Braziliya prezidentlari ro'yxati - List of presidents of Brazil
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| Ushbu maqola bir qator qismidir siyosati va hukumati Braziliya |
 Braziliya portali |
Quyida ro'yxati keltirilgan Braziliya prezidentlari.
Eski respublika (1889-1930)
1889 yilda Braziliya imperiyasi bekor qilindi va o'rniga respublika a Davlat to'ntarishi Marshal boshchiligida Deodoro da Fonseca Braziliya imperatori Domni taxtdan tushirgan Pedro II, Braziliyani respublika deb e'lon qildi va Muvaqqat hukumat tuzdi. 1889 yil 15-noyabrdagi harbiy to'ntarish aslida imperiyaning bosh vazirini ag'darishga urinish sifatida boshlandi, Afonso Celso, Ouro Pretoning viskontoni, ammo imperator tomonidan tayinlangan va saylangan deputatlar palatasi ishonchidan foydalangan bosh vazirga qarshi misli ko'rilmagan to'ntarish tezda monarxiyani bekor qilishga qadar ko'tarildi. Braziliya respublikasi e'lon qilinishi bilan imperiya konstitutsiyasi o'z faoliyatini to'xtatdi, imperatorlik parlamenti (Bosh assambleya) o'z faoliyatini to'xtatdi va nafaqat Ouro Pretoning viskontoni lavozimidan chetlashtirildi, balki bosh vazirning o'zi ham o'z faoliyatini to'xtatdi. . Muvaqqat hukumat rahbari sifatida marshal Deodoro da Fonseka farmon bilan hukumat boshlig'i va hukumat boshlig'i vazifalarini bajarib, hukmronlik qildi. Imperiyaning sobiq viloyatlari davlat sifatida qayta tashkil qilindi va yangi e'lon qilingan respublika ushbu davlatlarning abadiy ittifoqi tomonidan tashkil topgan federatsiya deb e'lon qilindi.
1890 yilda Ta'sis kongressi uchun saylovlar chaqirildi va o'tkazildi, ammo Kongressni yaratgan Muvaqqat hukumatning farmoni bilan yaqinda e'lon qilingan respublika boshqaruv tizimiga mos keladigan va yaqinda e'lon qilingan Federal davlatni tashkil etgan Konstitutsiyani qabul qilishni talab qildi. 1891 yil fevralda asosida Braziliyaning yangi Konstitutsiyasi qabul qilindi federal respublika ning Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari. Mamlakatning o'zi Braziliya Qo'shma Shtatlari Respublikasi deb nomlandi. Konstitutsiya qoidalariga muvofiq, respublika prezidentlari to'g'ridan-to'g'ri xalq ovozi bilan saylanishi kerak edi, ammo birinchi prezidentlik muddatiga Prezident va vitse-prezident Ta'sis kongressi tomonidan tanlanadi; Ta'sis kongressi Konstitutsiya e'lon qilingandan so'ng darhol birinchi Prezident va vitse-prezidentni saylashi kerak edi. O'tish davri qoidalariga muvofiq, Kongress o'sha paytdagi Muvaqqat hukumat rahbari Deodoro da Fonsekani Respublikaning birinchi Prezidenti etib sayladi. Marshal Floriano Peixoto, Kongress tomonidan birinchi vitse-prezident etib saylandi. Birinchi Prezident va birinchi vitse-prezidentning inauguratsiyasi 1891 yil 26-fevralda, Konstitutsiya e'lon qilinganidan atigi ikki kun o'tgach bo'lib o'tdi. O'n oydan so'ng Deodoro prezidentlik lavozimini tark etgan davlat to'ntarishi natijasida iste'foga chiqdi va unda Kongress bekor qilindi. Keyin, Floriano Peixoto, Deodoroning vitse-prezidenti, Prezident lavozimiga kirishgan. 1894 yilda Peixotoning o'rnini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri xalq ovozi bilan saylangan Braziliyaning birinchi Prezidenti Prudente de Morais egalladi. 1891 yilda qabul qilingan Konstitutsiyaning doimiy qoidalariga binoan saylangan birinchi prezident bo'lgan De Morais, shuningdek, prezidentlikka kirishgan birinchi fuqaro edi.
Garchi bu nazariy jihatdan a konstitutsiyaviy demokratiya, Eski respublika mintaqaviy kuch bilan ajralib turardi oligarxiyalar va shtatlar o'rtasidagi federal sohada kamdan-kam uchraydigan hokimiyat almashinuvi San-Paulu va Minas Gerais. Qishloqdagi ovoz berish ko'pincha mahalliy er egasi tomonidan nazorat qilinardi va savodxonlik talablari tufayli aholining 6 foizdan kamrog'i ovoz berish huquqiga ega edi.
1930 yilda, Braziliya buning oqibatlarini boshidan kechirayotganda 1929 yildagi Wall Street halokati, mamlakatda inqilob boshlandi va eski respublika tugadi. Prezident Vashington Luisi San-Paulu oligarxiyalari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan, San-Paulu va Minas o'rtasidagi kutilgan o'zgarishni buzdi va San-Paulu nomzodini qo'llab-quvvatladi, Xulio Prestes. Prestes soxtalashtirilgan saylovda g'alaba qozondi, ammo Vashington Luisi vakolat muddati tugashidan uch hafta oldin ishdan bo'shatildi va Prestes hech qachon inauguratsiya qilinmadi.
- Tomonlar
Yo'q (harbiy) Federal Respublikachilar partiyasi San-Paulu Respublikachilar partiyasi Minas Gerais Respublikachilar partiyasi Rio-de-Janeyro Respublikachilar partiyasi Konservativ Respublikachilar partiyasi Barreyros respublikachilar partiyasi Baiya respublika partiyasi
Vargas davri (1930–1946)
Vargas davri ikki xil respublikadan iborat: 1930-1937 yillarda ikkinchi respublika va 1937-1946 yillarda uchinchi respublika.
- Partiya
Liberal alyans (1937 yilgacha)
| Yo'q | Prezident (tug'ilish - o'lim) | Portret | Saylangan | Ish joyini oldi | Chap ofis | Siyosiy partiya | Vitse-prezident (lar) | Avvalgi davlat lavozimi | Tug'ilgan joy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | 1) Tasso Fragoso 2) Isaías de Noronha 3) Mena Barreto |  | — | 1930 yil 24 oktyabr | 1930 yil 3-noyabr | Yo'q (vaqtinchalik harbiy xunta ) | Bo'sh | 1) Umumiy ning Braziliya armiyasi 2) Admiral ning Braziliya dengiz floti 3) Divizion general ning Braziliya armiyasi | 1) San-Luis, Maranxao 2) Rio-de-Janeyro 3) Portu Alegre |
| 14 | Getulio Vargas (1882–1954) |  | 1934 | Muvaqqat hukumat rahbari 1930 yil 3-noyabr 1934 yil 20-iyul[m] | 1945 yil 29 oktyabr[n] | Yo'q | Bo'sh[o] | Hokimi Rio Grande do Sul | San-Borxa, Rio-Grande-du-Sul |
| 15 | Xose Linxares (1886–1957) |  | — | 1945 yil 29 oktyabr | 1946 yil 30-yanvar | Yo'q[p] | Bo'sh | Prezidenti Oliy Federal sud | Baturité, Seara |
46-respublika (1946–1964)
1945 yilda Vargas sobiq tarafdorlari boshchiligidagi harbiy to'ntarish bilan ishdan bo'shatildi. Shunga qaramay, u yana bir bor prezident etib saylanadi va uning Braziliya siyosatidagi ta'siri To'rtinchi respublikaning oxirigacha saqlanib qoladi. Ushbu davrda milliy siyosatda uchta partiya hukmronlik qildi. Ikkisi Vargas tarafdori edi - chapda, PTB va o'ng markazda PSD - va boshqa anti-Vargas, o'ng UDN.
Bu davr juda beqaror edi. 1954 yilda Vargas o'z hukumatiga tahdid soladigan inqiroz paytida o'z joniga qasd qildi va uning ortidan qisqa muddatli prezidentlar ketma-ket keldi. 1961 yilda UDN birinchi marta milliy saylovlarda g'alaba qozondi va o'zi UDNga ittifoqdosh kichik partiyaning a'zosi bo'lgan Janio Quadrosni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Saylanishidan oldin, meteorik ravishda siyosatda korrupsiyaga qarshi pozitsiyasi bilan ko'tarilgan Quadros, kutilmaganda etti oy o'tgach, prezidentlik lavozimini tark etdi. Ba'zi tarixchilar Quadros iste'foga chiqish to'g'risidagi arizani imzolaganida juda mast bo'lgan deb taxmin qilsa, boshqalari Quadros Kongress o'zining vitse-prezidentini prezident sifatida qabul qilmasligini va uning qaytib kelishini so'raganini taxmin qilmoqda. Shuning uchun o'sha tarixchilar Quadrosning iste'foga chiqishini vakolatlarini kuchaytirish va ko'proq siyosiy qo'llab-quvvatlash bilan o'z lavozimlariga qaytishga urinish deb bilishadi. Ehtimol, ikkalasi ham sodir bo'lishi mumkin: Quadros iste'foga chiqqanda mast bo'lgan va shu holatda u Kongressning iltimosiga binoan hokimiyatga qaytish rejasini ishlab chiqqan. Ushbu fitna muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi: Kongress oddiygina Kvadrosning xatini oldi va siyosatchilar va millatning shoklari ostida bu xat Kongress yozuvlariga kiritildi va prezidentlik vakant deb e'lon qilindi. Kongress prezidenti, senator Auro de Moura Andrade iste'foga chiqish akti saylangan prezidentning viloyati bo'lganligi, u Kongress ovoz berishiga bog'liq emas, hech qanday tasdiqga muhtoj emasligi va prezidentning iste'foga chiqishi to'g'risidagi deklaratsiyasi yakuniy degan fikrni qabul qildi. .
