1978 yildagi Yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik to'g'risidagi qonun - Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978

1978 yildagi Yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik to'g'risidagi qonun

Boshqa qisqa sarlavhalar	Yadro antiproliferatsiyasi to'g'risidagi qonun
Uzoq sarlavha	Yadro portlash qobiliyatining tarqalishini yanada samarali va samarali nazorat qilishni ta'minlaydigan qonun.
Qisqartmalar (nutqiy)	NNPA, NAPA
Tomonidan qabul qilingan	The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining 95-kongressi
Samarali	1978 yil 10 mart
Iqtiboslar
Ommaviy huquq	95-242
Ozodlik to'g'risidagi nizom	92 Stat.  120
Kodifikatsiya
Sarlavhalar o'zgartirildi	22 AQSh: Tashqi aloqalar va aloqalar
AQSh bo'limlar yaratildi	22 AQSh ch. 47 § 3201 va boshqalar
Qonunchilik tarixi
Uyda tanishtirilgan kabi HR 8638 tomonidan Jonathan B. Bingham (D. -Nyu-York ) kuni 1977 yil 29-iyul Qo'mita tomonidan ko'rib chiqilishi Xalqaro aloqalar uyi, Senatning tashqi aloqalari Uydan o'tib ketdi 1977 yil 28 sentyabr (411–0 ) Senatdan o'tdi 1978 yil 7 fevral (88–3 o'rniga S. 897 ) o'zgartirish bilan House Senatning tuzatilishiga rozi bo'ldi 1978 yil 9 fevral (qabul qilingan / kelishilgan) Prezident tomonidan qonun imzolandi Jimmi Karter kuni 1978 yil 10 mart

1978 yildagi Yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik to'g'risidagi qonun, 22 AQSh § 3201, a Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining federal qonuni buni e'lon qilish yadroviy portlovchi qurilmalar uchun xavfli xavf tug'diradi xavfsizlik manfaatlari Qo'shma Shtatlar va davom etayotgan xalqaro taraqqiyot dunyo tinchligi va xalqlarning rivojlanishi.

HR 8638 qonunchilik AQSh Kongressining 95-sessiyasi tomonidan qabul qilindi va qonun tomonidan imzolandi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining 39-prezidenti Jimmi Karter 1978 yil 10 martda.^[1][2][3][4]

Qonunning qoidalari

Yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik to'g'risidagi qonunda nazorat qilish va cheklashlar uchun bir necha siyosat elementlari berilgan yadro texnologiyasi.^[5][6]

• Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari buni amalga oshirishi kerak yoqilg'i bilan ta'minlash bilan kafolat rivojlanayotgan xalqlar xalqaro tashabbuslar orqali. O'tkazish va undan foydalanish bo'yicha yanada samarali xalqaro nazoratni o'rnatish yadroviy materiallar tarqalishining oldini olish uchun tinchlik maqsadlarida ishlatiladigan asbob-uskunalar va yadroviy texnologiyalar, shu jumladan umumiy foydalanish xalqaro sanktsiyalar.
• Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari etkazib berish bo'yicha o'z zimmasiga olgan majburiyatlarni bajara oladigan mamlakatning ishonchliligini tasdiqlash uchun zarur bo'lgan choralarni ko'rishi kerak atom reaktorlari va yadroviy qurolni tarqatmaslikning samarali siyosatiga rioya qilgan mamlakatlarga keyingi kelishuvlar va eksport litsenziyalari bo'yicha so'rovlarni o'z vaqtida ko'rib chiqilishini osonlashtiradigan tartiblarni o'rnatish orqali yoqilg'i.
• Yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik to'g'risidagi qonun, yo'q davlatlarni qat'iyan rag'batlantiradi tasdiqlangan The Yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik to'g'risidagi shartnoma, buni iloji boricha tezroq qilish.
• Qo'shma Shtatlar xorijiy davlatlar bilan mos texnologiyalarni aniqlash va moslashtirishda hamkorlik qilishi kerak energiya ishlab chiqarish va, xususan, uchun muqobil variantlarni aniqlash atom energiyasi bu kabi davlatlarga ularning energetik ehtiyojlarini qondirishga yordam berishda, o'sha davlatlarning iqtisodiy va moddiy resurslariga mos keladigan va atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish.^[7]

Qonunning sarlavhalari

Ta'riflar

(a) Ushbu Qonunda ishlatilganidek, atama -

(1) "Komissiya" degan ma'noni anglatadi Yadro nazorati bo'yicha komissiya

(2) "Direktor" Direktorni anglatadi Qurol nazorati va qurolsizlanish agentligi; 1999 yilda o'zgartirilgan AQSh Davlat departamenti Shuning uchun "DIRECTOR" = "DAVLAT KOTIBI" 1999 yil post;

(3) "IAEA" degan ma'noni anglatadi Xalqaro atom energiyasi agentligi

(4) "yadroviy materiallar va uskunalar" manba moddalarini anglatadi; maxsus yadroviy material, 1954 yildagi Atom energiyasi to'g'risidagi qonunga binoan, yadro portlovchi maqsadlari uchun ahamiyatga ega ekanligi aniqlangan ishlab chiqarish binolari, utilizatsiya vositalari va tarkibiy qismlari, buyumlari yoki moddalari

(5) "jismoniy xavfsizlik choralari" mavjud bo'lgan manba yoki maxsus yadro materialidan faqat vakolatli maqsadlarda foydalanilishini va o'g'irlik va sabotaj

(6) "sezgir yadro texnologiyasi" jamoatchilik uchun mavjud bo'lmagan va uni loyihalashtirish, qurish, tayyorlash, ishlatish yoki texnik xizmat ko'rsatish uchun muhim bo'lgan har qanday ma'lumotni (shu jumladan ishlab chiqarish yoki foydalanish ob'ektiga kiritilgan ma'lumotlar yoki ularning muhim tarkibiy qismi) anglatadi. uranni boyitish yoki yadro yoqilg'isini qayta ishlash ishlab chiqarish uchun ob'ekt yoki og'ir suv, lekin o'z ichiga olmaydi Cheklangan ma'lumotlar 1954 yilgi qonunga muvofiq boshqariladi

(7) "1954 yilgi qonun" 1954 yildagi Atom energiyasi to'g'risidagi qonunni va unga kiritilgan o'zgartirishlarni anglatadi

(8) "Shartnoma" ma'nosini anglatadi Yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik to'g'risidagi shartnoma

b) ushbu bo'limda aniqlanmagan ushbu Qonunda ishlatilgan boshqa barcha atamalar 1954 yilgi Qonunda ularga tegishli ma'nolarga ega bo'lishi kerak. 1974 yilgi energetikani qayta tashkil etish to'g'risidagi qonun va Shartnoma.

I sarlavha - Qo'shma Shtatlarning yadro yoqilg'isini yetarli darajada ta'minlash bo'yicha tashabbuslari

Siyosat

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari, milliy siyosat sifatida, boshqa davlatlar va millatlar guruhlarining manfaatlaridan foydalanishga intilishi mumkin bo'lgan choralarni ko'radi va zarur choralarni ko'radi. atom energiyasi tinchlik maqsadlarida bu tarqalishni oldini olishga qaratilgan siyosatga rioya qilgan davlatlar va guruhlarni ishonchli tarzda yadro yoqilg'isi bilan ta'minlashi uchun. Bunday yadro yoqilg'isi 1954 yilgi qonunga binoan tuzilgan shartnomalar bo'yicha yoki qonun bilan boshqacha tarzda vakolat berilgan taqdirda ta'minlanadi. Qo'shma Shtatlar uzoq muddatli asosda qurolni tarqatmaslik siyosati va ichki energiya ehtiyojlariga mos keladigan yoqilg'i etkazib berish bo'yicha yangi majburiyatlarni qabul qilish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lishini ta'minlaydi. Komissiya o'z vaqtida barcha tegishli qonuniy talablar bajarilganda yadro materiallari va uskunalarini eksport qilishga ruxsat beradi.

