nimbostratga qalinlashishi mumkin, bu esa o'rtacha va og'ir intensivlikdagi yog'ingarchilikni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin.

Turlar

• Turli xil turlari yo'q (har doim noaniq).^[6]

Shaffoflikka asoslangan navlar

• Altostratus translucidus (V-49)
  Quyoshni ko'rish mumkin bo'lgan Altostratus.
• Altostratus opakusi (V-50)
  Quyoshni butunlay to'sib qo'yadigan Altostratus.^[7]

Naqshga asoslangan turli xil radiatsiya
Ufqda birlashganday ko'rinadigan bantlar.

• Altostratus translucidus radiatus (V-51)
• Altostratus opacus radiatus (V-52)

Naqshga asoslangan turli xil dublikat
Altostratus bir-birining ustiga, bir-biriga yaqin joylashgan qatlamlarda.

• Altostratus translucidus duplicatus (V-53)
• Altostratus opacus duplicatus (V-54)

Naqshga asoslangan turli xil undulatus
To'lqinli to'lqinli asosli Altostratus.

• Altostratus translucidus undulatus (V-55)
• Altostratus opacus undulatus ^[6] (V-56)

Yog'ingarchilikka asoslangan qo'shimcha xususiyatlar

• Virga
  Erga yetmasdan bug'lanib ketadigan yog'ingarchilik bilan birga keladi. Ko'pincha opakus navlari bilan ko'rish mumkin.
• Praecipitatio
  Erga tushadigan yog'ingarchilik hosil qiladi; opakus navlari bilan bog'liq.^[8]

Bulutga asoslangan qo'shimcha xususiyat

• Mamma
  Bulut ichida lokalizatsiya qilingan pastga tushish oqibatida pufakchaga o'xshash pastga qarab pastga qarab qaragan Altostratus.

Aksessuarlar buluti
Ko'pincha opakus navlari bilan ko'rish mumkin

• Pannus
  Yomg'irda shakllanadigan bulutlarning yirtilib ketgan pastki qatlami fraktus turlari bilan birga.^[8]

Genitus ona bulutlari

• Altostratus altocumulogenitus
• Altostratus cumulonimbogenitus

Mutatus ona bulutlari

• Altostratus cirrostratomutatus
• Altostratus nimbostratomutatus

Vertikal kümüulonimbiform va kumuliformni ko'tarish (pastdan o'rta darajagacha bulut bazasi)

Vertikal rivojlanib boruvchi bulutlar odatda 2 kilometrdan (6,600 fut) pastda hosil bo'ladi,^[5] ammo mo''tadil iqlim sharoitida 2,5 kilometrga (8,200 fut), qurg'oqchil mintaqalarda esa ancha yuqori bo'lishi mumkin.

Cumulonimbus jinsi: Minora vertikal

Cumulonimbus kalvusi (V-57)

Bir hujayrali Cumulonimbus capillatus (V-58) inkus

Qisqartma: Cb^[4]

Kumulonimbus turkumidagi bulutlar juda quyuq kulrangdan deyarli qora ranggacha bo'lgan tekis poydevorlarga va tepaga kira oladigan juda baland tepaliklarga ega. tropopoz. Ular kumulyadan rivojlanadi havo massasi konvektiv ravishda juda beqaror. Ular odatda ishlab chiqaradilar momaqaldiroq, yomg'ir yoki dush va ba'zan do'l, kuchli chiqib ketish shamollar va / yoki tornado zamin darajasida.

Turlar

• Cumulonimbus calvus (V-57)
  Cumulonimbus yuqori gumbazli tepalikka ega.
• Cumulonimbus capillatus (V-58)
  Yuqori sirriformli tepalikka ega vertikal bulut.^[6]

Turlar

• Hech qanday nav yo'q (har doim shaffof emas va sirt sathidan ko'rinadigan naqshlarda hosil bo'lmaydi).^[6][7]

Yog'ingarchiliklarga asoslangan qo'shimcha xususiyatlar
Buzoq va kapillatus turlari bilan bog'liq.

• Virga
  Erga yetmasdan bug'lanib ketadigan yog'ingarchilik.
• Praecipitatio
  Erga tushadigan yog'ingarchilik.^[8]

Bulutga asoslangan qo'shimcha funktsiyalar

• Incus (faqat kapillatus turlari)
  Kavulonimbus yuqoriga ko'tarilgan havo oqimlari ko'tarilgan shamol siljishi natijasida tepaga o'xshash anrium kabi tsirriformga ega. inversiya tropopozdagi qatlam.^[8][12]
• Mamma
  Ba'zan ham chaqiriladi Mammatus Pastki qismida lokalizatsiya qilingan pastga tushish oqibatida pufakchaga o'xshash o'simtalardan iborat.
• Arcus (shu jumladan rulon va raf bulutlar)
  Momaqaldiroq oqimining etakchisiga bog'liq past, gorizontal bulut shakllanishi.
• Tuba
  Bulut bazasida osilgan ustun, huni buluti yoki tornadoga aylanishi mumkin.^[8]

Aksessuarlar bulutlari
Belgilangan joylar bundan mustasno, turlar va kapillat bilan ko'rish mumkin.