O'sha paytda Braziliya Prezidenti va vitse-prezidenti lavozimiga alohida ovoz berildi. Vitse-prezident Xanio Kvadrosning chap dushmani Joau Gulartning siyosiy dushmani edi. Gulart mamlakatdan tashqarida bo'lgan va Kongress o'ng qanot siyosatchilari tomonidan nazorat qilingan. Gulart yo'qligida Deputatlar palatasi prezidenti Raneri Mazzilli Braziliya prezidenti vazifasini bajaruvchi sifatida ish boshladi. O'shanda vitse-prezidentning prezidentlik lavozimiga kirishishini to'xtatish uchun fitna uyushtirilgan edi, ammo Kongressning Goulartning inauguratsiyasiga qarshilik ko'rsatishi "qonuniylik kampaniyasini" olib borgan Rio Grande-Sul hokimi tomonidan reaktsiyaga olib keldi va ikkiga bo'linishga olib keldi. harbiy (bu to'rtinchi respublika davrida siyosatga qattiq aralashgan). Siyosiy inqiroz sharoitida echim Kongress tomonidan Konstitutsiyaviy tuzatish qabul qilinib, prezidentning ijro etilishini bekor qildi va uning o'rniga parlament boshqaruv tizimiga o'tdi. Ushbu muzokaralar yo'li bilan Gularning inauguratsiyasini davom ettirishga ruxsat berildi, ammo Gulart faqat davlat rahbari bo'lib, Kongress tomonidan tasdiqlangan bosh vazir hukumatni boshqaradi. Hukumatning yangi tizimining davom etishi 1963 yilga rejalashtirilgan referendumda xalq tomonidan ma'qullanishi kerak edi. Ushbu referendum natijasida prezidentning ijro etuvchi hokimiyati tiklandi va harbiy diktaturani boshlagan 1964-yilda Goulart taxtdan ag'darildi.
- Tomonlar
Sotsial-demokratik partiya Braziliya Mehnat partiyasi Ijtimoiy taraqqiyot partiyasi Milliy Mehnat partiyasi
| Yo'q | Prezident (tug'ilish - o'lim) | Portret | Saylangan | Ish joyini oldi | Chap ofis | Siyosiy partiya | Vitse-prezident (lar) | Avvalgi davlat lavozimi | Tug'ilgan joy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 | Eurico Gaspar Dutra (1883–1974) |  | 1945 | 1946 yil 31-yanvar | 1951 yil 30-yanvar | Sotsial-demokratik partiya (PSD) | Bo'sh | Harbiy vazir | Kuyaba, Mato Grosso | |
| Nereu Ramos[q] (PSD ) | ||||||||||
| 17 | Getulio Vargas (1882–1954) |  | 1950 | 1951 yil 31-yanvar | 1954 yil 24-avgust[r] | Braziliya Mehnat partiyasi (PTB) | Kafe Filho (PSP ) | Senator Rio Grande do Sul va avvalgi Respublika Prezidenti | San-Borxa, Rio-Grande-du-Sul | |
| 18 | João Café Filho (1899–1970) |  | — | 1954 yil 24-avgustdan prezident vazifasini bajaruvchi 1954 yil 3-sentyabr[lar] | 1955 yil 8-noyabrdan boshlab o'zini qobiliyatsiz deb e'lon qildi va 1955 yil 22-noyabrdan boshlab prezidentlik vakolatlarini tiklashni taqiqladi[t] 1956 yil 30-yanvar | Ijtimoiy taraqqiyot partiyasi (PSP) | Bo'sh | Vitse prezident | Natal, Rio Grande do Norte | |
| 19 | Karlos Luz (1894–1961) Prezident vazifasini bajaruvchi Filho kafesi uchun |  | — | 1955 yil 8-noyabr | 1955 yil 11-noyabr | Sotsial-demokratik partiya (PSD) | Bo'sh | Prezidenti Deputatlar palatasi Federal deputat Minas Gerais | Três Corações, Minas-Gerais | |
| 20 | Nereu Ramos (1888–1958) Prezident vazifasini bajaruvchi[u] |  | — | 1955 yil 11-noyabr | 1956 yil 30-yanvar | Sotsial-demokratik partiya (PSD) | Bo'sh | Vitse-prezidenti Federal Senat Senator Santa Katarina | Lage, Santa Katarina | |
| 21 | Jusselino Kubitschek (1902–1976) |  | 1955 | 1956 yil 31 yanvar | 1961 yil 30-yanvar | Sotsial-demokratik partiya (PSD) | João Gulart (PTB ) | Hokimi Minas Gerais | Diamantina, Minas-Gerais | |
| 22 | Janio Quadros (1917–1992) |  | 1960 | 1961 yil 31 yanvar | 1961 yil 25-avgust[v] | Milliy Mehnat partiyasi (PTN) | Hokimi San-Paulu | Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul[w] | ||
| 23 | Ranieri Mazzilli (1910–1975) Prezident vazifasini bajaruvchi[x] |  | — | 1961 yil 25-avgust | 1961 yil 7 sentyabr | Sotsial-demokratik partiya (PSD) | Bo'sh | Prezidenti Deputatlar palatasi Federal deputat San-Paulu | Caconde, San-Paulu | |
| 24 | João Gulart (1918–1976) |  | — | 1961 yil 7 sentyabr[y] | 1 aprel 1964 yil[z] | Braziliya Mehnat partiyasi (PTB) | Bo'sh | Vitse prezident | San-Borxa, Rio-Grande-du-Sul | |
Harbiy diktatura (1964–1985)
Sotsial-demokratik partiya (1965 yilda bekor qilingan)
- Tomonlar bekor qilindi, ikki partiyadan tashqari:
Milliy yangilanish alyansi (keyinroq Demokratik ijtimoiy partiya ) Braziliya demokratik harakati
| Yo'q | Prezident (tug'ilish - o'lim) | Portret | Saylangan | Ish joyini oldi | Chap ofis | Siyosiy partiya | Vitse-prezident (lar) | Avvalgi davlat lavozimi | Tug'ilgan joy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25 | Ranieri Mazzilli (1910–1975) Prezident vazifasini bajaruvchi[aa] | | — | 1964 yil 2 aprel | 14 aprel 1964 yil | Sotsial-demokratik partiya (PSD) | Bo'sh | Prezidenti Deputatlar palatasi Federal deputat San-Paulu | Kakonda, San-Paulu | |
| 26 | Humberto Castelo Branco (1897–1967) |  | 1964 | 15 aprel 1964 yil | 14 mart 1967 yil | Milliy yangilanish alyansi (ARENA) (harbiy) | Xose Mariya Alkmin (PSD • ARENA )[ab] | Bosh shtab boshlig'i Braziliya armiyasi | Fortaleza, Seara | |
| 27 | Artur da Kosta va Silva (1899–1969) |  | 1966 | 15 mart 1967 yil | 1969 yil 31-avgust Sog'lig'i yomonligi sababli to'xtatib qo'yilgan 14 oktyabr 1969 yil Olib tashlandi[ak] | Milliy yangilanish alyansi (ARENA) (harbiy) | Pedro Aleixo (ARENA ) | Harbiy vazir | Takuari, Rio Grande do Sul | |
| — | Pedro Aleixo[1] (1901–1975) |  | — | Hech qachon lavozimga kirmagan.[reklama] | Milliy yangilanish alyansi (ARENA) | Bo'sh | Vitse prezident | Mariana, Minas Gerais | ||
| — | 1) Augusto Rademaker 2) Aurélio de Lira Tavares 3) Markio Melo |  | — | 1969 yil 31-avgust | 1969 yil 30 oktyabr | Yo'q (harbiy xunta ) | Bo'sh | 1) flot admirali, vazir Braziliya dengiz floti 2) armiya generali, vazir Braziliya armiyasi 3) havo brigadasi, vazir Braziliya havo kuchlari | 1) Rio-de-Janeyro 2) João Pessoa 3) Florianopolis | |
| 28 | Emílio Garrastazu Medici (1905–1985) |  | 1969 | 1969 yil 30 oktyabr | 1974 yil 14 mart | Milliy yangilanish alyansi (ARENA) (harbiy) | Augusto Rademaker (ARENA ) (harbiy) | Uchinchi armiya qo'mondoni[ae] | Bage, Rio Grande do Sul | |
| 29 | Ernesto Geysel (1907–1996) |  | 1974 | 1974 yil 15 mart | 14 mart 1979 yil | Milliy yangilanish alyansi (ARENA) (harbiy) | Adalberto Pereyra dos Santos (ARENA ) (harbiy) | Prezidenti Petrobralar | Bento Gonsalvesh, Rio Grande do Sul | |
| 30 | João Figueiredo (1918–1999) |  | 1978 | 15 mart 1979 yil | 14 mart 1985 yil | Demokratik ijtimoiy partiya (PDS) (harbiy) | Aureliano Chaves (PDS ) | Rahbari Milliy razvedka xizmati | Rio-de-Janeyro, Rio-de-Janeyro | |
Yangi respublika (1985 yildan hozirgacha)
1980-yillarning boshlarida harbiy hukumat asta-sekin siyosiy ochilish jarayonini boshladi abertura, yakuniy maqsadi demokratiya edi. Oxirgi harbiy prezidentning vakolati tugashi bilan, Braziliya Prezidenti uchun to'g'ridan-to'g'ri saylovlar bo'lib o'tmadi. Mamlakatning 1964 yilgi harbiy to'ntarishdan keyingi birinchi fuqarolik prezidentini saylash uchun harbiylar diktatura tuzumi davrida hukmronlikni saqlab qolishdi, unga ko'ra butun Milliy Kongressdan tashkil topgan Saylov kolleji va davlat yig'ilishlaridan vakillar saylanishi kerak edi. Prezident. Biroq, bu safar harbiylar Saylov kollejini hech qanday majburlov ostiga olmadi, shunda uning a'zolari o'zlari xohlagan Prezidentni tanlashi mumkin edi. Deputatlar palatasi va davlat assambleyalari allaqachon saylangan edi abertura jarayoni ichida 1982 yilgi parlament saylovi, ammo senatorlar bilvosita, shtat yig'ilishlari tomonidan 1977 yilda harbiy rejim tomonidan qabul qilingan va oppozitsiyaning kuchayib borayotgan qo'llab-quvvatlashiga qarshi qoidalar asosida tanlangan: senatorlarning uchdan bir qismi 1982 yilda, uchdan ikki qismi tanlangan edi 1978 yilda. 1982 yilgi saylovlardan so'ng, hukmron partiya PDS (ARENA vorisi), Milliy Kongressdagi o'rindiqlarning aksariyatini nazorat qilib turdi.