Uranni boyitish hajmi

Energetika kotibi qurilishni rejalashtirish va loyihalashtirish, qurish va ekspluatatsiya qilishni boshlashga yo'naltirilgan uranni boyitish qonunda nazarda tutilgan boshqa joylarda bo'lgani kabi imkoniyatlar.^[8][9] Bundan tashqari, Kotib, shuningdek, Yadro nazorati bo'yicha komissiya, Davlat kotibi va Qurolni nazorat qilish va qurolsizlanish agentligi direktori ushbu Qonunga muvofiq ravishda maksimal darajada amalga oshirilishini, tartibli qayta ishlashni ta'minlaydigan protseduralarni belgilash va amalga oshirishga yo'naltirilgan. keyingi kelishuvlar va eksport litsenziyalari minimal vaqt kechikishi bilan.

Hisobot

Prezident ichki va tashqi ehtiyojlarni qondirish va Qo'shma Shtatlarning yadro qurollarini tarqatmaslik maqsadlarini ilgari surish uchun Qo'shma Shtatlarning qo'shimcha boyitish salohiyatini aniqlash zarurligini zudlik bilan o'rganadi. Prezident ushbu tadqiqot natijalari to'g'risida Kongressga ushbu Qonun qabul qilingan kundan boshlab o'n ikki oy ichida hisobot beradi.

Xalqaro majburiyatlar

(a) Prezident ushbu Qonunga muvofiq kelajakda dunyo bo'ylab yadro yoqilg'isiga bo'lgan ehtiyojni qondirish uchun xalqaro yondashuvlarni ishlab chiqish uchun boshqa davlatlar va davlatlar guruhlari, shu jumladan etkazib beruvchilar va qabul qiluvchi davlatlar bilan tezkor muhokamalarni boshlaydi. Xususan, Prezidentga vakolatli va yadro yoqilg'isi ishlab chiqarish quvvatiga ega bo'lgan davlatlar yoki boshqa manbalar bilan, masalan, boshqa millatlar va millatlar guruhlari bilan imkon qadar tezroq muzokaralar olib borishga intilishga chaqiriladi. Xalqaro atom energiyasi agentligi, majburiy xalqaro korxonalarni o'z vaqtida tashkil etish maqsadida, tegishli deb topilishi mumkin,

b) Prezident Kongressga ushbu Qonun qabul qilingan kundan boshlab olti oydan kechiktirmay yoqilg'ining dastlabki kafolatlari bo'yicha takliflarni, shu jumladan vaqtinchalik tuzilishni taqdim etadi. zaxira tarkibida 20 foizdan kamrog'iga boyitilgan uran uran izotopi 235 (past boyitilgan uran ) ushbu mamlakatlarga yadro yoqilg'isi etkazib berishning uzluksizligini ta'minlash uchun va kerak bo'lganda tarqalishini oldini olishga qaratilgan qat'iy siyosatga amal qiladigan davlatlarga sotish bo'yicha kelishuvga muvofiq. Bunday taqdimnomada kam boyitilgan uranni 100000 ishlab chiqarish uchun yetarli miqdorda o'tkazish bo'yicha takliflar mavjud MWe yil kuchi engil suvli yadro reaktorlari, shuningdek, INFA tashkil etilgunga qadar boshqa etkazib beruvchi davlatlardan bunday oraliq zaxiraga o'z hissasini qo'shish bo'yicha takliflarni o'z ichiga oladi.

(c) Prezident hisobotda AQShning uranni boyitadigan yangi inshootlarida xorijiy ishtirok etish, shu jumladan investitsiyalarni jalb qilish maqsadlari va imkoniyatlari haqida so'z yuritadi. Ushbu hisobotda ushbu ishtirokni amalga oshirish uchun talab qilinadigan kelishuvlar va ushbu ishtirok etish sharti sifatida talab qilinadigan majburiyatlar ko'rib chiqiladi. Ushbu hisobotga ushbu kelishuvlarni amalga oshirish uchun taklif qilingan har qanday qonun hujjatlari ilova qilinadi.

d) ushbu bobda ko'zda tutilgan yoqilg'i kafolati, tarqalishning oldini olishga qaratilgan siyosatga amal qiladigan davlatlar foydasiga bo'lishi kerak. Ushbu bo'limda chaqirilgan majburiy xalqaro majburiyatlar bo'yicha muzokaralar olib borishda Prezident, xususan, yadro quroliga ega bo'lmagan davlatlar uchun ushbu majburiyatlarning afzalliklari mavjudligini ta'minlashga intiladi. IAEA xavfsizlik choralari barcha tinch yadroviy faoliyatlari to'g'risida, biron bir yadro portlovchi moslamasini ishlab chiqarmang yoki boshqacha tarzda olmang, ularning ostida yangi boyitish yoki qayta ishlash inshootlarini o'rnatmang. amalda yoki de-yure nazorat qilish va mavjud bo'lgan ushbu ob'ektlarni samarali xalqaro homiylik va tekshiruv ostida joylashtirish.^[10]

(e) talab qilinadigan hisobot ushbu bo'limga muvofiq har qanday muzokaralarda erishilgan yutuqlar to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga oladi.

(f) Prezident muzokaralar olib borilgan majburiy xalqaro majburiyatlarga kirishi mumkin emas

(a) ushbu taklif qilingan majburiyat Kongressga taqdim qilinmaguncha va bir vaqtda qabul qilingan qaror bilan tasdiqlanmaguncha, bu shartnoma emas.

(b) Kongressga yillik avtorizatsiya to'g'risidagi qonunning bir qismi sifatida taqdim etiladi Energetika bo'limi.

Yadro yoqilg'isi aylanishini qayta baholash

Prezident barchani taklif qilish uchun darhol tashabbus ko'rsatishi kerak yadroviy etkazib beruvchi va qabul qiluvchi davlatlar barcha jihatlarini qayta baholashlari kerak yadro yoqilg'isi aylanishi, sofni ajratishga asoslangan iqtisodiyotning alternativalariga e'tiborni qaratgan holda plutonyum yoki yuqori darajada boyitilgan uranning mavjudligi, sarflangan yoqilg'ini saqlash bilan shug'ullanish usullari va mavjud yadro texnologiyasi kafolatlarini takomillashtirish usullari. Prezident talab qilingan birinchi hisobotda ushbu xalqaro qayta baholash jarayonini batafsil bayon qiladi.

II sarlavha - Xalqaro xavfsizlik tizimini kuchaytirish bo'yicha AQSh tashabbuslari

Siyosat

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik to'g'risidagi Shartnoma tamoyillarini doimiy ravishda qo'llab-quvvatlashga, kuchliroq va samaraliroq bo'lgan Xalqaro Atom Energiyasi Agentligini va Agentlikning keng tarqalishini oldini olish uchun boshqaradigan keng qamrovli xavfsizlik tizimini qo'llab-quvvatlashga sodiqdir. Shunga ko'ra, Qo'shma Shtatlar boshqa davlatlar bilan:

(a) IAEA-ning xavfsizlik dasturini kuchaytirishni davom eting va ushbu bo'limni amalga oshirish uchun IAEA-ga kafolatlarni samarali amalga oshirishda yordam berish uchun mablag ', texnik resurslar va boshqa yordamni taqdim eting

(b) MAQATEning XAJ Nizomining XII moddasi qoidalarini bajarish uchun resurslarga ega bo'lishini ta'minlash^[11]

(c) takomillashtirish IAEA xavfsizlik choralari ta'minlash uchun tizim (shu jumladan hisobdorlik) -

(1) yadro portlovchi qurilmalari uchun ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan manbani yoki maxsus yadro materiallarini yo'naltirishni o'z vaqtida aniqlash

(2) bunday burilish haqida ma'lumotni o'z vaqtida tarqatish

(3) bunday burilish holatida xalqaro kelishilgan protseduralarni o'z vaqtida amalga oshirish

(d) IAEA samarali va keng qamrovli xalqaro xavfsizlik dasturini boshqarish uchun zarur bo'lgan ma'lumotlarni o'z vaqtida qabul qilishini va IAEA o'zi tomonidan qabul qilingan har qanday kafolatlar to'g'risidagi bitim buzilganligi to'g'risidagi har qanday dalil haqida o'z vaqtida jahon hamjamiyatiga xabar berishini ta'minlash. partiyadir

(e) IAEAni Nizomga muvofiq maksimal darajada yadro materiallari va uskunalarini etkazib beradigan davlatlarni ushbu davlatlarga ushbu etkazib berishga tegishli ikki tomonlama majburiyatlarga rioya qilishlarini ta'minlash uchun zarur bo'lgan ma'lumotlarni taqdim etishni rag'batlantiradi.