• Pannus
  Yomg'irda hosil bo'lgan fraktus turlari bulutining quyi qatlami bilan birga.
• Pileus (faqat kalvus turlari)
  Ota-ona kumulonimbusi ustidagi kichik qopqoqqa o'xshash bulut.
• Velum
  Kumulonimbus o'rtasida hosil bo'lgan ingichka gorizontal choyshab.^[8]

Genitus ona bulutlari

• Cumulonimbus altocumulogenitus
• Cumulonimbus altostratogenitus
• Cumulonimbus nimbostratogenitus
• Cumulonimbus stratocumulogenitus
• Katta miqdordagi yong'in yoki vulqon otilishi natijasida hosil bo'lgan Cumulonimbus flammagenitus.

Mutatus ona buluti

• Cumulonimbus cumulomutatus

Genus cumulus: Minora vertikal

Cumulus congestus (V-59)

Qisqartmalar: Cu con (yig'ilish tiqilishi) yoki Tcu (baland yig'ma)^[13]

Turlar

• Cumulus congestus^[6] (V-59)

Ushbu yirik kumul bulutlari tekis quyuq kulrang poydevorlarga va tepalari asosan troposferaning yuqori qismida joylashgan juda baland minoralarga o'xshash shakllanishlarga ega. The Xalqaro fuqaro aviatsiyasi tashkiloti (ICAO) ushbu turni baland kumul (Tcu) deb belgilaydi.

Shaffoflikka asoslangan navlar

• Yo'q (har doim shaffof emas).

Naqshga asoslangan nav

• Yo'q (umuman beqaror kumulyus konjestusi bilan farqlanmaydi).

Yog'ingarchiliklarga asoslangan qo'shimcha xususiyatlar

• Virga
  Erga yetmasdan bug'lanib ketadigan yog'ingarchilik bilan birga keladi.
• Praecipitatio
  Erga tushadigan yog'ingarchilik hosil qiladi.^[8]

Bulutga asoslangan qo'shimcha funktsiyalar

• Mamma
  Bulut ichidagi lokalizatsiya pastga tushishidan kelib chiqadigan pufakchaga o'xshash pastga qarab pastga.
• Arcus (shu jumladan rulon va bulutli bulutlar )
  Momaqaldiroq oqimining etakchasi bilan bog'liq past gorizontal bulut shakllanishi.
• Tuba
  Bulut bazasida osilgan ustun kichik huni bulutiga aylanishi mumkin.^[8]

Aksessuarlar bulutlari

• Pannus
  Yog'ingarchilikda hosil bo'lgan fraktus turlari bulutining quyi qatlami bilan birga.
• Pileus
  Ota-ona yig'ilgan bulut ustidagi kichik qopqoqqa o'xshash bulut.
• Velum
  Kumul bulutining o'rtasida hosil bo'lgan ingichka gorizontal choyshab.^[8]

Ona bulutlari

• Cumulus congestus flammagenitus.
• Boshqa genitus va mutatus turlari kichik va mo''tadil kumulalar bilan bir xil.

Ko'p darajali stratiform va o'rtacha vertikal kumuliform (pastdan o'rta darajagacha bulut bazasi)

Nimbostratus turi: ko'p darajali

Virga bilan Nimbostratus (V-60)

Qisqartma: Ns^[4] (V-60)

Jinsning bulutlari nimbostratus doimiy yog'ingarchilik va kam ko'rinishga olib keladi. Ushbu bulut turi odatda 2 kilometrdan (6,600 fut) yuqori bo'ladi.^[5] oltostrat bulutidan, ammo yog'ingarchilik paytida quyi sathlarga qalinlashishga intiladi. Nimbostratus pastki qismining tepasi odatda troposferaning o'rta darajasida joylashgan.

Turlar

• Turli xil turlari yo'q (har doim noaniq).^[6]

Turlar

• Hech qanday nav yo'q (har doim shaffof emas va hech qachon naqsh hosil qilmaydi).^[6][7]

Yog'ingarchiliklarga asoslangan qo'shimcha xususiyatlar

• Virga
  Erga yetmasdan bug'lanib ketadigan yog'ingarchilik bilan birga keladi.
• Praecipitatio
  Erga tushadigan yog'ingarchilik hosil qiladi.^[8]

Aksessuarlar buluti

• Pannus
  Yog'ingarchilikda hosil bo'ladigan fraktus turlari bulutining pastki qatlami bo'lgan Nimbostratus.^[8]

Genitus ona bulutlari

• Nimbostratus cumulogenitus
• Nimbostratus cumulonimbogenitus

Mutatus ona bulutlari

• Nimbostratus altostratomutatus
• Nimbostratus altocumulomutatus
• Nimbostratus stratocumulomutatus

Genus cumulus: o'rtacha vertikal

Cumulus mediocris (V-61) yuqoridan

Cumulus mediocris (V-61) pileus

Cumulus mediocris (V-61) arcus

Qisqartma: Cu^[4]

O'rtacha vertikal yig'ilish - bu erkin konvektiv havo massasi beqarorligining hosilasi. Yuqori o'sishni davom ettirish kunning ikkinchi yarmida yog'ingarchilikni keltirib chiqaradi.