Tancredo Neves Joau Gulart prezidentligi davrida Bosh vazir bo'lgan, asosiy muxolifat partiyasi bo'lgan PMDB nomzodi (va Harbiy rejim paydo bo'lganidan beri qarshi bo'lgan MDB partiyasining vorisi) sifatida tanlangan, ammo Tankredo ham katta siyosiy spektr tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi, hatto harbiy prezidentlarni qo'llab-quvvatlagan partiyaning ARENA sobiq a'zolarining muhim qismi ham. Harbiy rejimning so'nggi oylarida ARENA a'zolarining katta qismi partiyadan chiqib ketishdi va endi o'zlarini demokratik moyil erkaklar deb ko'rsatdilar. Ular Liberal frontni tashkil etishdi va Liberal Front Party PMDB bilan ittifoqlashdi va Demokratik Ittifoq deb nomlanuvchi koalitsiyani tuzdi. PMDB saylovchilar kollejida g'alaba qozonish uchun Liberal frontning yordamiga muhtoj edi. Ushbu keng koalitsiyani tashkil etishda ARENA ning sobiq a'zolari ham partiyalarni almashtirishgan va PMDBga qo'shilishgan. Shunday qilib, ushbu kelishuvni yopish uchun vitse-prezident Tankredo Neveshning chiptasidagi joy Xoze Demokratik Ittifoqga qo'shilgan rejimning sobiq tarafdorlari vakili bo'lgan Xose Sarneyga berildi. Boshqa tomondan, harbiy rejim va uning merosiga sodiq qolganlar ARENA-ni PDS deb o'zgartirdilar. PDSning Milliy Kongressida harbiy ma'muriyatlarning ikki o'ng tarafdorlari partiyaning nomzodi uchun kurashdilar: polkovnik Mario Andreasza, o'sha paytda general Figuiredo ma'muriyatining ichki ishlar vaziri, amaldagi prezident va harbiy elitaning eng yaxshi nomzodi edi, ammo u harbiy rejim paytida San-Paulu shtatining sobiq gubernatori va fuqarosi Paulo Maluf tomonidan mag'lubiyatga uchradi. Tankredoning koalitsiyasi Malufni mag'lubiyatga uchratdi va uning saylanishi Yangi Respublikaning boshlanishi sifatida qabul qilindi. Andreazzaning mag'lubiyati (493 ovoz bilan 350 ga qarshi) va Malufning PDSdan prezidentlikka nomzod sifatida tanlanishi partiyaning bo'linishiga Liberal frontning shakllanishiga olib kelgan katta hissa qo'shdi. Liberal front Malufni qo'llab-quvvatlashdan bosh tortdi va PMDB bilan Tancredo Nevesni qo'llab-quvvatlashda birlashdi va shu bilan Demokratik Ittifoqni tuzdi. PDSdagi bu bo'linishsiz muxolifat nomzodini saylash mumkin emas edi.
Braziliya Prezidenti etib saylangan bo'lsa-da, Tancredo Neves inauguratsiya arafasida og'ir kasal bo'lib qoldi va hech qachon o'z lavozimiga kirishmasdan vafot etdi. Shuning uchun 1964 yildan beri birinchi fuqarolik prezidenti Tankredoning turmush o'rtog'i edi, Xose Sarney, o'zi ARENA ning sobiq a'zosi. Xose Sarney ma'muriyati Tancredoning saylovoldi kampaniyasida harbiy rejimdan meros bo'lib qolgan Konstitutsiyaga konstitutsiyaviy tuzatish kiritish to'g'risida va'dasini bajardi. Milliy Ta'sis yig'ilishi mamlakat uchun yangi Konstitutsiyani ishlab chiqish va qabul qilish, amalda bo'lgan avtoritar qonunchilik o'rnini bosish bo'yicha to'liq vakolatlarga ega. 1988 yil oktyabrda yangi demokratik Konstitutsiya qabul qilindi va demokratiya mustahkamlandi. 1989 yilda yangi Konstitutsiya bo'yicha yosh Prezident uchun birinchi saylovlar bo'lib o'tdi Fernando Kollor de Mello besh yillik muddatga saylandi, harbiy to'ntarishdan beri to'g'ridan-to'g'ri xalq ovozi bilan saylangan birinchi Prezident. U 1990 yilda inauguratsiyadan o'tgan va 1992 yilda u Braziliyada korruptsiya sababli impichment qilingan birinchi Prezident bo'ldi. Ammo u yakuniy hukmdan oldin iste'foga chiqdi.
1993 yilda (1993 va 1994 yilgi konstitutsiyaviy reviziya oldidan) o'tkazilgan referendum, xalq 1889 yilda respublika e'lon qilinganidan beri birinchi marta davlatning (monarxiya yoki respublika) boshqaruv shakli to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishga imkon berdi; respublika boshqaruv shakli ustun keldi. Xuddi shu referendumda Braziliya xalqi yana birini tanlashga muvaffaq bo'ldi, 1963 yildan beri birinchi marta Hukumat tizimi (parlament yoki prezidentlik) va prezidentning ijro etuvchi modeli saqlanib qoldi. Qayta ko'rib chiqish qisqartirilgan ko'pchilik bilan Konstitutsiyaga o'zgartirish kiritish uchun noyob imkoniyat bo'ldi. Agar 1993 yilgi referendumda boshqaruvning boshqa shakli yoki tizimi tanlangan bo'lsa, yangi institutsional tuzilish Konstitutsiyaviy reviziya paytida amalga oshirilgan bo'lar edi. Hokimiyat shakli va tizimi bo'yicha qayta ko'rib chiqish va referendum Konstitutsiyaning asl matnida chaqirilgan. 1988 yil Konstitutsiyasida saqlanib qolgan davlatning federal modeli Konstitutsiya tomonidan bekor qilinmaydi, hatto Konstitutsiyaviy o'zgartirishlar bilan ham e'lon qilinadi. Ushbu qoidalarga va ommaviy ovoz berish natijalariga ko'ra, Konstitutsiyaviy qayta ko'rib chiqishda davlatning institutsional bazasiga faqat ozgina o'zgarishlar kiritilgan, shu jumladan prezidentning vakolat muddati besh yildan to'rt yilgacha qisqartirilgan Konstitutsiyaviy tuzatish qabul qilingan.
1995 yilda Fernando Anrique Kardoso to'rt yillik muddatga inauguratsiya qilindi. 1997 yilda Braziliya prezidentlarini ketma-ket bir muddatga qayta saylanishiga imkon beradigan Konstitutsiyaviy o'zgartirish qabul qilindi. 1998 yilda o'sha paytdagi prezident Fernando Anrike Kardoso darhol ketma-ket muddatga qayta saylangan Braziliyaning birinchi prezidenti bo'ldi. 2003 yilda Luis Inasio Lula da Silva ochilish marosimi bo'lib o'tdi. U 2006 yilda qayta saylangan. 2011 yilda Dilma Russeff Braziliyaning birinchi ayol prezidenti bo'ldi. 2015 yilda u ish boshlagan, ammo 2016 yilda Braziliya Senati uni aybdor deb topgan impichment ayblovlari va u lavozimidan chetlashtirildi, uning o'rnini egalladi Mishel Temer.