O'quv dasturi

Energetika vazirligi, Komissiya bilan kelishgan holda, xavfsizlik choralarini belgilaydi va ishlatadi jismoniy xavfsizlik tinchlik maqsadlarida foydalanish uchun yadro materiallari va jihozlarini ishlab chiqqan yoki sotib olgan yoki ishlab chiqarishi yoki sotib olishi kutilayotgan millatlar va guruhlar odamlari uchun taqdim etiladigan o'quv dasturi. Bunday har qanday dastur Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining milliy xavfsizlik manfaatlariga mos keladigan eng zamonaviy xavfsizlik choralari va jismoniy xavfsizlik texnikasi va texnologiyalari bo'yicha o'qitishni o'z ichiga oladi.

Muzokaralar

Qo'shma Shtatlar boshqa davlatlar va millatlar guruhlari bilan muzokaralar o'tkazishga intiladi:

(1) millat yadro materiallari va uskunalari yoki yadro texnologiyalaridan tinch maqsadlarda foydalanish bo'yicha har qanday moddiy majburiyatlarni buzgan taqdirda yoki har qanday davlat buzgan taqdirda, umumiy xalqaro sanktsiyalarni o'z ichiga olgan umumiy printsiplar va tartiblarni qabul qiladi. Shartnoma printsiplari, shu jumladan portlash yadroviy portlovchi qurilmaning yadro quroliga ega bo'lmagan davlat tomonidan

(2) taqdirda bajarilishi kerak bo'lgan xalqaro protseduralarni belgilaydi burilish, sabotaj yoki yadro materiallarini o'g'irlash yoki sabotaj yadro inshootlari Yo'qotilgan yoki o'g'irlangan, yoki biron bir xalq yoki biron bir shaxs yoki guruh tomonidan qo'lga kiritilgan yoki foydalanilgan yadro materiallarini qayta tiklash uchun. qarama-qarshilik Shartnoma tamoyillari.

III sarlavha - Eksportni tashkil etish va mezonlari

Hukumatdan hukumatga o'tkazmalar

(a) Yadro nazorati komissiyasi tomonidan berilgan eksport litsenziyasidan tashqari, ushbu bobda maxsus yadro materiallarini tarqatish vakolati faqat quyidagi kichik miqdordagigacha amal qiladi. maxsus yadroviy material (hech qanday holatda yiliga 500 gramm (18 oz) dan oshmaydi uran izotopi 233, uran izotopi 235 yoki plutonyum har qanday qabul qiluvchiga maxsus yadro materialida mavjud).

(1) laboratoriya namunalarida, tibbiy buyumlarda yoki monitoring yoki boshqa asboblarda mavjud

(2) favqulodda vaziyatni bartaraf etish uchun zarur bo'lgan vaqtni taqsimlash

(b) Yadro nazorati komissiyasi tomonidan berilgan eksport litsenziyasidan tashqari, ushbu qism bo'yicha manba materiallarini tarqatish vakolati, har qanday holatda, har bir qabul qiluvchiga yiliga 3 metrdan (6,600 funt) oshadigan manba miqdoriga nisbatan qo'llanilmaydi.

(c) Yadro nazorati bo'yicha komissiya ushbu Qonunga muvofiq Energiya vazirligi tomonidan maxsus yadro materiallari, manba materiallari va yon mahsulotlarni tarqatishni litsenziyalashga vakolatli ravishda eksportga litsenziyalash uchun qonun hujjatlarida belgilangan tartibda. har qanday shaxs tomonidan taqdim etiladigan bunday material: Ushbu bo'limda hech narsa Energiya vazirligi tomonidan ushbu Qonunga binoan yon mahsulotni tarqatishni litsenziyalash talab qilinmasligi sharti bilan.

Energiya vazirligi ushbu Qonunga binoan Yadro nazorati komissiyasi tomonidan berilgan eksport litsenziyasidan tashqari har qanday maxsus yadro materialini yoki manbaviy materialni tarqatmaydi -

(1) Departament Davlat departamenti bilan maslahatlashdi Qurol nazorati va qurolsizlanish agentligi, Yadro nazorati bo'yicha komissiya va Mudofaa vazirligi ushbu qoida kuchga kirgan kundan boshlab to'qson kun ichida o'rnatiladigan o'zaro kelishilgan tartibda

(2) Departament taqdim etilgan kafolatlar va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumati uchun mavjud bo'lgan ma'lumotlarning asosli qaroriga asoslanib, ushbu Qonunda belgilangan mezonlarga yoki ularga teng keladigan va har qanday tegishli mezonlarga mos kelishini va taklif qilingan tarqatish amalga oshirilmasligini aniqlaydi. noaniq umumiy mudofaa va xavfsizlikka.

Keyingi kelishuvlar

(1) Hamkorlik to'g'risidagi bitim bo'yicha (ushbu Qonunga binoan tuzilgan hamkorlik to'g'risidagi bitimdan tashqari) har qanday taklif qilingan keyingi kelishuvni tuzishdan oldin, energetika kotibi davlat kotibining kelishuvini oladi va direktor bilan maslahatlashadi; Komissiya va Mudofaa kotibi: Davlat kotibi har qanday taklif qilingan keyingi kelishuvga oid siyosiy xarakterdagi har qanday muzokaralarda etakchi rolga ega bo'lishi sharti bilan saqlash yoki tasarruf etish to'g'risidagi kelishuv. nurlangan manba yoki maxsus yadro materialini, ishlab chiqarish yoki utilizatsiya qilish ob'ektlarini yoki yadro texnologiyalarini oluvchi tomonidan hamkorlik shartnomasi bo'yicha oldindan tasdiqlash talab qilinadigan yoqilg'i elementlari yoki uzatish uchun ruxsatnomalar. Har qanday taklif qilingan keyingi kelishuv to'g'risida xabarnoma Federal reestr, Energetika vazirining yozma qaroriga binoan, bunday kelishuv umumiy mudofaa va xavfsizlik uchun nomuvofiq bo'lmaydi va bunday taklif qilingan keyingi kelishuv e'lon qilinganidan keyin o'n besh kun oldin kuchga kirmaydi. Agar direktor ushbu kichik bo'limga binoan Yadro tarqalishini baholash to'g'risidagi bayonotni tayyorlash niyatidadir deb e'lon qilsa, direktor bayonotining mavzusi bo'lgan taklif qilingan keyingi kelishuv to'g'risida xabar Energetika kotibi tomonidan bunday bayonot olinganidan keyin e'lon qilinmaydi. yoki ushbu Bayonnomani tayyorlash uchun vakolatli vaqt tugashi, qaysi biri birinchi bo'lib sodir bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar.

(2) Agar Direktorning fikriga ko'ra, taklif qilingan keyingi kelishuv tarqalishga katta hissa qo'shishi mumkin bo'lsa, direktor xavfsizlik choralari va boshqa nazorat mexanizmlarining etarliligi va ushbu dasturning qo'llanilishi bilan bog'liq keyingi taklif qilingan keyingi kelishuvga nisbatan Yadro tarqalishini baholash to'g'risidagi bayonotni tayyorlab qo'yishi mumkin. keyingi kelishuvga binoan ko'rsatiladigan yordam har qanday harbiy yoki yadroviy portlovchi maqsadda foydalanilmasligini ta'minlash uchun tegishli kelishuvning tinchlikdan foydalanish to'g'risidagi kafolatlari. Ushbu bo'limning maqsadlari uchun "keyingi kelishuvlar" atamasi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumatining har qanday agentligi yoki idorasi tomonidan har qanday millat yoki millatlar guruhi bilan hamkorlikka oid tuzilgan kelishuvlarni anglatadi (lekin faqat xususiy yoki ichki kelishuvlar emas) -

(A) yadro materiallari va uskunalarini jihozlash bo'yicha shartnomalar

(B) har qanday manbani yoki maxsus yadroviy materialni, ishlab chiqarish yoki utilizatsiya qilish ob'ektini yoki yadro texnologiyasini oluvchi tomonidan hamkorlik shartnomasi bo'yicha oldindan tasdiqlash zarur bo'lgan uzatish uchun tasdiqlashlar.