Turlar

• Cumulus mediocris (V-61)

Yassi o'rta kulrang poydevorli va tepalari kumulus humilisidan balandroq bo'lgan o'rtacha vertikal bulutlar.^[6]

Shaffoflikka asoslangan navlar

• Yo'q (har doim shaffof emas)

Naqshga asoslangan nav

• Cumulus mediocris radiatus (V-62)^[14](V-60)
  Ufqda birlashganday ko'rinadigan parallel chiziqlarga joylashtirilgan mo''tadil kumulus bulutlari.^[6][7]

Yog'ingarchiliklarga asoslangan qo'shimcha xususiyatlar

• Virga
  Erga yetmasdan bug'lanib ketadigan yog'ingarchilik bilan birga keladi.
• Praecipitatio
  Erga tushadigan yog'ingarchilik hosil qiladi.^[8]

Bulutga asoslangan qo'shimcha xususiyat

• Mamma
  Bulut ichidagi lokalizatsiya pastga tushishidan kelib chiqadigan pufakchaga o'xshash pastga qarab pastga.^[8]

Aksessuarlar bulutlari

• Pileus
  Ota-ona yig'ilgan bulut ustidagi kichik qopqoqqa o'xshash bulut.^[8]
• Velum
  Kumul bulutining o'rtasida hosil bo'lgan ingichka gorizontal choyshab.

Ona bulutlari

• Genitus va mutatus turlari vertikal darajada kam bo'lgan kumulaga o'xshashdir.

Past darajadagi stratokumuliform, kumuliform va stratiform

Yaqin sirtdan taxminan bulutgacha past bulutlar hosil bo'ladi. 2 kilometr (6600 fut) va odatda suv tomchilaridan iborat.^[5]

Stratokumulus turi

Stratocumulus castellanus (V-66)

Qisqartma: Sc^[4]

Jinsning bulutlari stratokumulus ko'pikli bo'lib, ko'pincha biroz beqaror havoda hosil bo'ladi va ular juda engil yomg'ir yoki yomg'ir yog'dirishi mumkin.

Turlar

• Stratocumulus stratiformis (har doim shaffoflikka asoslangan navlarga bo'linadi)
  Stratokumulusning choyshablari yoki nisbatan tekis bo'laklari
• Stratocumulus lenticularis (V-63)
  Ob'ektiv shaklidagi past bulut.
• Stratocumulus volutus (V-64)
  Cho'zilgan, past darajali, naycha shaklidagi gorizontal stratokumuliform bulut.
• Stratocumulus floccus (V-65)
  Gumbazli tepalari va poydevorlari tarqoq yoki ajratilgan stratokumulus tuplari.
• Stratocumulus castellanus (V-66)
  Minora shaklidagi shakllanishlar bilan yuqoriga qarab chiqib turuvchi stratokumulus bulutining qatlami.^[6]

Shaffoflikka asoslangan Stratokumuliform navlari

• Stratocumulus stratiformis translucidus (V-67)
  Quyosh yoki oyni ko'rish mumkin bo'lgan ingichka shaffof stratokumulus.
• Stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus (V-68)
  Shaffof tanaffuslar bilan shaffof past bulutlar.
• Stratocumulus stratiformis opacus (V-69)
  Shaffof bo'lmagan stratokumulus bulutlari.^[7]

Naqshga asoslangan turli xil radiatsiya
Stratokumulus ufqda birlashganday ko'rinadigan parallel chiziqlar bilan joylashtirilgan; odatda stratiformis turlari bilan bog'liq.

• Stratocumulus stratiformis translucidus radiatus (V-70)
• Stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus radiatus (V-71)
• Stratocumulus stratiformis opacus radiatus (V-72)

Naqshga asoslangan turli xil dublikat
Stratokumulusning bir-birining ustiga yaqin joylashgan; odatda stratiformis va lentikularis turlari bilan bog'liq.

• Stratocumulus stratiformis translucidus duplicatus (V-73)
• Stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus duplicatus (V-74)
• Stratocumulus stratiformis opacus duplicatus (V-75)
• Stratocumulus lenticularis duplicatus (V-76)

Naqshga asoslangan turli xil undulatus
To'lqinli to'lqinli asosli stratokumulus; odatda stratiformis va lentikularis turlari bilan bog'liq.^[7]

• Stratocumulus stratiformis translucidus undulatus (V-77)
• Stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus undulatus (V-78)
• Stratocumulus stratiformis opacus undulatus (V-79)
• Stratocumulus lenticularis undulatus (V-80)

Naqshga asoslangan turli xil lakunoz
Mahalliy pastga tushish natijasida kelib chiqqan dumaloq teshiklari bo'lgan Sc; odatda stratiformis va kastellanus turlari bilan bog'liq.