- Tomonlar
Braziliya demokratik harakati Milliy tiklanish partiyasi
Braziliya ijtimoiy demokratiya partiyasi Liberal front partiyasi Ishchilar partiyasi Braziliya Respublikachilar partiyasi Ijtimoiy liberal partiya Braziliya mehnatni yangilash partiyasi
| Yo'q | Prezident (tug'ilish - o'lim) | Portret | Saylangan | Ish joyini oldi | Chap ofis | Siyosiy partiya | Vitse-prezident (lar) | Avvalgi davlat lavozimi | Tug'ilgan joy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | Tancredo Neves (1910–1985) |  | 1985 | Hech qachon lavozimga kirmagan.[af] | Braziliya Demokratik Harakati Partiyasi (PMDB) | Xose Sarney (PMDB ) | Hokimi Minas Gerais | San-Joao-del-Rey, Minas-Gerais | ||
| 31 | Xose Sarney (1930–) |  | — | 1985 yil 15 martdan prezident vazifasini bajaruvchi 21 aprel 1985 yil | 1990 yil 14 mart | Braziliya Demokratik Harakati Partiyasi (PMDB) | Bo'sh | Vitse prezident | Pinheiro, Maranxao | |
| 32 | Fernando Kollor de Mello (1949–) |  | 1989 | 1990 yil 15 mart | 1992 yil 2 oktyabrdan to'xtatilgan vakolatlar va majburiyatlar 1992 yil 29 dekabr[ag] | Milliy tiklanish partiyasi (PRN) | Itamar Franko (PRN • PMDB )[ah] | Hokimi Alagoas | Rio-de-Janeyro, Rio-de-Janeyro | |
| 33 | Itamar Franko (1930–2011) |  | — | 1992 yil 2 oktyabrdan prezident vazifasini bajaruvchi 1992 yil 29 dekabr | 31 dekabr 1994 yil | Braziliya Demokratik Harakati Partiyasi (PMDB)[ah] | Bo'sh | Vitse prezident | Braziliya hududiy suvlari, Atlantika okeani[ai] | |
| 34 | Fernando Anrike Kardoso (1931–) |  | 1994 1998 | 1 yanvar 1995 yil | 31 dekabr 2002 yil | Braziliya ijtimoiy demokratiya partiyasi (PSDB) | Marko Masiel (PFL ) | Moliya vaziri | Rio-de-Janeyro, Rio-de-Janeyro | |
| 35 | Luis Inasio Lula da Silva (1945–) |  | 2002 2006 | 2003 yil 1-yanvar | 2010 yil 31 dekabr | Ishchilar partiyasi (PT) | Xose Alencar (PRB ) | Federal deputat dan San-Paulu (1987–1991) | Kets, Pernambuko | |
| 36 | Dilma Russeff (1947–) |  | 2010 2014 | 2011 yil 1-yanvar | 2016 yil 12 maydan vakolat va majburiyatlar to'xtatildi 2016 yil 31-avgust[aj] | Ishchilar partiyasi (PT) | Mishel Temer (PMDB ) | Vazir respublika Prezidenti apparati rahbari | Belu-Uizonti, Minas-Gerais | |
| 37 | Mishel Temer (1940–) |  | — | 2016 yil 12 maydan prezident vazifasini bajaruvchi 2016 yil 31-avgust | 31 dekabr 2018 yil | Braziliya Demokratik Harakati (MDB)[ak] | Bo'sh | Vitse prezident | Tiete, San-Paulu | |
| 38 | Jair Bolsonaro (1955–) |  | 2018 | 1 yanvar 2019 yil | Amaldagi prezident | Ijtimoiy liberal partiya (PSL) (2019 yilgacha) Mustaqil[al] (2019 yildan) | Xemilton Mourao (PRTB ) | Federal deputat dan Rio-de-Janeyro | Glicério, San-Paulu | |
Tirik sobiq prezidentlar
2020 yil 1 dekabr holatiga ko'ra oltita sobiq prezident va amaldagi bitta prezident bor. Sobiq prezidentning eng so'nggi o'limi o'lim edi Itamar Franko (1992-95), 2011 yil 2 iyulda.
- Tirik sobiq prezidentlar
Xose Sarney,
1985-1990 yillarda xizmat qilgan
1930 yil 24-aprel
Fernando Kollor de Mello,
1990–1992 yillarda xizmat qilgan
1949 yil 12-avgust
Fernando Anrike Kardoso,
1995–2002 yillarda xizmat qilgan
1931 yil 18-iyun
Luis Inasio Lula da Silva,
2003–2010 yillarda xizmat qilgan
1945 yil 27 oktyabr
Dilma Russeff,
2011–2016 yillarda xizmat qilgan
1947 yil 14-dekabr
Mishel Temer,
2016–2018 yillarda xizmat qilgan
1940 yil 23 sentyabr
Xronologiya
Shuningdek qarang
- Ish paytida Braziliya prezidentlarining ro'yxati
- Uzoq umr ko'rish bo'yicha Braziliya prezidentlarining ro'yxati
- Braziliya prezidenti
- Braziliya monarxlari ro'yxati
- Braziliya bosh vaziri
- Braziliyaning birinchi xonimlari va janoblari
- Braziliya tarixi
- Braziliyaliklar ro'yxati
- Braziliya davlatlari rahbarlarining ro'yxati
Izohlar
- ^ 1889 yil 15-noyabrda amalga oshirilgan davlat to'ntarishida armiya marshali Deodoro da Fonseka Braziliya imperiyasi bosh vaziri Vizont Oto Pretoning boshchiligidagi hokimiyatini ag'dardi. Imperator tomonidan tayinlangan va Deputatlar palatasi ishonchidan foydalangan bosh vazirga qarshi misli ko'rilmagan harbiy to'ntarish shu kunning o'zida respublikaning e'lon qilinishigacha tezda avj oldi; Shunday qilib, Braziliya imperatori Pedro II marshal Deodoro da Fonseka tomonidan lavozimidan ozod qilindi va monarxiya bekor qilindi. Keyinchalik amalda bo'lgan konstitutsiya o'z faoliyatini to'xtatdi va Braziliya imperiyasi, unitar davlat, federatsiya respublikasi bilan almashtirildi, imperiyaning har bir viloyati davlatga aylandi. Ammo respublika konstitutsiyaviy tuzilishi tashkil etilgunga qadar, markaziy hukumat bir nechta Shtatlarning hukumatlarini tayinlagan. Imperiya parlamenti (Bosh assambleya) tarqatib yuborildi va Deodoro vaqtinchalik hukumat tuzdi. Muvaqqat hukumat boshlig'i sifatida Deodoro ushbu hukumatning boshqa a'zolarini tayinlashi va lavozimidan ozod qilishi mumkin va farmon bilan mutlaq qonun chiqaruvchi va ijro etuvchi hokimiyatdan ozod qilinadi. Muvaqqat hukumat amalda diktatura edi va jamiyatda qolgan monarxistik kayfiyat bostirildi, chunki hukumat va armiya yaqinda e'lon qilingan respublikani birlashtirishga sodiq edi. Vaqtinchalik hukumatning farmoni bilan imperatorlar oilasi va ularning avlodlari mamlakatdan quvib chiqarildi va sulolaning surgun qilinishi faqat 1920 yilda bekor qilindi. 1890 yil 15-yanvarda Deodoro Muvaqqat hukumat boshlig'i sifatida o'zi uchun noyob harbiy unvonga ega bo'ldi. Generalissimo quruqlik va dengiz. 1890 yilda ta'sis kongressi uchun saylovlar bo'lib o'tdi, ammo kongressni (yangi e'lon qilingan davlatlarning teng vakolatiga ega senat va har bir shtat aholisi soniga mutanosib delegatsiyalar bilan deputatlar palatasidan iborat) qabul qilish kerak edi. respublika boshqaruv tizimiga va davlatning federal modeliga mos keladigan konstitutsiya. 1890 yil noyabrda yig'ilgan Kongress va Muvaqqat hukumat tomonidan tayinlangan respublika huquqshunoslari va siyosatchilari qo'mitasi tomonidan tayyorlangan konstitutsiya loyihasi vaqtinchalik hukumat boshlig'i tomonidan Kongressga taqdim etildi va Kongress muhokamasi uchun asos bo'ldi. Konstitutsiya 1891 yil 24 fevralda Kongress tomonidan e'lon qilindi. Parlament boshqaruv tizimining bekor qilinganligini tasdiqladi va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari modeli asosida keng tarqalgan prezident ijroiya idorasini yaratdi. Prezidentlar va vitse-prezidentlar 4 yilga, qayta saylanish imkoniyatisiz, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri xalq ovozi bilan saylanishi kerak edi, ammo birinchi prezidentlik muddati uchun Kongress konstitutsiya qabul qilingandan so'ng darhol saylovni o'tkazishi kerak edi. Keyingi prezidentlar 1894 yildan boshlab 1 martda saylanib, 15 noyabrda inauguratsiya qilinishi kerak edi. Shunga ko'ra, ushbu o'tish qoidalariga ko'ra, konstitutsiya qabul qilingan kunning ertasiga 1891 yil 25 fevralda Kongress prezident va vitse-prezidentga ovoz berdi. va o'sha paytdagi muvaqqat hukumat rahbari generalissimo Deodoro da Fonseka xalqning birinchi prezidenti bo'lish uchun saylandi. Vitse-prezidentga ovoz berish Prezident uchun berilgan ovozlar sanab chiqilgandan so'ng darhol bo'lib o'tdi va Marshal Floriano Peixoto birinchi vitse-prezident etib Kongress tomonidan tanlandi. Tegishli ravishda Deodoro da Fonseka va Floriano Piksotoning prezident va vitse-prezident lavozimiga qasamyod qilishi ertasi kuni, 1891 yil 26-fevralda bo'lib o'tdi va inauguratsiya Muvaqqat hukumat tugatilishini ko'rsatdi.
- ^ 1891 yil 3-noyabrdagi davlat to'ntarishida Prezident Deodoro da Fonseka Milliy Kongressni yopib qo'ydi va bir necha hafta davomida farmon bilan hukmronlik qildi, konstitutsiyani to'xtatib turishga va ispan amerikaliklar uslubida diktatorlik rejimini o'rnatishga harakat qildi. kaudilyolar. Braziliya dengiz floti tomonidan Deodoroning to'ntarishiga qarshi reaktsiya mavjud edi Armadaning birinchi qo'zg'oloni ) va Deodoro prezidentlik lavozimini tark etishga majbur bo'ldi. Deodoroni Konstitutsiyaga sodiq kuchlar tomonidan davlat to'ntarishiga qarshi kurash olib bordi, ammo u Dengiz kuchlari talablariga bo'ysunganligi va prezidentlik lavozimini tark etishga rozi bo'lgani uchun na konstitutsiyaviy impichment jarayoni va na impichmentsiz rasmiy ag'darish (bu bu ham Konstitutsiyani buzgan bo'lar edi, bu safar qarshi to'ntarish kuchlari tomonidan amalga oshirildi) va uning o'rniga Deodoroning lavozimidan chetlatilishi oddiy iste'fo sifatida rasmiylashtirildi. Braziliya dengiz flotidagi ko'plab ofitserlar hali ham monarxistlar edilar, Deodorodan qarshi chiqdilar va faqat yangi tashkil etilgan respublikani istamaygina qabul qildilar, ammo uning konstitutsiyaviy davlatdan diktaturaga aylanishini xohlamadilar. 1891 yil 23-noyabrda Deodoroning iste'foga chiqishi bilan vitse-prezident Floriano Peixoto prezidentlikka o'tdi va Deodoroning to'ntarishini bekor qildi. Konstitutsiyaviy huquqiy tartib tiklandi, Deodoroning Kongressni tarqatib yuborishi bekor deb topildi va Deodoroning to'ntarishdan keyingi boshqa harakatlari ham xuddi shunday bekor qilindi.