(C) belgilangan tartibda qo'llanilmaydigan ushbu Qonunga muvofiq yadro materiallari va uskunalarini tarqatish uchun ruxsatnoma.

(D) jismoniy xavfsizlikni ta'minlash bo'yicha tadbirlar

(E) nurlangan yonilg'i elementlarini saqlash yoki yo'q qilish bo'yicha tadbirlar

(F) yadro materiallari va uskunalariga nisbatan xavfsizlik choralarini qo'llash bo'yicha kelishuvlar

(G) Prezident tarqalishini oldini olish nuqtai nazaridan muhim deb topadigan har qanday boshqa kelishuv

Eksportga litsenziyalash protseduralari

Yadro nazorati komissiyasi ("Komissiya") tomonidan biron bir ishlab chiqarish yoki utilizatsiya qilish ob'ekti yoki har qanday manbaviy material yoki maxsus yadro materialini eksport qilish uchun litsenziya berilishi mumkin emas, shu jumladan litsenziya berilgan Energetika vazirligi tomonidan tarqatilgan har qanday material. talab qilingan yoki so'ralgan va eksport litsenziyasining bunday talablaridan ozod qilish Komissiya tomonidan, masalan, -

(1) Komissiya davlat kotibi tomonidan ushbu ijro etuvchi hokimiyatning qaroriga binoan taklif qilingan eksport yoki ozod qilish umumiy mudofaa va xavfsizlik uchun nomuvofiq bo'lmasligi yoki ushbu toifadagi har qanday eksport taklif etilishi to'g'risida xabardor qilingan. eksport umumiy mudofaa va xavfsizlikka nomuvofiq bo'lar edi, chunki u yadroviy portlovchi maqsadlar uchun ahamiyatga ega emas. Davlat kotibi ushbu bo'lim kuchga kirgandan keyin to'qson kun ichida tartibli va tezkor tartiblarni, shu jumladan zarur ma'muriy harakatlar va idoralararo tadbirlarni belgilaydi. anglashuv memorandumi energetika, mudofaa va tijorat kotiblari, qurollarni nazorat qilish va qurolsizlanish agentligi direktori va yadroviy tartibga solish komissiyasi tomonidan ushbu bo'lim bo'yicha eksportga oid talablar bo'yicha ijro etuvchi hokimiyat qarorini tayyorlash uchun o'zaro kelishilgan. Bunday protseduralar, hech bo'lmaganda, ushbu arizalarni ko'rib chiqish bo'yicha aniq yo'nalishni, maslahat berilgan idoralarning (bunday muddatlarni bajarishga mas'ul bo'lgan aniqlangan mansabdor shaxslar bilan) da'vogarlik qilish va fikrlarini to'plash muddatlarini o'z ichiga olishi kerak, idoralararo muvofiqlashtiruvchi organ bunday arizalarni ko'rib chiqilishini, idoralararo va idoralararo kelishmovchiliklarni va yuqori organlarga murojaatlarni tezkor ko'rib chiqishning oldindan belgilangan tartiblarini, barcha ko'rib chiqilayotgan arizalarning holatini ko'rib chiqish uchun idoralararo ma'muriy koordinatorlarning tez-tez yig'ilishini va shu kabi ma'muriy mexanizmlarni kuzatib borish. Amalga oshiriladigan darajada, talabnoma beruvchiga jarayonning boshida har bir idoraning ehtiyojlari uchun talabnoma beruvchidan butun jarayon uchun zarur bo'lgan barcha ma'lumotlar haqida ma'lumot berilishi kerak. Har qanday talab qilinadigan siyosiy qarorlar yoki diplomatik konsultatsiyalarni o'z vaqtida boshlash uchun potentsial bahsli arizalarni iloji boricha tezroq aniqlash kerak. Ushbu bo'lim bo'yicha talab qilinadigan qarorlar uchun zarur bo'lgan har qanday kafolatlar yoki daliliy ko'rsatmalarning xususiyatlarini o'z ichiga olgan har qanday standart va mezonlarni tezda belgilash uchun zudlik bilan harakat qilish kerak. Ushbu bo'lim kuchga kirgan kundan boshlab taklif qilingan va taqdim etilgan har qanday eksport talabnomalarini ko'rib chiqish ushbu bo'lim talablarini amalga oshirish tartibi ishlab chiqilguncha va kechiktirilgunga qadar kechiktirilmaydi. Ijro etuvchi hokimiyatning qarori, agar davlat kotibi o'z xohishiga ko'ra arizani yoki so'rovni ko'rib chiqish uchun qo'shimcha vaqt ajratib bermasa, ariza yoki so'rov qabul qilingan kundan boshlab oltmish kundan ortiq bo'lmagan muddatda to'ldiriladi. qo'shimcha vaqt. Kotib har qanday bunday ruxsat to'g'risida Senatning Xalqaro aloqalar qo'mitasi va Vakillar Palatasining Xalqaro aloqalar qo'mitasini xabardor qiladi. Davlat kotibi har qanday bunday qarorni taqdim etishda, amalda amalda bo'lgan eksport mezonlari qay darajada bajarilishi va hamkorlik qilayotgan tomon hamkorlik to'g'risidagi amaldagi kelishuv qoidalariga rioya qilganligi xususida alohida to'xtalishi kerak. Agar u buni kafolatlangan deb hisoblasa, kotib quyidagi qo'shimcha omillarni ham o'z ichiga olishi mumkin:

(A) litsenziyani berish yoki ozod qilishni ta'minlash, qabul qiluvchi davlatni Shartnomaga rioya qilishga yoki 1978 yildagi Yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik to'g'risidagi qonunda ko'zda tutilgan ishlarda ishtirok etishga da'vat etish orqali Qo'shma Shtatlarning qurollarni tarqatmaslik siyosatini jiddiy ravishda ilgari suradimi.

(B) litsenziyani bermaslik yoki imtiyozni bermaslik aks holda Qo'shma Shtatlarning qurollarni tarqatmaslik maqsadlariga jiddiy zarar etkazadimi yoki yo'qmi;

(C) oluvchi davlat yoki millatlar guruhi ushbu Qonunda ko'rsatilgan eksport mezonlari bilan bir xil bo'lgan shartlar boshqa yadroviy etkazib beruvchi davlat yoki millatlar guruhi tomonidan AQShning taklif etilayotgan eksportiga nisbatan qo'llanilishiga rozi bo'ladimi yoki kotibda bo'ladimi? Ushbu shartlar Qo'shma Shtatlar uchun maqbul tarzda amalga oshiriladi.^[12]

Davlat kotibi, agar kerak bo'lsa, Komissiya yoki Energiya kotibi tomonidan talab qilinadigan qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar va tavsiyalarni talab qilish sharti bilan tegishli ma'lumotlar va tavsiyalarni taqdim etadi.

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining yadro eksportini boshqarish mezonlari

Qo'shma Shtatlar quyidagi boshqa mezonlarni qabul qiladi, ular qonunchilikning boshqa talablaridan tashqari, Qo'shma Shtatlardan manba moddasi, maxsus yadro materiallari, ishlab chiqarish yoki ulardan foydalanish ob'ektlari va har qanday sezgir yadro texnologiyasidan yadro maqsadlarida foydalanish uchun eksportni tartibga soladi:

(1) Shartnomaning III moddasida nazarda tutilgan IAEA kafolatlari, eksport qilinishni taklif qilgan har qanday material yoki inshootlarga nisbatan, har qanday bunday material yoki inshootlarga nisbatan qo'llaniladi; ilgari eksport qilingan va hamkorlik to'g'risidagi amaldagi kelishuvga binoan va undan foydalanilgan yoki undan foydalanish natijasida ishlab chiqarilgan har qanday maxsus yadro materialiga.^[13]

(2) Eksport qilinadigan yoki ilgari eksport qilinadigan va hamkorlik uchun amaldagi kelishuvga binoan taqdim etiladigan bunday materiallar, inshootlar yoki sezgir yadro texnologiyalari va bunday materiallar, inshootlar yoki sezgir yadro texnologiyalaridan foydalanish natijasida ishlab chiqarilgan maxsus yadro materiallari har qanday yadro portlovchi moslamasi uchun yoki har qanday yadro portlovchi moslamasini tadqiq qilish yoki rivojlantirish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin.