• Stratocumulus stratiformis translucidus lacunosus (V-81)
• Stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus lacunosus (V-82)
• Stratocumulus stratiformis opacus lacunosus (V-83)
• Stratocumulus castellanus lacunosus^[6] (V-84)
• Stratocumulus floccus lacunosus (V-85)

Yog'ingarchiliklarga asoslangan qo'shimcha xususiyatlar
Odatda stratiformis va castellanus turlari bilan bog'liq:

• Virga
  Kam bulutli yog'ingarchilik hosil bo'lib, erga etib borguncha bug'lanadi.
• Praecipitatio
  Stratokumulus bulutlari erga tushadigan yog'ingarchilik hosil qiladi.^[8]

Bulutga asoslangan qo'shimcha xususiyat

• Mamma
  Stratocumulus pastki qismida pufakchali o'simtalar bilan; odatda castellanus turlari bilan bog'liq.^[8]

Stratocumulus cumulogenitus yuqori qatlamli altokumulus stratiformis bilan

Genitus ona bulutlari

• Stratocumulus cumulogenitus
• Stratocumulus nimbostratogenitus
• Stratocumulus cumulonimbogenitus
• Stratocumulus altostratogenitus

Mutatus ona bulutlari

• Stratocumulus nimbostratomutatus
• Stratocumulus altocumulomutatus
• Stratocumulus stratomutatus

Genus cumulus (vertikal darajada oz)

Cumulus humilis (V-86)

Qisqartma: Cu

Bu vertikal ravishda o'smaydigan cheklangan konvektsiyaning adolatli havo yig'indisi bulutlari. Taglikdan tepaga vertikal balandlik, odatda, bulut bazasining kengligidan kam. Ular stratokumulusga o'xshash ko'rinadi, ammo elementlar odatda ko'proq ajralib turadi va pastki qismida kamroq kengroq bo'ladi.

Turlar

• Cumulus fractus (V-86)
  Bulutli bulutlarning silliq bo'laklari.
• Cumulus humilis (V-87)
  Yassi och kulrang poydevor va kichik oq gumbazli tepaliklar bilan "adolatli ob-havo bulutlari".^[6]

Shaffoflikka asoslangan navlar

• Yo'q (har doim shaffof, har doim shaffof bo'lgan fraktus turlaridan tashqari).^[7]

Humilis naqshiga asoslangan xilma-xillik

• Cumulus humilis radiatus (V-88)
  Ufqda birlashganday ko'rinadigan parallel chiziqlarga joylashtirilgan kichik kumul bulutlari.^[15]

Qo'shimcha funktsiyalar / aksessuar bulutlari

• Odatda frakta yoki humilis bilan kuzatilmaydi.^[8]

Genitus ona bulutlari

• Cumulus stratocumulogenitus
• Ichki sanoat faoliyati bilan bog'liq bo'lgan havo-massa konvektsiyasi natijasida hosil bo'lgan Cumulus homogenitus bulutlari.

Mutatus ona bulutlari

• Cumulus stratocumulomutatus
• Cumulus stratomutatus
• Cumulus cataractagenitus; palapartishlikdan buzadigan amallar natijasida hosil bo'lgan.

Jinsiy qatlam

Bulutlar stratus nebulosus translucidus (V-89) va opak (V-90) darajasida

Stratus fraktus (V-88) buluti

Qisqartma: St.^[4]

Jinsning bulutlari qatlam past gorizontal qatlamlarda yirtilgan yoki bir xil asosga ega. Yoriq qatlam ko'pincha yog'ingarchilikda hosil bo'ladi, dengiz qatlamida yoki boshqa nam havo barqarorligida bir xil qatlam hosil bo'ladi. Ikkinchisi tez-tez yomg'ir yog'diradi. Er yuzasiga tegib turgan qatlamga umumiy nom berilgan, tuman, faqat troposferada hosil bo'ladigan va balandlikda qoladigan bulutlarga taalluqli lotincha ism.

Turlar

• Stratus nebulosus
  Tumanga o'xshash bir xil past bulut.
• Stratus fraktus (V-89)
  Yomg'irli bulutlar tagida qatlam bulutlarining tekis bo'laklari.^[6]

Shaffoflikka asoslangan tumanlik

• Stratus nebulosus translucidus (V-90)
  Thin translucent stratus.
• Stratus nebulosus opacus (V-91)
  Opaque stratus that obscures the sun or moon.^[7]

Pattern-based variety undulatus
Wavy undulating base.