- ^ Armiya marshali, Deodoroning vitse-prezidenti Floriano Peixoto, prezident Manuel Deodoro da Fonsekaning iste'foga chiqishi bilan prezident lavozimini egalladi. Keyinchalik amalda bo'lgan Konstitutsiya, Prezidentlik muddatining birinchi yarmida Prezident vakansiyasi bo'sh bo'lganida, yangi saylovlar birdaniga chaqirilishi va vitse-prezident faqat yangi saylangan Prezident inauguratsiyasiga qadar Prezident vazifasini bajarishi kerak edi. Deodoro prezidentlik muddatining birinchi yarmida iste'foga chiqqan (1891 yil 26-fevralda u 1894 yil 15-noyabrgacha ishlash uchun Prezident sifatida qasamyod qilgan va 1891 yil 23-noyabrda o'z lavozimidan iste'foga chiqqan), ammo yangi Prezident Floriano Piksoto rad etdi. yangi saylovlarni talab qiladigan konstitutsiyaviy qoidalar faqat Prezidentlik muddatining birinchi yarmida Konstitutsiyaning doimiy qoidalariga binoan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri xalq ovozi bilan saylangan Prezident tomonidan bo'shatilgan taqdirda amal qilishi kerak, degan fikr bilan yangi saylovlarni chaqirish. Floriano, Konstitutsiyaning o'tish qoidalariga binoan Deodoro va o'zi ta'sis qurultoyi tomonidan tegishli ravishda prezident va vitse-prezident etib saylanganligi sababli va Konstitutsiyada to'g'ridan-to'g'ri xalq ovozi bilan birinchi saylovlar 1894 yil 1 martda o'tkazilishi kerakligi to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi. 1894 yil 15-noyabrda birinchi to'rt yillik muddatga tantanali ochiladigan Prezidentni tanlang, Deodoroning iste'fosidan keyin na Kongress, na to'g'ridan-to'g'ri xalq ovozi bilan saylovlar o'tkazilishi shart emas edi. Shunga ko'ra, Floriano Peixoto birinchi prezidentlik muddatining qolgan qismida, ya'ni 1894 yil 15-noyabrgacha prezident sifatida ishlashni davom ettirdi. Konstitutsiyani talqin qilish bir necha siyosiy kuchlar tomonidan tortishuvlarga sabab bo'lganligi va uning fe'l-atvori ham diktatorlik sifatida qabul qilinganligi sababli, Floriano ko'pchilikka duch keldi qo'zg'olonlar (shu jumladan Armadaning ikkinchi qo'zg'oloni, ma'muriyat mag'lubiyatga uchratdi) va Floriano qamal holatida, habeas korpus huquqi va boshqa bir qator konstitutsiyaviy huquqlar to'xtatilgan holda (Konstitutsiyaning favqulodda qoidalariga muvofiq), o'z lavozimida bo'lgan vaqtining ko'p qismida. Floriano shuningdek, qamalda bo'lgan davlatning favqulodda vakolatlaridan foydalanib, jamiyatda va Braziliyaning siyosiy hayotida Monarxistik kayfiyatning qolgan cho'ntaklarini yanada bostirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi va shu sababli u "Respublikaning konsolidatori" deb nomlandi. 1894 yilda uning o'rnini Konstitutsiyaning doimiy qoidalariga binoan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri xalq ovozi bilan saylangan birinchi Prezident, shuningdek Braziliya Prezidenti lavozimini egallagan birinchi fuqaro Prudente de Morais egalladi.
- ^ Vitse-prezident etib saylangan Silviano Brandao o'zining inauguratsiyasidan oldin 1902 yil 25 sentyabrda vafot etdi. Shunga ko'ra, inauguratsiya kuni, 1902 yil 15-noyabr kuni Prezident Rodriges Alvesh yakka o'zi ish boshladi va vitse-prezident vakant deb e'lon qilindi. O'sha paytdagi kuchga kirgan konstitutsiyaviy me'yorlarga muvofiq, keyinchalik to'rt yillik muddatning qolgan qismini egallash uchun yangi vitse-prezidentni tanlash uchun maxsus saylov chaqirildi.
- ^ Vitse-prezidentning saylangan Silviano Brandaoning vafotidan kelib chiqadigan vakansiyani to'ldirish uchun chaqirilgan vitse-prezident uchun maxsus saylov 1903 yil 18 martda bo'lib o'tdi. Afonso Pena vitse-prezidentlikka saylandi va 1903 yil 23 iyunda ish boshladi.
- ^ 1906–1910-yilgi prezidentlik muddatiga saylangan Prezident Afonso Pena 1909 yil 14-iyunda o'z lavozimida vafot etdi. Afonso Pena vafotidan so'ng vitse-prezident Nilo Pexanha Prezident bo'ldi va prezidentlik muddatining qolgan qismida ishladi.
- ^ Braziliyaning 5-prezidenti (1902-1906) bo'lgan Rodriges Alves 1918 yilda 10-prezident sifatida saylangan, ammo u inauguratsiya oldidan Ispan grippi bilan kasal bo'lib qolgan, shuning uchun u ishtirok eta olmagan. Uning sherigi Delfim Moreira vitse-prezident sifatida ish boshladi va prezident vazifasini bajaruvchi bo'ldi. Rodriges Alves Kongress oldida hech qachon 10-prezident bo'lish uchun qasamyod qilmadi, chunki u kasalligidan tuzalmadi va vafot etdi. Delfim Moreira 1919 yil yanvar oyida saylangan prezident vafot etgandan keyin prezidentlik lavozimini egalladi.
- ^ Vitse-prezident Delfim Moreyra yangi saylangan prezident Rodriges Alvesning vafotidan keyin prezidentlikka o'tdi, ammo amaldagi konstitutsiyaviy qoidalarga muvofiq, prezidentlik vakansiyasi to'rt yillik prezidentlik muddatining birinchi yarmida bo'lganligi sababli, yangi saylovlar chaqirildi va Delfim Moreyra faqat saylangan Prezident tanlanib, 1918–1922 yillardagi prezidentlik muddatini tugatishga qasamyod etguniga qadar xizmat qildi.
- ^ Rodriges Alves 1919 yil 16 yanvarda vafot etdi. Konstitutsiyaga muvofiq chaqirilgan navbatdan tashqari saylov 1919 yil 13 aprelda bo'lib o'tdi. 1918–1922 prezidentlik muddatining qolgan qismini yakunlash uchun saylangan Epitacio Pessoa 1919 yil 28 iyulda ish boshladi. Prezident Epitacio Pessoa, Delfim Moreira prezident bo'lishni to'xtatdi va vitse-prezident lavozimiga qaytdi.
- ^ Vitse-prezident Delfim Moreira 1920 yil 1-iyulda vafot etdi. Uning vafotidan so'ng vitse-prezident yangi vitse-prezident saylanib, inauguratsiyaga qadar bo'sh qoldi. Bueno de Paiva 1920 yil 11 noyabrda vitse-prezident lavozimini egallab, 1918–1922 yillardagi qolgan vakolat muddatini yakunladi.
- ^ Prezident Vashington Luis 1930 yilgi inqilob bilan iste'foga chiqarildi va bu Eski respublika davrining oxiriga to'g'ri keldi. 1930 yil 3 oktyabrda inqilob boshlandi va poytaxtdan uzoq bo'lgan inqilobiy va hukumat kuchlari o'rtasidagi janglardan so'ng, poytaxtdagi harbiy fraktsiya inqilobchilar tomoniga o'tdi va 1930 yil 24 oktyabrda prezidentni lavozimidan ozod qildi. Vashington Luis hokimiyatdan ag'darilgach, vaqtincha harbiy xunta hokimiyatni egallab oldi; bir necha kundan keyin, 1930 yil 3-noyabrda ushbu harbiy triumvirat 1891 yilgi Konstitutsiyani bekor qilgan, Kongressni tarqatgan va Muvaqqat hukumat tuzgan deb e'lon qilgan inqilobiy harakatning etakchisi Getulio Vargasga yangi konstitutsiyaviy tuzum yaratilishini va'da qiladi.
- ^ 1930 yil 1 martda saylangan Xulio Prestes, 1930 yilgi to'ntarish tufayli o'zidan avvalgi Vashington Luisini taxtdan tushirgani sababli hech qachon o'z lavozimini egallamagan.