(3) Eksport qilinishga taklif qilingan ushbu materiallar yoki inshootlarga va ulardan foydalanishda foydalanilgan yoki ishlab chiqarilgan har qanday maxsus yadroviy materiallarga nisbatan tegishli jismoniy xavfsizlik choralari saqlanib qoladi. 1978 yildagi Yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik to'g'risidagi qonunga binoan Komissiya tomonidan e'lon qilingan har qanday qoidalar kuchga kirgan kundan so'ng, agar ushbu choralar amaldagi qoidalar talab qilgan darajaga teng himoya darajasini ta'minlasa, jismoniy xavfsizlik choralari etarli deb hisoblanadi.

(4) Eksport qilishni taklif qilgan biron bir bunday materiallar, inshootlar yoki sezgir yadro texnologiyasi va ushbu materialdan foydalangan holda ishlab chiqarilgan maxsus yadro materiallari boshqa davlat yoki millat guruhining yurisdiktsiyasiga qayta topshirilmaydi, agar Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari bunday qayta o'tkazish uchun olinadi. Qonunning boshqa talablaridan tashqari, Qo'shma Shtatlar ushbu qayta o'tkazishni qabul qilish uchun tayinlangan millat yoki davlatlar guruhi ushbu bo'lim talab qiladigan shartlarga rioya qilishiga rozi bo'lgan taqdirdagina, bunday qayta o'tkazishni ma'qullashi mumkin.

(5) Eksport qilishni taklif qilgan bunday materiallar va ushbu materialdan foydalangan holda ishlab chiqarilgan maxsus yadro materiallari qayta ishlanmaydi va reaktordan chiqarilgan ushbu materialni o'z ichiga olgan nurlangan yoqilg'i elementlari shakl yoki mazmunda o'zgartirilmaydi, agar oldindan tasdiqlashdan tashqari Qo'shma Shtatlarning bunday qayta ishlash yoki o'zgartirish uchun olinganligi.

(6) Hech qanday bunday sezgir yadroviy texnologiya eksport qilinmaydi, agar yuqoridagi shartlar qabul qiluvchi davlat yoki millatlar guruhining yurisdiksiyasi ostida ishlab chiqarilgan yoki qurilgan har qanday yadroviy material yoki uskunaga nisbatan qo'llanilmasa, ushbu eksport qilinadigan har qanday sezgir ekspluatatsiya qilingan yoki ulardan foydalangan holda. yadro texnologiyasi.

Eksportning qo'shimcha mezonlari va protseduralari

(1) Qo'shma Shtatlarning yadroviy qurolga ega bo'lmagan davlatlarga manba moddalarini, maxsus yadroviy materiallarni, ishlab chiqarish yoki ulardan foydalanish ob'ektlarini va har qanday sezgir yadroviy texnologiyalarni eksport qilishning davom etishi sharti sifatida, agar IAEA kafolatlari saqlanmasa, bunday eksport amalga oshirilmaydi. eksport paytida ushbu davlatning yurisdiksiyasida bo'lgan yoki uning nazorati ostida amalga oshiriladigan barcha tinch yadro faoliyati.

(2) Prezident yadro quroliga ega bo'lmagan davlatlar tomonidan yuqoridagi mezonga rioya qilishga intiladi. Belgilangan mezon ushbu bo'lim kuchga kirgan kundan boshlab o'n sakkiz oydan keyin berilgan materiallar, jihozlar yoki texnologiyalarni eksport qilish to'g'risidagi har qanday talabnomaga nisbatan eksport mezonlari sifatida qo'llaniladi. birinchi eksport ushbu bo'lim kuchga kirgan kundan kamida 24 oy o'tgach amalga oshiriladi.

Yadro eksportini to'xtatish natijalarini o'tkazish

Hech qanday yadroviy materiallar va uskunalar yoki sezgir yadro texnologiyalari quyidagilarga eksport qilinmasligi kerak:

(1) Prezident tomonidan ushbu bo'lim kuchga kirgan kundan keyin istalgan vaqtda ega bo'lgan har qanday yadro quroliga ega bo'lmagan davlat;

(A) Yadro portlovchi moslamasini portlatdi

(B) MAGATE kafolatlari bekor qilingan yoki bekor qilingan

(C) IAEA-ning xavfsizlik choralari to'g'risidagi shartnomasini jiddiy ravishda buzgan

D) manba yoki maxsus yadro materiallari bilan bog'liq bo'lgan va yadro portlovchi qurilmalarini ishlab chiqarish yoki sotib olish uchun to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan faoliyat bilan shug'ullangan va Prezident qaroriga binoan ushbu faoliyatni to'xtatish uchun etarlicha taraqqiyotni ko'rsatadigan choralarni ko'rmagan.

(2) Prezident tomonidan ushbu bo'lim kuchga kirgan kundan keyin istalgan vaqtda ega bo'lgan har qanday millat yoki millatlar guruhi,

(A) Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari bilan hamkorlik to'g'risidagi shartnomani jiddiy ravishda buzgan yoki hamkorlik to'g'risidagi bitimga binoan etkazib berilmagan materiallar yoki jihozlarga nisbatan, ushbu materiallar yoki jihozlarni etkazib berish shartlarini yoki bilan olingan har qanday majburiyatlarning shartlarini jiddiy ravishda buzgan. 1978 yildagi Yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik to'g'risidagi qonunga binoan uni hurmat qiling

(B) Yadro quroliga ega bo'lmagan har qanday davlatga manba yoki maxsus yadroviy material bilan bog'liq bo'lgan va yadro portlovchi moslamalarini ishlab chiqarish yoki sotib olish uchun bevosita ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan faoliyatni amalga oshirishda yordam bergan, rag'batlantirgan yoki majbur qilgan va Prezident tomonidan belgilangan choralarni ko'rmagan. hukm, bunday yordamni rag'batlantirish yoki rag'batlantirishni to'xtatish bo'yicha etarlicha harakatni anglatadi

(C) Ushbu bo'lim kuchga kirgan kundan keyin qayta ishlash uskunalari, materiallari yoki texnologiyasini yadroviy qurolga ega bo'lmagan davlatning suveren boshqaruviga o'tkazish to'g'risidagi bitim, bundan tashqari, Qo'shma Shtatlar yonilg'i aylanishining xalqaro baholanishi bilan bog'liq. Shtatlar - bu ishtirokchi yoki Qo'shma Shtatlar obuna bo'lgan keyingi xalqaro kelishuv yoki tushuncha asosida

Kongressni ko'rib chiqish tartibi

Prezidentning ushbu Qonunda, Senatning Xalqaro aloqalar qo'mitasida va Vakillar Palatasining Xalqaro aloqalar qo'mitasida talab qilingan har qanday taqdimnomasi Kongressga yuborilgan sanadan keyin qirq besh kundan kechiktirmay. va qo'shimcha ravishda, Senat Vakillar Palatasining Qurolli xizmatlar qo'mitasi va Senatning Qurolli xizmatlar qo'mitasi tomonidan tuzilgan hamkorlik to'g'risida kelishuv taklif qilingan taqdirda, har biri o'z palatasiga o'z qarashlari va tavsiyalari bo'yicha hisobot taqdim etadi. Kongress ushbu taqdimnomani ma'qullashi yoki rad etishi haqidagi mazmun-mohiyatini bayon etgan holda, rezolyutsiya bilan bir qatorda Prezidentning taqdimnomasi, quyidagicha bo'lishi mumkin: agar shunday qo'mita qirq besh kunlik muddat ichida bunday qaror haqida xabar qilmasa. , bunday qo'mita ushbu taqdimnomani keyingi ko'rib chiqishdan bo'shatilgan deb hisoblanadi va agar kooperatsiya uchun taklif qilingan kelishuv bo'lsa. ushbu Qonunga binoan tuzilgan kelishuv, ushbu palataning boshqa tegishli qo'mitasi bunday qaror to'g'risida xabar bergan bo'lsa, ushbu qo'mita ushbu qarorni keyingi ko'rib chiqishdan bo'shatilgan hisoblanadi. Agar ushbu muddat tugashi bilan bunday qaror to'g'risida xabar berilmagan bo'lsa, keyingi besh kun ichida ushbu palatada kiritilgan birinchi qaror ushbu uyning tegishli taqvimiga joylashtiriladi.