• Stratus nebulosus translucidus undulatus (V-92)
• Stratus nebulosus opacus undulatus (V-93)

• Varieties are not commonly associated with St species fractus.^[6][7]

Precipitation-based supplementary feature

• Praecipitatio
  Stratus (usually species nebulosus) producing precipitation.^[8]

Accessory clouds

• Not usually seen with stratus.^[8]

Genitus mother clouds and other mother sources

• Stratus nimbostratogenitus
• Stratus cumulogenitus
• Stratus cumulonimbogenitus
• Stratus cataractagenitus are generated by the spray from waterfalls.
• Stratus silvagenitus is a stratus cloud that forms as water vapor is added to the air above a forest.
• Stratus homogenitus

Mutatus mother cloud

• Stratus stratocumulomutatus

Tropospheric cloud types with Latin etymologies where applicable

Cloud types are sorted in alphabetical order except where noted.

WMO genera

• Altokumulus (altus va yig'ma) – Latin for "high heap": Applied to mid-level stratocumuliform.
• Altostratus (altus va qatlam) – "High sheet": Applied to mid-level stratiform.
• Sirrokumulus (sirus va yig'ma) – "Hair-like heap": Applied to high-level stratocumuliform.
• Sirrostrat (sirus va qatlam) – "Hair-like sheet": Applied to high-level stratiform.
• Cirrus – "Hair-like": Applied to high-level cirriform.
• Cumulonimbus – (yig'ma va nimbus) "Precipitation-bearing heap": Applied to vertical/multi-level cumulonimbiform.
• Kumulus – "Heap": Applied to low-level and vertical/multi-level cumuliform.
• Nimbostratus (nimbus va qatlam) – "Precipitation-bearing sheet": Applied to multi-level stratiform with vertical extent that produces precipitation of significant intensity.
• Stratokumulus (qatlam va yig'ma) – "Sheet-like heap": Applied to low-level stratocumuliform.
• Stratus – "Sheet": Applied to low-level mostly shallow stratiform.

WMO species

• Castellanus (Cas) – Latin for "castle-like": Applies to stratocumuliform (Sc cas, Ac cas, Cc cas) and dense cirriform (Ci cas) with a series of qasr shapes – indicates air mass instability.
• Congestus (Con) – Latin for "congested": Applies to cumuliform (Cu con/Tcu) with great vertical development and heaped into gulkaram shapes – indicates considerable airmass instability and strong upcurrents.
• Fibratus (Fib) – "Fibrous": Cirriform (Ci fib) or high stratiform (Cs fib) in the form of filaments, can be straight or slightly curved.
• Floccus (Flo) – "Tufted": Applies to stratocumuliform (Sc flo, Ac flo, Cc flo) and high cirriform (Ci flo); indicates some mid or high-level instability.
• Fraktus (Fra) – "Broken": Low stratiform (St fra) or cumuliform (Cu fra) with an irregular shredded appearance – forms in precipitation and/or gusty winds.
• Humilis (Hum) – "Small": Applies to cumuliform (Cu hum) with little vertical extent; indicates relatively slight airmass instability.
• Lentikularis (Len) "Lens–like": Stratocumuliform (Sc len, Ac len, Cc len) having a lens-like appearance – formed by standing to'lqinlar of wind passing over tog'lar or hills.
• Mediocris (Med) – "Medium-size": Cumuliform (Cu med) with moderate vertical extent; indicates moderate instability and upcurrents.
• Nebulosus (Neb) – "Nebulous": Indistinct low and high stratiform (St neb, Cs neb) without features; indicates light wind if any and stable air mass.
• Spissatus (Spi) – "Dense": Thick cirriform (Ci spi) with a grey appearance; indicates some upward movement of air in the upper troposphere.
• Stratiformis (Str) – "Sheet-like": Horizontal cloud sheet of flattened stratocumuliform (Sc str, Ac str, Cc str); indicates very slight airmass instability.
• Uncinus (Unc) – "Hook-like": Cirriform (Ci unc) with a hook shape at the top; indicates a nearby backside of a weather system.
• Volutus (Vol) – "Rolled": Elongated, low or mid-level, tube shaped, stratocumuliform (Sc vol, Ac vol).

The division of genus types into species is as shown in the following table. The genus types (including some cumulus sub-types) are arranged from top to bottom in the left column in approximate descending order of average overall altitude range. The species are sorted from left to right in approximate ascending order of instability or vertical extent of the forms to which each belongs: (1)=Stratiform species, (2)=Cirriform species, (3)=Stratocumuliform species, (4)=Cumuliform species, (5)=Cumulonimbiform species. These ordinal instability numbers appear in each box where a particular genus has a particular species.

WMO varieties

Opacity-based

• Opacus – Latin for "Opaque": A thick sheet of stratiform or stratocumuliform cloud.
• Perlucidus – "Semi-transparent": Sheet of stratocumuliform cloud with small spaces between elements.
• Translucidus – "Translucent": Thin translucent patch or sheet of stratiform or stratocumuliform.