- ^ Getulio Vargas 1930 yil 3-noyabrdan 1934-yil 20-iyulgacha bo'lgan vaqtinchalik hukumat rahbari sifatida mutlaq vakolatlar bilan boshqarilgan. 1932 yil 9-iyulda San-Paulu shtatida Konstitutsiyaviy hukumatni tiklashni talab qilgan inqilob boshlandi. Inqilob Hukumat tomonidan mag'lubiyatga uchradi, ammo bu Vargasning Ta'sis majlisini chaqirish va'dasini bajarishiga olib keldi. 1933-1934-yilgi Ta'sis yig'ilishi 1934-yil 16-iyulda Braziliyaning yangi Konstitutsiyasini e'lon qildi va Konstitutsiyaning o'tish davri qoidalariga binoan birinchi Prezident Assambleya tomonidan saylanishi kerak edi va keyingi prezidentlar to'g'ridan-to'g'ri xalq ovozi bilan saylanishi kerak edi. Ushbu qoidalarga muvofiq, 1934 yil 17-iyulda Ta'sis yig'ilishi Prezidentga ovoz berdi va Vargas saylovda g'olib bo'ldi. Shunga ko'ra, o'sha vaqtgacha Muvaqqat hukumatning boshlig'i bo'lgan Vargas 1934 yil 20-mayda 1938 yil 3-mayda vorisning inauguratsiyasiga qadar davom etadigan muddatga respublika prezidenti sifatida qasamyod qildi. 1937 yil 10-noyabrda Vargas davlat to'ntarishini amalga oshirdi va uni e'lon qildi Estado Novo diktatura, unga farmon bilan hukmronlik qilishga imkon beradigan yangi Konstitutsiyani o'rnatdi. Ikkala referendum ham 1937 yil Konstitutsiyasida nazarda tutilgan edi, bu yangi konstitutsiyaviy qonunlar qabul qilinganligini tasdiqlaydi va 1937 yil Konstitutsiyasida ko'zda tutilgan saylovlar favqulodda holat bahonasida hech qachon o'tkazilmagan. Shunga ko'ra, Vargas vakolat muddatini amalda muddatsiz uzaytirdi. Shtat gubernatorlari respublika prezidenti tomonidan tayinlangan Federal aralashuvchilar bilan almashtirildi va Federal va shtat darajasidagi qonunchilik palatalari tarqatib yuborildi. 1937 yil Konstitutsiyasi bilan tuzilgan yangi qonun chiqaruvchi organlar, rejim tugaguniga qadar davom etgan favqulodda holat tufayli, hech qachon saylanmagan va shunga muvofiq, butun shu davrda (1937-1945) Respublika Prezidenti va Interventorlar tayinlangan. bir nechta davlatlar Ijro etuvchi va qonunchilik vakolatlarini nazariy jihatdan vaqtinchalik, ammo amalda doimiy asosda bo'shatdilar. Siyosiy partiyalar bekor qilindi, rejimga qarshi chiqish bostirildi. Shunday qilib, Estado Novo davrida Prezident Vargas Braziliyani 1945 yil 29 oktyabrda Vargasning o'z harbiy vaziri boshchiligidagi qo'zg'olonda harbiylar tomonidan lavozimidan bo'shatilguniga qadar diktator sifatida boshqargan.
- ^ 1945 yilga kelib Vargas o'zining avtoritar Estado Novo rejimini isloh qilish va Braziliyada demokratik erkinliklarni tiklashga imkon berish uchun o'z tarafdorlari tomonidan kuchli bosim ostida edi. 1945 yil 28-fevralda diktator ushbu talablarga bo'ysundi va raqiblariga amnistiya to'g'risidagi nizomni imzoladi, 1937 yilgi Konstitutsiyaga o'zgartishlar kiritdi va oxir-oqibat o'zi o'rnatgan parlamentga saylovlarni chaqirdi. Saylovlar 1945 yil 2-dekabrda o'tkazilishi kerak edi. Qonunchilik palatasi Konstitutsiyani isloh qilish vakolatiga ega edi; 1945 yil 28 mayda chiqarilgan yana bir nizom, shuningdek, prezident saylovlarini 2 dekabrga tayinladi. On 2 October, the Superior Electoral Court ruled that the Parliament's powers to reform the Constitution would be unlimited. Political parties had been allowed to organize for the first time since 1937, and there was rising opposition to Vargas, in spite of the constraints still placed by the regime on freedom of expression. However, the political atmosphere was one of suspicion and insecurity, given Vargas' authoritarian record. There were fears that the elections could be cancelled, or that they would be manipulated by Vargas. In those circumstances, a group of Vargas' own Generals, led by the Minister of War, General Pedro Aurélio de Góes Monteiro, turned against the dictator and deposed him from office in a sudden palace coup on 29 October 1945. The military then handed over power to the President of the Supreme Court, and safeguarded the freedom of the December 1945 elections, in which all parties were allowed to take part, from Communists to right-wing landowners; from Vargas's staunch opponents to his most loyal defenders. The deposed dictator himself (who still mustered strong popular support on account of the many social reforms implemented during his government, that created the Brazilian welfare state) was elected a Senator by the State of Rio Grande do Sul. He would go on to be elected President in 1950.
- ^ The office of Vice-President was abolished during Vargas' tenure, as neither the 1934 Constitution nor the 1937 Constitution provided for a Vice-President.
- ^ José Linhares, President of the Supreme Court, took office as President of the Republic after he was summoned by the Minister of War, General Góes Monteiro, in the wake of the overthrow of President Getúlio Vargas. At the time of the dictator's toppling, the President of the Supreme Court was the first and only person in the presidential line of succession, given that the other officers in that line, who would have outranked him, had never been elected, so that Linhares was Vargas' legal deputy. The Linhares Administration was a transitional government, that established the rules and procedures for the termination of the Estado Novo regime and the restoration of democratic institutions in Brazil. The parliamentary and presidential elections scheduled for 2 December 1945 were maintained, but on 12 November 1945 Linhares issued a statute establishing that the Parliament to be elected would be a fully fledged Constituent Assembly, charged with adopting a new, democratic Constitution to replace the one that had been imposed by Vargas in 1937 and create a new political system in its place. Once elections were held and the elected President took office on 31 January 1946, José Linhares returned to his position as President of the Supreme Court.
- ^ In accordance with the rules decreed during the Linhares Administration to govern the transition to democracy, the 1945 elections were held to choose a President and the members of the Constituent Assembly (made up of Senators and Deputies) only. The office of Vice President had been abolished since 1934, and so no Vice President was chosen. However, the Constituent Assembly decided to recreate the office of Vice President. The Constitution adopted on 18 September 1946 specified that the first Vice President would be elected by the Constituent Assembly itself on the day following the promulgation of the Constitution, and would take office on the same date, to serve until the inauguration of the President and Vice President that would take office in 1951. Under those transitional provisions, Nereu Ramos was elected and inaugurated as Vice President on 19 September 1946.
- ^ Vargas committed suicide on 24 August 1954. The political climate at the time of President Vargas' suicide was one of turmoil and instability. Vargas was a former dictator, who had been democratically elected President of Brazil in 1950 by direct popular ballot under the 1946 Constitution. In 1953, a Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry accused the Government of illegally aiding newspaper owner Samuel Wainer to obtain loans from the State-owned bank Banco do Brasil in exchange for political support by his Altima Xora gazeta. This accusation resulted in an impeachment petition against Vargas that reached the floor of the Chamber of Deputies, but the impeachment attempt failed, and the charges were accordingly never presented to the Senate, because the Chamber of Deputies rejected the impeachment petition in June 1954. The political atmosphere, however, remained very tense. Shortly afterwards, a criminal attempt against the life of leading Opposition politician Carlos Lacerda on 5 August 1954 (an episode in Rio de Janeiro known as the Tonelero Street shooting), that resulted in the death of his bodyguard, Air Force Major Rubens Vaz, led to accusations by the Opposition that the criminal act had been orchestrated by Vargas himself or by his aides, and in late August 1954 it was widely expected that a section of the military would soon intervene in politics once again, to depose President Vargas due to that incident. Indeed, investigations conducted by the Air Force Police found that Gregório Fortunato, a member of President Vargas' bodyguard, had orchestrated the criminal act against Carlos Lacerda that resulted in the death of Major Rubens Vaz. A Military Inquiry on the death of Major Rubens Vaz, conducted at Rio's Galeão Air Force Base, also uncovered evidence of corruption involving both Fortunato and Manuel Vargas, the President's son. Although some claimed that the President's supporters had acted alone, without his knowledge, opponents of the President claimed that he had ordered Lacerda's assassination and that he was the mastermind behind the shooting. Those circumstances resulted in agitation in the military against the President, and, on the eve of his suicide, troops were already on the move to depose him, without the constitutional impeachment process, in what, therefore, would have been a military coup d'état. Having perceived that he had little support in the military to avoid a coup, and that his overthrow was imminent, Vargas, in a depressed state, committed suicide. He had presided over an emergency cabinet meeting in the early hours of 24 August 1954, and then retired to his bedroom and, a few hours later, shot himself in the chest, leaving behind a suicide note and a political testament. An ambulance was called to the Palace, but when it arrived Vargas was already dead. After his death, the military mobilization for a coup ceased, and there was an outpouring of popular feeling for the deceased President. In 1956 Fortunato was found guilty of the Tonelero Street crime, and sentenced to 25 years in prison. He was murdered by a fellow prison inmate in 1962. The involvement of President Vargas in the criminal act is still debated by historians.
- ^ Upon the suicide of President Getúlio Vargas on 24 August 1954 Vice President Café Filho immediately assumed the powers and duties of the Presidency as Acting President, but the joint session of Congress required by the Federal Constitution for his swearing-in as President was only held on 3 September 1954, after the burial of the deceased President and a period of mourning. Accordingly, from 24 August 1954 until 3 September 1954, Café Filho was Acting President of the Republic, and on 3 September 1954 he took the constitutional oath in the presence of Congress and became President.