Ob'ektlarning tarkibiy qismi va boshqa qismlari

1978 yildagi Yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik to'g'risidagi qonunga binoan Komissiya tomonidan belgilanadigan utilizatsiya va ishlab chiqarish ob'ektlariga nisbatan, agar Komissiya yozma ravishda ushbu hujjat tomonidan litsenziyalanishi zarur bo'lgan ichki faoliyat uchun umumiy litsenziyalarni berishi mumkin. umumiy litsenziyalash umumiy mudofaa va xavfsizlik uchun asossiz xavf tug'dirmaydi. Davlat, energetika va tijorat kotiblari va direktor bilan maslahatlashgandan so'ng, komissiya yadro portlovchi maqsadlari uchun muhim bo'lganligi sababli eksport nazorati nuqtai nazaridan qaysi tarkibiy qismlar va boshqa narsalar yoki moddalarning ayniqsa dolzarbligini aniqlashga vakolatli va yo'naltirilgan. .

IV sarlavha - Keyingi eksport nazorati bo'yicha muzokaralar

Boshqa millatlar bilan hamkorlik

Hech qanday millat, millatlar guruhi yoki mintaqaviy mudofaa tashkiloti bilan hech qanday hamkorlik amalga oshirilmaydi -

The proposed agreement for cooperation has been submitted to the President, which proposed agreement shall include the terms, conditions, duration, nature, and scope of the cooperation; and shall include the following requirements :

(1) A guaranty by the cooperating party that safeguards as set forth in the agreement for cooperation will be maintained with respect to all nuclear materials and equipment transferred pursuant thereto, and with respect to all special nuclear material used in or produced through the use of such nuclear materials and equipment, so long as the material or equipment remains under the jurisdiction or control of the cooperating party, irrespective of the duration of other provisions in the agreement or whether the agreement is terminated or suspended for any reason

(2) In the case of non-nuclear weapon states, a requirement, as a condition of continued United States nuclear supply under the agreement for cooperation, that IAEA safeguards be maintained with respect to all nuclear materials in all peaceful nuclear activities within the territory of such state, under its jurisdiction, or carried out under its control anywhere

(3) Except in the case of those agreements for cooperation, a guaranty by the cooperating party that no nuclear materials and equipment or sensitive nuclear technology to be transferred pursuant to such agreement, and no special nuclear material produced through the use of any nuclear materials and equipment or sensitive nuclear technology transferred pursuant to such agreement, will be used for any nuclear explosive device, or for research on or development of any nuclear explosive device, or for any other military purpose

(4) Except in the case of those agreements for cooperation arranged pursuant this Act and agreements for cooperation with nuclear weapon states, a stipulation that the United States shall have the right to require the return of any nuclear materials and equipment transferred pursuant thereto and any special nuclear material produced through the use thereof if the cooperating party detonates a nuclear explosive device or terminates or abrogates an agreement providing for IAEA safeguards

(5) A guaranty by the cooperating party that any material or any Cheklangan ma'lumotlar transferred pursuant to the agreement for cooperation and, except in the case of agreements arranged pursuant this Act, production or utilization facility transferred pursuant to the agreement for cooperation or any special nuclear material produced through the use of any such facility or through the use of any material transferred pursuant to the agreement, will not be transferred to unauthorized persons or beyond the jurisdiction or control of the cooperating party without the consent of the United States

(6) A guaranty by the cooperating party that adequate physical security will be maintained with respect to any nuclear material transferred pursuant to such agreement and with respect to any special nuclear material used in or produced through the use of any material, production facility, or utilization facility transferred pursuant to such agreement

(7) Except in the case of agreements for cooperation arranged pursuant this Act, a guaranty by the cooperating party that no material transferred pursuant to the agreement for cooperation and no material used in or produced through the use of any material, production facility, or utilization facility transferred pursuant to the agreement for cooperation will be reprocessed, enriched or (in the case of plutonium, uranium-233, or uranium enriched to greater than twenty percent in the izotop 235, or other nuclear materials which have been irradiated) otherwise altered in form or content without the prior approval of the United States

(8) Except in the case of agreements for cooperation arranged pursuant this Act, a guaranty by the cooperating party that no plutonium, no uranium-233, and no uranium enriched to greater than twenty percent in the isotope 235, transferred pursuant to the agreement for cooperation, or recovered from any source or special nuclear material so transferred or from any source or special nuclear material used in any production facility or utilization facility transferred pursuant to the agreement for cooperation, will be stored in any facility that has not been approved in advance by the United States

(9) Except in the case of agreements for cooperation arranged pursuant this Act, a guaranty by the cooperating party that any special nuclear material, production facility, or utilization facility produced or constructed under the jurisdiction of the cooperating party by or through the use of any sensitive nuclear technology transferred pursuant to such agreement for cooperation will be subject to all the requirements specified in this subsection

Additional Requirements

Except as specifically provided in any agreement for cooperation, no source or special nuclear material hereafter exported from the United States may be enriched after export without the prior approval of the United States for such enrichment : Provided, That the procedures governing such approvals shall be identical to those set forth for the approval of proposed subsequent arrangements under the 1954 Act, and any commitments from the recipient which the Secretary of Energy and the Secretary of State deem necessary to ensure that such approval will be obtained prior to such enrichment shall be obtained prior to the submission of the executive branch judgment regarding the export in question and shall be set forth in such submission : And provided further, That no source or special nuclear material shall be exported for the purpose of enrichment or reactor fueling to any nation or group of nations which has, after the date of enactment of this Act, entered into a new or amended agreement for cooperation with the United States, except pursuant to such agreement.

Peaceful Nuclear Activities

The President shall take immediate and vigorous steps to seek agreement from all nations and groups of nations to commit themselves to adhere to the following export policies with respect to their peaceful nuclear activities and their participation in international nuclear trade :

(a) No nuclear materials and equipment and no sensitive nuclear technology within the territory of any nation or group of nations, under its jurisdiction, or under its control anywhere will be transferred to the jurisdiction of any other nation or group of nations unless the nation or group of nations receiving such transfer commits itself to strict undertakings including, but not limited to, provisions sufficient to ensure that —

(1) No nuclear materials and equipment and no nuclear technology in, under the jurisdiction of, or under the control of any non-nuclear weapon state, shall be used for nuclear explosive devices for any purpose or for research on or development of nuclear explosive devices for any purpose, except as permitted by Article V, the Treaty^[13]

(2) IAEA safeguards will be applied to all peaceful nuclear activities in, under the jurisdiction of, or under the control of any non-nuclear weapon state

(3) Adequate physical security measures will be established and maintained or any nation or group of nations on all of its nuclear activities

(4) No nuclear materials and equipment and no nuclear technology intended for peaceful purposes in, under the jurisdiction of, or under the control of any nation or group of nations shall be transferred to the jurisdiction of any other nation or group of nations which does not agree to stringent undertakings meeting the objectives of this section

(5) No nation or group of nations will assist, encourage, or induce any non-nuclear weapon state to manufacture or otherwise acquire any nuclear explosive device

(b) Enriched nuclear material, sources, prohibition, and proposed international agreements

(1) No source or special nuclear material within the territory of any nation or group of nations, under its jurisdiction, or under its control anywhere will be enriched. Of the 1954 Act or reprocessed, no irradiated fuel elements containing such material which are to be removed from a reactor will be altered in form or content, and no fabrication or stockpiling involving plutonium, uranium-233, or uranium enriched to greater than 20 percent in the isotope 235 shall be performed except in a facility under effective international auspices and inspection, and any such irradiated fuel elements shall be transferred to such a facility as soon as practicable after removal from a reactor consistent with safety requirements. Such facilities shall be limited in number to the greatest extent feasible and shall be carefully sited and managed so as to minimize the proliferation and environmental risks associated with such facilities. In addition, there shall be conditions to limit the access of non-nuclear weapon states other than the host country to sensitive nuclear technology associated with such facilities.