Naqshga asoslangan

• Duplicatus – Latin for "Double": Closely spaced often partly merged layers of cloud in one of several possible forms.
• Intortus – "Twisted": Curved and tangled cirriform.
• Lacunosus – "Full of holes": Thin stratocumuliform cloud distinguished by holes and ragged edges.
• Radiatus – "Radial": Clouds in one of several possible forms arranged in parallel lines that appear to converge at a central point near the horizon.
• Undulatus – "Wavy": stratiform or stratocumuliform cloud displaying an undulating pattern.
• Vertebratus – "In the form of a back-bone": Cirriform arranged to look like the back-bone of a umurtqali hayvonlar.

The following table shows the cloud varieties arranged across the top of the chart from left to right in approximate descending order of frequency of appearance. The genus types and some sub-types associated with each variety are sorted in the left column from top to bottom in approximate descending order of average overall altitude range. Where applicable, the genera and varieties are cross-classified to show the species normally associated with each combination of genus and variety. The exceptions comprise the following: Altostratus that have varieties but no species so the applicable boxes are marked without specific species names; cumulus congestus, a species that has its own altitude characteristic but no varieties; cumulonimbus that have species but no varieties, and nimbostratus that has no species or varieties. The boxes for genus and species combinations that have no varieties are left blank.

WMO supplementary features

A translucent wave cloud -altocumulus lenticularis

Precipitation-based supplementary features

• Praecipitatio – Latin for "falling": Cloud whose precipitation reaches the ground.
• Virga – "Twig" or "branch": Cloud whose precipitation evaporates before reaching the ground.

Cloud-based supplementary features

• Arcus – Latin for "arch" or "bow": Feature mostly attached to cumulus, thick with ragged edges.
• Asperitas – "Roughness": A highly disturbed and chaotic wave feature occasionally seen with a stratocumulus or altocumulus cloud.
• Cavum – "Hole": Supercooled altocumulus or cirrocumulus distinguished by a hole with ragged edges and virga or wisps of cirrus.
• Cauda: – "Tail": A tail cloud that extends horizontally away from the murus cloud and is the result of air feeding into the storm.
• Fluctus: Crested wave-like stratocumulus, altocumulus, or cirrus cloud formed by wind-shear.
• Incus – "Anvil": Top part of a mature cumulonimbus cloud; anvil-shaped feature.

Mammatus over Squaw Valley

• Mammatus; WMO term mamma: – "Breast": A feature in the form of round pouches on under-surface of a cloud.
• Murus: – "Wall": Cumulonimbus wall cloud with a lowering rotating base that can portend tornadoes.
• Tuba: – "Funnel" or "tube": Feature in the form of a column hanging from the bottom of cumulus or cumulonimbus.

Accessory clouds

• Pannus – Latin for "shredded cloth": A ragged or shredded accessory cloud that forms in precipitation below the main cloud.
• Pileus – "Capped": A hood-shaped accessory cloud.
• Velum – "A ship's sail": An accessory cloud in the form of a sail.

The supplementary features are associated with particular genera as follows. They are sorted from left to right in approximate decreasing order of frequency of occurrence for each of three categories. The genus types and some sub-types are arranged from top to bottom in approximate descending order of average overall altitude range. Each box is marked where a particular genus or sub-type has a particular supplementary feature.

Genitus mother clouds

• Altocumulogenitus – formed by the partial transformation of altocumulus mother cloud.
• Altostratogenitus – formed by the partial transformation of altostratus.
• Cirrogenitus – partial transformation of cirrus.
• Cirrocumulogenitus – partial transformation of cirrocumulus.
• Cirrostratogenitus – partial transformation of cirrostratus.
• Cumulogenitus – spreading out or partial transformation of cumulus.
• Cumulonimbogenitus – spreading out or partial transformation of cumulonimbus.
• Nimbostratogenitus – partial transformation of nimbostratus.
• Stratogenitus – partial transformation of stratus.
• Stratocumulogenitus – partial transformation of stratocumulus.

Other genitus clouds

• Cataractagenitus (cataracta-/pertaining to a river cataract) – formed from the mist at a waterfall, the downdraft caused from the cloud is counteracted by the ascending air displacement from the waterfall and may go on to form other types of clouds such as cumulus cataractagenitus.^[16]
• Flammagenitus (flamma-/pertaining to fire) – formed by convection associated with large wildfires.
• Homogenitus (homo-/pertaining to humans) – formed as a result of human activities, particularly aircraft at high altitudes and heat-generating industrial activities at surface level. If a homogenitus cloud of one genus changes to another genus type, it is then termed a homomutatus bulut.
• Silvagenitus (silva-/pertaining to trees or forests) – formed by low-level condensation of water vapor released by vegetation, especially forest canopies.

Mutatus mother clouds

• Nomenclature works the same way as for genitus mother clouds except for the mutatus suffix to indicate the to'liq rather than the partial transformation of the original cloud type. masalan. Altocumulomutatus – formed by the complete transformation of altocumulus mother cloud.