- ^ On 8 November 1955 President Café Filho declared himself temporarily unable to govern for medical reasons. The President had gone to hospital on 3 November 1955, suffering from a heart condition. His self-declared incapacity led to the assumption of the powers of the presidency by Carlos Luz (who was President of the Chamber of Deputies) as Acting President. The President of the Chamber of Deputies was the constitutional successor of the President of the Republic because the Vice-Presidency was then vacant. However, Acting President Carlos Luz was seen as hostile to the inauguration of the then-president elect, Juscelino Kubitschek. Indeed, the results of the election were contested by the National Democratic Union (UDN), the party that had the second greatest share of the vote in the 1955 presidential election, and there was talk of a conspiracy to block the inauguration of the president-elect. Therefore, fearing that Carlos Luz would lead a coup to prevent the inauguration of the president-elect, a section of the military, led by the Army Minister himself (Marshal Henrique Teixeira Lott), in what they called a profilaktika qarshi to'ntarish, deposed Carlos Luz from the post of acting president on 11 November, and installed Senator Nereu Ramos, the Vice President of the Senate, as Acting President of the Republic in his stead. Faced with the actions of the military, both Houses of Congress summarily voted, also on 11 November 1955, to back Marshal Lott's preventive counter coup, by recognizing an emergency, declaring Luz impeded from acting as President, and confirming Nereu Ramos as Acting President. Carlos Luz attempted to resist his toppling, by boarding the Navy ship Tamandare in the company of leading UDN politicians, and heading to the port of Santos, in the hope of receiving the support of Jânio Quadros, the Governor of São Paulo State, and of the military stationed in that State. Biroq, Tamandare received news from São Paulo that such support would not be forthcoming, and Luz therefore ordered the ship to sail back to Rio de Janeiro, where he surrendered on 13 November. Also on 13 November 1955, Acting President Nereu Ramos visited President Café Filho in hospital, and assured him that he would only continue serving as Acting President until the President recovered. However, Marshal Lott and the other leaders of the 11 of November movement decided to block the resumption of the powers of the presidency by Café Filho, because they suspected that the President, too, was involved in the conspiracy to prevent the inauguration of the president-elect. Upon being released from hospital, on 21 November, Café Filho sent a message to the Acting President and to both Houses of Congress informing them that he had recovered from his illness, and therefore was resuming the powers and duties of the Presidency of the Republic. His resumption of those powers and duties, however, was swiftly blocked by the military: army tanks surrounded the Catete Palace (the seat of the presidency), to prevent Café Filho from reaching the Presidential Palace, where Nereu Ramos remained. Several other points in the capital were also surrounded by military forces. Café Filho therefore returned to his private residence, that was soon also surrounded by tanks, and the President was prevented from leaving his home. Given that situation, both Houses of Congress summarily voted, on 21 and 22 November 1955, to declare that the President's impediment persisted, that he therefore could not resume the powers and duties of the Presidency until the Congress resolved otherwise, and that acorrdingly, Senator Nereu Ramos should continue as Acting President, as per the congressional resolutions of 11 November. Because this "solution" was employed, of the Houses of Congress declaring, on 21 and 22 November, that they considered that Café Filho could not for the time being resume the powers and duties of the office, he was never formally removed from the office, and there was no impeachment process. Had there been an impeachment process, it would have required a formal accusation against the President, and he would have had the chance to defend himself and to stand trial before the Senate. However, impeachment proceedings were never initiated against Café Filho, and instead he was simply prevented from resuming his powers and duties on the basis of the congressional resolutions of 21 and 22 November 1955. Although for all practical purposes Café Filho had effectively been deposed, and it was universally understood that he would never be allowed to resume the powers of the presidency, neither Congress nor the military went as far as declaring the presidential office vacant, and therefore, formally, Café Filho was not overthrown, but simply barred from resuming the powers of the presidency. While technically Café Filho was never removed from office, he was thus prevented from resuming the powers and duties of the presidency until the end of his term and the inauguration of Kubitschek on 31 January 1956, and Nereu Ramos continued seving as Acting President until then. Café Filho's lawyers presented two petitions on his behalf to the Supreme Court also on 22 November 1955: one of habeas corpus, to restore his freedom of movement, and one of writ of mandamus, seeking an injunction from the Court to allow the President to resume his powers and duties. A statute was passed by Congress and signed into law by Acting President Ramos on 25 November declaring a state of siege (a form of martial law prescribed by the emergency provisions of the Constitution, that were then put in operation). On 14 December 1955, the Supreme Federal Court decided not to interfere in the political question, by ruling, regarding the writ of mandamus petition, that it could not decide the case while the state of siege declared by law persisted. As for the habeas corpus petition, it was declared moot on 21 December 1955, after Acting President Ramos informed the Court that Café Filho's freedom of movement had been restored, without prejudice to the continuation of his impediment. Only on 7 November 1956, long after Café Filho's term had ended, the Court would resume its deliberation on the writ of mandamus, to dispose of the case and close it, by recognizing that the petition had now been rendered moot, due to the termination of Café Filho's term in office.
- ^ Nereu Ramos was the Vice President of the Federal Senate (the office of President of the Senate, then vested in the Vice-Presidency of the Republic, was vacant, and thus Ramos, as Vice President of the Senate, acted as the Senate's presiding officer pro tempore). Summoned by the Minister of the Army, Henrique Teixeira Lott, who led the coup to overthrow Acting President Carlos Luz, Senator Nereu Ramos assumed the powers of the presidency of the Republic after Luz's deposition, on 11 November 1955 (as detailed above). After President Café Filho was impeded from resuming the powers and duties of the office on 21 and 22 November 1955, Ramos continued serving as Acting President until the end of the presidential term and the inauguration of President-elect Kubitschek. Although technically Carlos Luz and Nereu Ramos were only acting presidents, due to the critical circumstances surrounding their Administrations, they are usually included in the lists of presidents of Brazil, and are even included in the official gallery of presidents published by the Presidency of Brazil. Furthermore, Nereu Ramos had an official photograph of himself as president made, and he made use of the Presidential Sash, the insignia reserved for the President of the Republic alone. As for the actions of the military and of Congress that deposed Acting President Calos Luz, prevented President Café Filho from resuming the discharge of the powers of the presidency, installed and maintained Senator Nereu Ramos as Acting President until the inauguration of President-elect Kubitschek, those actions were in clear violation of the Constitution, although the backing of Congress helped to increase the appearance of legitimacy to the acts of the military. In spite of being unconstitutional, most historians today agree that those actions, led by Marshal Henrique Lott, had indeed the aim of securing the transfer of power according to the result of the 1955 presidential election; that there was indeed a conspiracy to prevent the inauguration of Kubitschek; and that the democratic result of the 1955 elections would not have been respected if not for the actions of Lott's preventive counter coup.
- ^ President Jânio Quadros resigned from office on 25 August 1961. There were no political reasons for President Quadros' sudden and abrupt resignation, that took the country and the political establishment by surprise. Some aides and close advisors of the former President have postulated that Quadros was heavily drunk when he wrote and ordered the delivery to Congress of his letter of resignation. Others suggest that Quadros imagined that Congress would not want his Vice-President, João Goulart, as president, and that the legislature would therefore ask him to reconsider his resignation, and would agree to grant him extraordinary powers. Several historians postulate that both things may be true: Quadros was drunk, and in that state he imagined that his resignation would not be accepted and would result in him being able to bargain for extraordinary powers. However, the Brazilian Constitution did not require that the President's resignation be accepted by Congress or by any authority; instead the resignation was deemed to be a unilateral act, that became effective as soon as Congress received the President's written instrument of resignation. Accordingly, once the President of Congress received the Quadros' letter of resignation, a joint session of Congress was convened, the resignation letter was simply read and entered into the records of Congress, and the resignation was deemed effective, and as a result the President of Congress immediately proceeded to declare that Quadros had vacated the Presidency. Afterwards, when asked why he had resigned from office, Quadros denied both the claims of authoritarian intentions and the accounts that he was drunk, but simply stated that he had done it because he wanted to, giving no further reasons for his action. His resignation letter mentioned that he felt he had been "crushed" by unspecified "terrible forces" organized against him.
- ^ By the time Jânio Quadros was born, Campo Grande was a city in Mato Grosso Shtat. Nowadays, it is the capital city of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, created in 1977.
- ^ Mazzilli, President of the Chamber of Deputies and second in line in the presidential order of succession, became Acting President of the Republic upon President Quadros's resignation, because the Vice President of the Republic, João Gulart, was then out of the country, on an official visit to Xitoy. Due to a serious political crisis (see below for further details), Vice President Goulart only took office as President on 7 September 1961, and Mazzilli remained as Acting President until then.
- ^ Goulart was on an official visit to China when Quadros resigned the presidency. While the Vice President was still abroad, there was an attempt on the part of the Vice President's opponents, who controlled Congress, to prevent him from being inaugurated, but that movement failed, due to resistance by the Governor of the State Rio Grande do Sul and a split in the military. However, Congress only allowed the inauguration of Goulart to proceed after a compromise was reached, whereby a Constitutional Amendment severely limiting the powers of the presidency was passed on 2 September 1961. Under that Constitutional Amendment, the presidential executive, that had existed since the proclamation of the Republic, was abolished and replaced with a parliamentary system, in which a Prime Minister was the head of government and the President of the Republic retained only the role of head of state. The Amendment however stipulated that the constitutional change would only become permanent if confirmed by the people in a referendum. On 6 January 1963 that referendum was held, and a majority of the voters rejected the Amendment, backing the restoration of the presidential Executive instead. According to the result of the referendum, on 23 January 1963 a new Constitutional Amendment was promulgated, repealing the 1961 Amendment and re-establishing the presidential Executive as it existed immediately prior to that Amendment. Thus, from 7 September 1961 until 23 January 1963 President Goulart served as head of State only, in a parliamentary system of Government, and, from 23 January 1963 onwards, he served as both head of state and head of government.