(2) Any facilities within the territory of any nation or group of nations, under its jurisdiction, or under its control anywhere for the necessary short-term storage of fuel elements containing plutonium, uranium-233, or uranium enriched to greater than 20 percent in the isotope 235 prior to placement in a reactor or of irradiated fuel elements prior to transfer as required in this Act shall be placed under effective international auspices and inspection.

(c) Adequate physical security measures will be established and maintained with respect to all nuclear activities within the territory of each nation and group of nations, under its jurisdiction, or under its control anywhere, and with respect to any international shipment of significant quantities of source or special nuclear material or irradiated source or special nuclear material, which shall also be conducted under international safeguards.

(d) Nothing in this section shall be interpreted to require international control or supervision of any United States military activities.

Renegotiation of Agreements for Cooperation

(a) The President shall initiate a program immediately to renegotiate agreements for cooperation in effect on the date of enactment of this Act, or otherwise to obtain the agreement of parties to such agreements for cooperation to the undertakings that would be required for new agreements under the 1954 Act. To the extent that an agreement for cooperation in effect on the date of enactment of this Act with a cooperating party contains provisions equivalent to any or all of the criteria set forth in the 1954 Act with respect to materials and equipment transferred pursuant thereto or with respect to any special nuclear material used in or produced through the use of any such material or equipment, any renegotiated agreement with that cooperating party shall continue to contain an equivalent provision with respect to such transferred materials and equipment and such special nuclear material. To the extent that an agreement for cooperation in effect on the date of enactment of this Act with a cooperating party does not contain provisions with respect to any nuclear materials and equipment which have previously been transferred under an agreement for cooperation with the United States and which are under the jurisdiction or control of the cooperating party and with respect to any special nuclear material which is used in or produced through the use thereof and which is under the jurisdiction or control of the cooperating party, which are equivalent to any or all of those required for new and amended agreements for cooperation under the 1954 Act, the President shall vigorously seek to obtain the application of such provisions with respect to such nuclear materials and equipment and such special nuclear material. Nothing in this Act or in the 1954 Act shall be deemed to relinquish any rights which the United States may have under any agreement for cooperation in force on the date of enactment of this Act.

(b) The President shall annually review each of requirements set forth for inclusion in agreements for cooperation under the 1954 Act and the export policy goals set forth to determine whether it is in the interest of United States non-proliferation objectives for any such requirements or export policies which are not already being applied as export criteria to be enacted as additional export criteria.

(c) If the President proposes enactment of any such requirements or export policies as additional export criteria or to take any other action with respect to such requirements or export policy goals for the purpose of encouraging adherence by nations and groups of nations to such requirements and policies, he shall submit such a proposal together with an explanation thereof to the U.S. Congress.

(d) If the Committee e on Foreign Relations of the Senate or the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives, after reviewing the President's annual report or any proposed legislation, determines that it is in the interest of United States non-proliferation objectives to take any action with respect to such requirements or export policy goals, it shall report a joint resolution to implement such determination. Any joint resolution so reported shall be considered in the Senate and the House of Representatives, respectively, under applicable procedures provided for the consideration of resolutions pursuant to the 1954 Act.

Authority to Continue Agreements

(a) The amendments to the 1954 Act made by this Act shall not affect the authority to continue cooperation pursuant to agreements for cooperation entered into prior to the date of enactment of this Act.

(b) Nothing in this Act shall affect the authority to include dispute settlement provisions, including arbitration, in any agreement made pursuant to an Agreement for Cooperation.

Ko'rib chiqish

No court or regulatory body shall have any jurisdiction under any law to compel the performance of or to review the adequacy of the performance of any Nuclear Proliferation Assessment Statement called for in this Act or in the 1954 Act.

Atrof muhitni muhofaza qilish

The President shall endeavor to provide in any agreement entered into pursuant of the 1954 Act for cooperation between the parties in protecting the international environment from radioactive, chemical or thermal contamination arising from peaceful nuclear activities.

Title V – United States Assistance to Developing Countries

Policy and Report

The United States shall endeavor to cooperate with other nations, international institutions, and private organizations in establishing programs to assist in the development of non-nuclear energy resources, to cooperate with both developing and industrialized nations in protecting the international environment from contamination arising from both nuclear and non-nuclear energy activities, and shall seek to cooperate with and aid developing countries in meeting their energy needs through the development of such resources and the application of non-nuclear technologies consistent with the economic factors, the material resources of those countries, and environmental protection. The United States shall additionally seek to encourage other industrialized nations and groups of nations to make commitments for similar cooperation and aid to developing countries. The President shall report annually to Congress on the level of other nations' and groups of nations' commitments under such program and the relation of any such commitments to United States efforts under this title. In cooperating with and providing such assistance to developing countries, the United States shall give priority to parties to the Treaty.

Dasturlar

(a) The United States shall initiate a program, consistent with the aims to cooperate with developing countries for the purpose of —

(1) Meeting the energy needs required for the development of such countries

(2) Reducing the dependence of such countries on neft fuels, with emphasis given to utilizing quyosh va boshqalar qayta tiklanadigan energiya resurslar

(3) Expanding the energy alternatives available to such countries

(b) Such program shall include cooperation in evaluating the energy alternatives of developing countries, facilitating international trade in energy commodities, developing energy resources, and applying suitable energy technologies. The program shall include both general and country specific energy assessments and cooperative projects in resource exploration and production, training, research and development.

(c) As an integral part of such program, the Department of Energy, under the general policy guidance of the Department of State and in cooperation with the Agency for International Development and other Federal agencies as appropriate, shall initiate, as soon as practicable, a program for the exchange of United States scientists, technicians, and energy experts with those of developing countries to implement the purposes of this Act.

(d) For the purposes of carrying out this Act, there is authorized to be appropriated such sums as are contained in annual authorization Acts for the Department of Energy, including such sums which have been authorized for such purposes under previous legislation.

(e) Under the direction of the President, the Secretary of State shall ensure the coordination of the activities authorized by this title with other related activities of the United States conducted abroad, including the programs authorized by the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.

Hisobot

Not later than twelve months after the date of enactment of this Act, the President shall report to the U.S. Congress on the feasibility of expanding the cooperative activities established into an international cooperative effort to include a scientific peace corps designed to encourage large numbers of technically trained volunteers to live and work in developing countries for varying periods of time for the purpose of engaging in projects to aid in meeting the energy needs of such countries through the search for and utilization of indigenous energy resources and the application of suitable technology, including the widespread utilization of renewable and unconventional energy technologies. Such report shall also include a discussion of other mechanisms to conduct a coordinated international effort to develop, demonstrate, and encourage the utilization of such technologies in developing countries.

Title VI – Executive Reporting

Reports of the President

(a) The President shall review all activities of Government departments and agencies relating to preventing proliferation and shall make a report to U.S. Congress in January of 1979 and annually in January of each year thereafter on the Government's efforts to prevent proliferation. This report shall include but not be limited to —

(1) A description of the progress made toward —

(A) Negotiating the initiatives contemplated in this Act

(B) Negotiating the international arrangements or other mutual undertakings contemplated in this Act

(C) Encouraging non-nuclear weapon states that are not party to the Treaty to adhere to the Treaty or, pending such adherence, to enter into comparable agreements with respect to safeguards and to forswear the development of any nuclear explosive devices, and discouraging nuclear exports to non-nuclear weapon states which have not taken such steps

(D) Strengthening the safeguards of the IAEA as contemplated in this Act

(E) Renegotiating agreements for cooperation as contemplated in this Act

(2) An assessment of the impact of the progress on the non-proliferation policy of the United States; an explanation of the precise reasons why progress has not been made on any particular point and recommendations with respect to appropriate measures to encourage progress; and a statement of what legislative modifications, if any, are necessary in his judgment to achieve the non-proliferation policy of the United States

(3) A determination as to which non-nuclear weapon states with which the United States has an agreement for cooperation in effect or under negotiation, if any, have —

(A) Detonated a nuclear device

(B) Refused to accept the safeguards of the IAEA on all of their peaceful nuclear activities

(C) Refused to give specific assurances that they will not manufacture or otherwise acquire any nuclear explosive device

(D) Engaged in activities involving source or special nuclear material and having direct significance for the manufacture or acquisition of nuclear explosive devices

(4) An assessment of whether any of the policies set forth in this Act have, on balance, been samarasiz from the standpoint of preventing proliferation

(5) A description of the progress made toward establishing procedures to facilitate the timely processing of requests for subsequent arrangements and export licenses in order to enhance the reliability of the United States in meeting its commitments to supply nuclear reactors and fuel to nations which adhere to effective non-proliferation policies .