The possible combinations of genera and mother clouds can be seen in this table. The genitus and mutatus clouds are each sorted from left to right in alphabetical order. The genus types and some sub-types are arranged from top to bottom in approximate descending order of average overall altitude range. Each box is marked where a particular genus or sub-type has a particular genitus or mutatus mother cloud.

Informal terms recently accepted for WMO classification with Latin nomenclature

Fluctus clouds over Duval tog'i Avstraliyada

• Aviaticus cloud – persistent condensation trails (contrails) formed by ice crystals originating from water vapor emitted by aircraft dvigatellar. Usually resembles cirrus; recognized as a WMO genitus cloud cirrus homogenitus (man-made). Further transformation into cirrus, cirrocumulus, or cirrostratus homomutatus is possible depending on atmospheric stability and wind shear.
• Fallstreak teshigi – supercooled altocumulus or cirrocumulus distinguished by a hole with ragged edges and virga or wisps of cirrus. Accepted as a WMO supplementary feature to be named cavum (hole).
• Kelvin–Helmholtz cloud – Crested wave-like clouds formed by wind-shear instability that may occur at any altitude in the troposphere. Accepted as a WMO supplementary feature with the Latin name dalgalanma.
• Pirokumulus va Pirokumulonimbus – cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds formed by quickly generated ground heat; including forest fires, volcanic eruptions and low level nuclear detonation. Accepted as a WMO genitus cloud with the Latin name flammagenitus, yoki homogenitus in the case of small cumulus formed by contained human activity.

Roll cloud over Wisconsin

• Bulutli bulut – elongated, low-level, tube shaped, horizontal formation not associated with a parent cloud. Accepted as a WMO stratocumulus or altocumulus species with the Latin name volutus.^[17]

WMO and informal terms related to free-convective cloud types and storms

• Aksessuarlar buluti (WMO supplementary feature) – secondary cloud that is associated with but separate from a main cloud.
• Anvil (WMO supplementary feature incus) – the anvil top of a cumulonimbus cloud.
• Anvil dome (WMO supplementary feature incus) – the haddan tashqari yuqoriga ko'tarish on a Cb that is often present on a superkell.
• Anvil rollover – (slang) circular protrusion attached to underside of anvil.
• Arcus buluti (WMO supplementary feature) – arch or a bow shape, attached to cumulus, thick with ragged edges.
• Backsheared anvil – (slang) anvil that spreads upwind, indicative of extreme weather.
• Clear slot or dry slot (informal term) – an evaporation of clouds as a orqa qanot pastga tushirish descends and dries out cloud and occludes around a mezotsiklon.
• Cloud tags (WMO species fractus) – ragged detached portions of cloud.
• Collar cloud (WMO velum accessory cloud) – ring shape surrounding upper part of wall cloud.
• Condensation funnel (WMO supplementary feature tuba) – the cloud of a huni buluti aloft or a tornado.
• Altocumulus castellanus (WMO genus and species) – castle crenellation-shaped altocumulus clouds.
• Kumulus (WMO genus) – heaped clouds.
• Cumulus castellanus – (informal variation of WMO genus and species cumulus congestus) cumulus with tops shaped like castle crenellations.
• Cumulus congestus (WMO genus and species) – considerable vertical development and heaped into cauliflower shapes.
• Cumulus fractus (WMO genus and species) – ragged detached portions of cumulus cloud.
• Cumulus humilis (WMO genus and species) – small, low, flattened cumulus, early development.
• Cumulus mediocris (WMO genus and species) – medium-sized cumulus with bulges at the top.
• Cumulus pileus (WMO genus and accessory cloud) – capped, hood-shaped cumulus cloud.
• Cumulus praecipitatio (WMO genus and supplementary feature) – cumulus whose precipitation reaches the ground.
• Cumulus radiatus (WMO genus and variety) – cumulus arranged in parallel lines that appear to converge near the horizon.
• Cumulus tuba (WMO genus and supplementary feature) – column hanging from the bottom of cumulus.
• Cumulonimbus (WMO genus) – heaped towering rain-bearing clouds that stretch to the upper levels of the troposphere.
• Cumulonimbus calvus (WMO genus and species) – cumulonimbus with round tops like cumulus congestus.
• Cumulonimbus capillatus (WMO genus and species) – Cb with cirriform top.
• Cumulonimbus inkus (WMO genus and supplementary feature) – Cb capillatus with anvil top.
• Cumulonimbus mamma (WMO genus and supplementary feature) – Cb with pouch-like protrusions that hang from under anvil or cloud base.
• Cumulonimbus pannus (WMO genus and accessory cloud) – shredded sections attached to main Cb cloud.
• Cumulonimbus pileus (WMO genus and accessory cloud) – capped, hood-shaped cloud above a cumulonimbus cloud.
• Cumulonimbus praecipitatio (WMO genus and supplementary feature) – Cb whose precipitation reaches the ground.
• Cumulonimbus tuba (WMO genus and supplementary feature) – column hanging from the bottom of cumulonimbus.
• Debris cloud (informal term) – rotating "cloud" of debris found at base of tornado.
• Huni buluti (WMO supplementary feature tuba) – rotating funnel of cloud hanging from under Cb, not making contact with ground.
• Hail fog (informal term) – a shallow surface layer of tuman that sometimes forms in vicinity of deep do'l accumulation, can be very dense.
• Issiq minora (informal term) – a tropical cumulonimbus cloud that penetrates the tropopoz.
• Inflow band (informal term) – a laminar band marking inflow to a Cb, can occur at lower or mid levels of the cloud.
• Inverted cumulus (informal variation of WMO supplementary feature mamma) – cumulus which has transferred momentum from an exceptionally intense Cb tower and is convectively growing on the underside of an anvil.
• Knuckles (informal variation of WMO supplementary feature mamma) – lumpy protrusion that hangs from edge or underside of anvil.
• Pirokumulus and Pyrocumulonimbus– intense ground-heat cloud proposed for WMO classification (see above).
• Rope – (slang) narrow, sometimes twisted funnel type cloud seen after a tornado dissipates.
• Rope cloud (informal term) – A narrow, long, elongated line of cumulus clouds that sometimes develop at the leading edge of an advancing cold front that is often visible in satellite imagery.^[18]
• Scud cloud (informal term for WMO species fractus) – ragged detached portions of cloud that usually form in precipitation.
• Bulutli bulut (informal term for WMO supplementary feature arcus) – wedge-shaped cloud often attached to the underside of Cb.
• Stratus fractus (WMO genus and species) – ragged detached portions of stratus cloud that usually form in precipitation (see also scud cloud).
• Striations (informal term for WMO accessory cloud velum) – a groove or band of clouds encircling an updraft tower, indicative of rotation.
• Tail cloud (informal term) – an area of condensation consisting of laminar band and cloud tags extending from a devor buluti towards a precipitation core.
• Towering cumulus (TCu) -aviation term for WMO genus and species cumulus congestus, a large cumulus cloud with great vertical development, usually with a cauliflower-like appearance, but lacking the characteristic anvil of a Cb.
• Devor buluti (informal term) – distinctive fairly large lowering of the rain-free base of a Cb, often rotating.