- ^ Goulart was deposed by the military coup of 1964, that marked the beginning of the 1964–1985 military regime.
- ^ Keyingi 1964 yilgi harbiy to'ntarish, the President of Congress, Senator Auro de Moura Andrade convened a joint session of Congress on 2 April 1964 and summarily announced that President João Goulart was deposed and that the Presidency was vacant. Moura Andrade then declared Ranieri Mazzilli (who then was the President of the Chamber of Deputies and the first person in the presidential line of succession) to have become President of the Republic. Accordingly, Mazzilli took charge of the Presidency, but, in spite of Moura Andrade's bold statement declaring Mazzilli President, Mazzilli only took office as Acting President: he never took the presidential oath and, during his brief term in office, he issued his acts as "The President of the Chamber of Deputies, acting in the office of President of the Republic". The 1946 Constitution, then in force, authorized a Vice-President to succeed to the Presidency if the office of President became vacant, but it only authorized the President of the Chamber of Deputies and the other officers in the line of succession to serve as Acting President, and, in the case of a double vacancy of the Presidency and of the Vice-Presidency, it required new presidential elections to be summoned (direct elections by popular ballot if the second vacancy took place in the first half of the presidential term; indirect elections by Congress if the second vacancy occurred in the second half of the presidential term). Mindful of the fact that the elected President for the 1961-1966 term was Quadros (who had resigned), succeeded as President by Goulart, his Vice-President (who was deposed by the 1964 military coup), and that he was only the President of the Chamber of Deputies, Mazzilli limited his actions to that of a caretaker Acting President, pending the holding of elections. The norms that would have governed those elections, however, were altered by continuing acts of interference from the Armed Forces that had ejected Goulart from office: on 9 April 1964, a body known as the Supreme Command of the Revolution, composed of the leaders of the military coup (the commanders of the three branches of the Armed Forces), issued an Institutional Act summoning the National Congress to elect a new President in 48 hours. The military then put forward the name of Marshal Castelo Branco, and he was elected by Congress as planned. Ranieri Mazzilli, therefore, remained as Acting President only for two weeks, until the inauguration of Castelo Branco on 15 April 1964.
- ^ Alkmin was a PSD a'zo; when the PSD was abolished in 1965, he joined ARENA.
- ^ A military junta composed of the Ministers in charge of the three branches of the Armed Forces assumed the powers of the presidency on 31 August 1969 after President Costa e Sliva suffered a cerebral thrombosis that left him completely incapacitated. The military junta seized power so as to prevent Vice President Pedro Aleixo, a civilian, from becoming acting president. The possibility of a civilian, even a conservative one, assuming the powers of the presidency was seen as detrimental to the continuity of the military regime. In the initial stage of the President's disease, the junta hoped that he would recover. Subsequently, realizing that the President's condition was irreversible, and that the prolonged continuity of a triumvirate was detrimental to the regime and to its image, the military junta issued an institutional act on 14 October 1969 removing the incapacitated President and the Vice President from office and summoning Congress to elect a new President and Vice President. The military elite that controlled the regime then selected General Emílio Garrastazu Médici to be ARENA's candidate, and his name was rubber-stamped by Congress. The junta remained in place until the new President was sworn-in. In 2011, Brazil enacted a Federal Law recognizing the illegality of the acts that prevented Vice President Pedro Aleixo from becoming Acting President and that removed him from office; the statute also directs that Pedro Aleixo be deemed a former President of the Republic. Costa e Silva died less than three months after his removal, and were it not for the military acts now declared illegal that removed him from the vice-presidency, Pedro Aleixo would have succeeded to the presidency.
- ^ Brazilian Federal Law number 12.486, promulgated on 12 September 2011 posthumously recognizes the illegality of the acts (see above) that prevented Vice-President Pedro Aleixo from becoming acting president and that removed him from office, and directs that he be deemed and taken as a former President of the Republic for all legal purposes.
- ^ The Third Army, a Regional Command of the Brazilian Army, has been renamed in 1985 and is currently titled as the Southern Military Command.
- ^ Tancredo Neves died before taking office, but more than one month after the start of his presidential term. The Constitution required the President and Vice President to be invested in their offices by taking the oath of office in the presence of a joint session of Congress. President-elect Tancredo Neves, suffering from the consequences of a tumor that was then misdiagnosed as acute diverticulitis, became gravely ill on 14 March 1985, on the eve of his inauguration, so that he could not attend the inaugural ceremonies in Congress, because his doctors concluded that he required emergency surgery. Xose Sarney, his running mate, accordingly appeared before Congress alone on the day of Neves's would-be inauguration, took office as Vice President and served as Acting President from start of the new presidential term, on 15 March 1985, until the day the President-elect died. Initially, there was hope that the President-elect would recover and take office, but he developed several complications and infections, and underwent several other operations, ultimately resulting in his death. Upon Neves's death on 21 April 1985, Acting President Sarney succeeded to the presidency. On the first anniversary of Neves's death a statute was signed into Law (federal law 7.465/1986), establishing that Tancredo Neves "elected but not sworn-in due to his death" should be included in the gallery of the presidents of Brazil "for all legal purposes".
- ^ President Collor was impeached on corruption charges. On 29 September 1992, the Chamber of Deputies voted, by the required two-thirds majority of its members, to allow the charges against the President to be presented to the Senate. On 1 October 1992 the Senate voted to receive the charges and proceed with the trial. On 2 October 1992, upon receiving the formal writ of summons notifying him that he was now a defendant in the impeachment trial that the Senate would conduct, President Collor was automatically suspended from office for 180 days as provided in the Constitution of Brazil and Vice President Itamar Franco became Acting President. On 29 December 1992, on the final day of his trial of impeachment before the Federal Senate, President Collor resigned the presidency, in an attempt to stop the process. The Senate's session as a Court of Impeachment was suspended and two successive joint sessions of Congress were held, one shortly after the other: in the first joint session, President Collor's resignation letter was formally read before Congress by its First Secretary and entered the congressional record, and the presidential resignation thereby took legal effect, resulting in the formal declaration by the President of Congress to the assembled joint session, that the presidency of the Republic was vacant, and that, as a result of that vacancy, Acting President Franco would be summoned at once, as Collor's legal successor, to take the constitutional oath and assume the Presidency; in the second joint session of Congress, Acting President Itamar Franco was accordingly sworn-in as President, as required by the Constitution. Later in the same day, the Senate resumed its sitting as a Court of Impeachment, and it decided that the President's resignation after the start of the trial could not stop the process, given that the determination of the former President's guilt or innocence was relevant for the purposes of imposing on him the penalty of disqualification from holding public office for eight years. Accordingly, the trial of impeachment continued in spite of Collor's resignation and, in the early hours of 30 December 1992 he was found guilty of the charges, by the required majority of more than two thirds of the members of the Senate. The penalty of removal from office was declared moot as Collor had already resigned, but as a result of his conviction by the Senate he was disqualified for holding public office for eight years. The Senate's sentence in the trial of impeachment, imposing upon Collor the said penalty, was pronounced on 30 December 1992 and published in the Official Journal on 31 December 1992. Accordingly, Collor remained disqualified from holding public office until 31 December 2000.
- ^ a b Itamar Franco joined the PRN for the 1989 election to run as Collor's running mate. In office, he broke with Collor, and left the PRN on 5 May 1992, returning to the PMDB.
- ^ Franco was born on board a ship off the eastern coast of Brazil, sailing between Salvador va Rio-de-Janeyro. His birth was registered at Salvador.
- ^ On 2 December 2015 the President of the Chamber of Deputies decided to accept, for the consideration of that assembly, a petition presenting charges of impeachment against President Dilma Rousseff, on the grounds of having violated the 2015 budgetary law and fiscal responsibility norms. On 17 April 2016, the Chamber of Deputies voted, by the required two-thirds majority of its members, to allow the charges against the President to be presented to the Senate. On 12 May 2016 the Senate voted to receive the charges and proceed with the trial. On the same date, upon receiving the formal writ of summons notifying her that she was now a defendant in the impeachment trial that the Senate would conduct, President Rousseff's powers and duties were suspended for 180 days as provided in the Constitution of Brazil, and Vice-President Michel Temer became Acting President. On 31 August 2016 the Brazilian Federal Senate, sitting as a judicial body, voted, by the required two-thirds majority of its members, to convict the President and to remove her from office. Sakkiz yil davomida davlat lavozimlarida ishlash huquqidan mahrum qilish jazosi sobiq Prezidentga nisbatan qo'llanilmagan, chunki Senat a'zolarining uchdan ikki qismining ko'pchiligiga ushbu jazo bo'yicha aniq ovoz berishda erishilmagan. Prezidentlik vakansiyasi natijasida Prezident vazifasini bajaruvchi Mishel Temer 2016 yil 31 avgustda bo'lib o'tgan Kongressning qo'shma majlisi oldida Prezident sifatida qasamyod qabul qilib, lavozimni egalladi.
- ^ Mishel Temer prezident bo'lganida, uning partiyasi hali ham nomlangan Braziliya demokratik harakati partiyasi (PMDB). Uning vakolat muddati davomida, 2017 yil 19-dekabrda partiyaning Milliy konventsiyasi partiyaning ta'sis shartnomasini o'zgartirib, nomini o'zgartirdi. Braziliya demokratik harakati (MDB), partiyaning 1965 yildan 1981 yilgacha bo'lgan nomi.
- ^ Ga yaqin Braziliya uchun ittifoq.
Adabiyotlar
| Eski respublika (1889–1930) |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Vargas davri (1930–45) | ||
| 46-yil respublikasi (1946–64) | ||
| Harbiy diktatura (1964–85) | ||
| Yangi respublika (1985 yildan hozirgacha) | ||