(b) In the first report required by this section, the President shall analyze each civil agreement for cooperation negotiated pursuant of the 1954 Act, and shall discuss the scope and adequacy of the requirements and obligations relating to safeguards and other controls therein.

Qo'shimcha hisobotlar

(a) The annual reports to the U.S. Congress by the Commission and the Department of Energy which are otherwise required by law shall also include views and recommendations regarding the policies and actions of the United States to prevent proliferation which are the statutory responsibility of those agencies. The Department's report shall include a detailed analysis of the proliferation implications of advanced enrichment and reprocessing techniques, advanced reactors, and alternative nuclear fuel cycles.^[7][10] This part of the report shall include a comprehensive version which includes any relevant classified information and a summary unclassified version.

(b) The reporting requirements of this title are in addition to and not in lieu of any other reporting requirements under applicable law.

(c) The Department of State, the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Energy, and the Commission shall keep the Committees on Foreign Relations and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives fully and currently informed with respect to their activities to carry out the purposes and policies of this Act and to otherwise prevent proliferation, and with respect to the current activities of foreign nations which are of significance from the proliferation standpoint.

(d) Any classified portions of the reports required by this Act shall be submitted to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and the House International Relations Committee.

(e) Three years after enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General shall complete a study and report to the Congress on the implementation and impact of this Act on the nuclear non-proliferation policies, purposes, and objectives of this Act. The Secretaries of State, Energy, Defense, and Commerce and the Commission and the Director shall cooperate with the Comptroller General in the conduct of the study. The report shall contain such recommendations as the Comptroller General deems necessary to support the nuclear non-proliferation policies, purposes, and objectives of this Act.

Saving Clause

(a) All agreements, certificates, contracts, determinations, licenses, orders, permits, privileges, regulations, and rules —

(1) Which have been allowed, granted, issued, or made to become effective in the exercise of functions which are the subject of this Act, by any agency or officer, or part thereof, in exercising the functions which are affected by this Act, or any court of competent jurisdiction

(2) Which are in effect at the time this Act takes effect, shall continue in effect according to their terms until modified, repealed, set aside, superseded, or terminated or as the case may be, by the parties thereto or by any court of competent jurisdiction.

(b) Nothing in this Act shall affect the procedures or requirements applicable to agreements for cooperation entered into pursuant of the 1954 Act or arrangements pursuant thereto as it was in effect immediately prior to the date of enactment of this Act.

(c) Except where otherwise provided, the provisions of this Act shall take effect immediately upon enactment regardless of any requirement for the promulgation of regulations to implement such provisions.

Amendments to 1978 Act

Amendments and revisions to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978.

Qabul qilingan sana	Ommaviy qonun raqami	AQSh Statuti	AQSh qonunchilik qonuni	AQSh Prezidenti ma'muriyati
August 14, 1979	P.L. 96-53	93 Stat.  359	H.R. 3324	Jimmy E. Carter
1992 yil 23 oktyabr	P.L. 102-484	106 Stat.  2315	HR 5006	Jorj X.V. Bush
1994 yil 30 aprel	P.L. 103-236	108 Stat.  382	HR 2333	William J. Clinton

Physical Protection of Nuclear Material International Agreement

The Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material was a document drafted between October 1977 and October 1979 by fifty-eight foreign States bilan birgalikda Xalqaro atom energiyasi agentligi.^[14] The international agreement established twenty-three Articles declaring the significance of decisive physical protection with regards to nuclear materials utilized for military and nuclear energy applications. The U.S. 97th Congressional session passed legislation H.R. 5228 amending U.S. criminal code Title 18 and endorsing the international atomic policy.^[15] Qo'shma Shtatlar ommaviy qonun 97-351 was enacted as a legal proceeding by Ronald Reygan on October 18, 1982.^[16][17]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• "Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation". AQSh Davlat departamenti. Olingan 21 sentyabr 2013.
• "Energy: U.S. Financial Assistance in the Development of Foreign Nuclear Energy Programs" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ ID-75-63. U.S. Government Accountability Office. 1975 yil 28-may. OCLC  2408092.
• "International Affairs: The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978 Should Be Selectively Modified" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ OCG-81-2. U.S. Government Accountability Office. May 21, 1981. OCLC  7607110.
• "Nuclear Proliferation: DOE Has Insufficient Control Over Nuclear Technology Exports" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ RCED-86-144. U.S. Government Accountability Office. May 1, 1986. OCLC  30534776.
• "Nuclear Non-Proliferation: IAEA Safeguards and Other Measures to Halt the Spread of Nuclear Weapons and Material" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ GAO-06-1128T. U.S. Government Accountability Office. 2006 yil 26 sentyabr. OCLC  80741431.
• "Presidential Directive 8 : Nuclear Non-Proliferation Policy" (PDF). Prezidentning ko'rsatmalari. Jimmy Carter Presidential Library & Museum. 1977 yil 24 mart.
• "Presidential Review Memoranda 15 : Nuclear Proliferation" (PDF). Presidential Review Memorandums. Jimmy Carter Presidential Library & Museum. January 21, 1977.
• "Presidential Review Memoranda 31 : Export Control of US Technology" (PDF). Presidential Review Memorandums. Jimmy Carter Presidential Library & Museum. August 18, 1977.
• "Presidential Review Memoranda 33 : Science and Technology in Developing Countries" (PDF). Presidential Review Memorandums. Jimmy Carter Presidential Library & Museum. February 16, 1978.
• Carter, Jimmy E. (April 7, 1977). "Nuclear Power Policy: Statement on Decisions Reached Following a Review - April 7, 1977". Internet arxivi. Vashington, DC: Milliy arxivlar va yozuvlar xizmati. 587-588 betlar.
• Carter, Jimmy E. (April 27, 1978). "Export of Special Nuclear Material to India: Message to the Congress Transmitting Executive Order 12055 - April 27, 1978". Internet arxivi. Vashington, DC: Milliy arxivlar va yozuvlar xizmati. 790-791 betlar.
• Carter, Jimmy E. (April 27, 1978). "Executive Order 12055 - Export of Special Nuclear Material to India - April 27, 1978". Internet arxivi. Vashington, DC: Milliy arxivlar va yozuvlar xizmati. p. 791.
• Carter, Jimmy E. (May 11, 1978). "Executive Order 12058 - Nuclear Non-Proliferation - May 11, 1978". Internet arxivi. Vashington, DC: Milliy arxivlar va yozuvlar xizmati. 894-895 betlar.
• Carter, Jimmy E. (March 22, 1979). "Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978: Message to the Congress Transmitting a Report - March 22, 1979". Internet arxivi. Vashington, DC: Milliy arxivlar va yozuvlar xizmati. p. 452.
• Carter, Jimmy E. (July 27, 1979). "United States-Australia Agreement on Nuclear Energy: Message to the Congress Transmitting the Agreement - July 27, 1979". Internet arxivi. Vashington, DC: Milliy arxivlar va yozuvlar xizmati. 1314-11315 betlar.
• Carter, Jimmy E. (February 7, 1980). "Exports of Nuclear Fuels - February 7, 1980". Internet arxivi. Vashington, DC: Milliy arxivlar va yozuvlar xizmati. 286-287 betlar.
• Carter, Jimmy E. (February 27, 1980). "Nuclear Nonproliferation: Message to the Congress Transmitting a Report - February 27, 1980". Internet arxivi. Vashington, DC: Milliy arxivlar va yozuvlar xizmati. 403-404 betlar.