Boshqa sayyoralar

Venera

Thick overcast clouds of oltingugurt dioksidi va karbonat angidrid in three main layers at altitudes of 45 to 65 km that obscure the sayyora 's surface and can produce virga.^[19]

Stratiform

Overcast opaque clouds sheets.

Stratokumuliform

Wave clouds with clear gaps through which lower stratiform layers may be seen.^[20]

Cumuliform and cumulonimbiform

Embedded convective cells that can produce lightning.

Mars

Clouds resembling several terrestrial types can be seen over Mars and are believed to be composed of suv -muz.^[21][22]

Extremely high cirriform

Noctilucent clouds are known to form near the poles at altitudes similar to or higher than the same type of clouds over Earth.^[23]

High cirriform

Thin scattered wispy cloud resembling cirrus through which the planet's surface can be seen.

High stratocumuliform

Thin scattered wave-cloud resembling cirrocumulus.

Low stratocumuliform

Wave-cloud resembling stratocumulus, especially as a polar cap cloud over the winter pole which is mostly composed of suspended frozen carbon dioxide.^[21][22]

Surface-based

Morning fog of water and/or karbonat angidrid commonly forms in low areas of the planet.

Yupiter va Saturn

Cloud decks in parallel latitudinal bands at and below the tropopoz alternatingly composed of ammiak kristallari va ammoniy hydrosulfate.

Cirriform

Bands of cloud resembling cirrus located mainly in the highest of three main layers that cover Jupiter.^[24]

Stratiform and Stratocumuliform

Wave and haze clouds that are seen mostly in the middle layer.

Cumuliform and cumulonimbiform

Convective clouds in the lowest layer that are capable of producing momaqaldiroq and may be composed at least partly of water droplets.^[25] an intermediate deck of ammoniy gidrosulfid, and an inner deck of cumulus water clouds.^[26][27]

Uran va Neptun

Clouds layers made mostly of metan gaz.^[28]

Cirriform

High wispy formations resembling cirrus.

Stratiform

Layers of haze-cloud that lack any distinct features.

Cumuliform and cumulonimbiform

Lower-based convective clouds that can produce thunderstorms.^[28]

Izohlar va ma'lumotnomalar

Shuningdek qarang

Bulut turlari

Tashqi havolalar

• http://nephology.eu International Cloud Atlas online
• Introduction to Clouds (National Weather Service)
• Ten Basic Cloud Types (National Weather Service)
• Bulutli minnatdorchilik jamiyati
• Texas A&M Cloud Glossary
• Cloud-identification site
• UK Met Office cloud classification page
• Cloud Atlas (Atlas Chmur) (polyak tilida)
• NOAA