Jozef Estradaning prezidentligi - Presidency of Joseph Estrada

Josephestradapentagon.jpg
Jozef Estradaning prezidentligi
1998 yil 30 iyun - 2001 yil 20 yanvar
PrezidentJozef Estrada
PartiyaLAMP
O'rindiqMalakans saroyi, Manila

The Jozef Estradaning prezidentligi, deb ham tanilgan Estrada ma'muriyati ichida Filippinlar 1998 yil 30 iyundan 2001 yil 20 yanvargacha 31 oy davomida ishlagan. Estrada saylanganida siyosiy karerasining eng yuqori cho'qqisiga chiqdi. Respublika Prezidenti 1998 yil 11 maydagi milliy saylovlarda. Ovoz berishda deyarli 11 million filippinlik o'z nomini yozganligi sababli, uning g'alaba marrasi Filippin saylovlar tarixida qayd etilgan eng katta ko'rsatkich bo'ldi.

Uning ochilish marosimida millionlab odamlar yig'ilishidan oldin nutq so'zladilar Manila, yangi saylangan ijroiya boshlig'i uning prezidentligi uzoq vaqt farovonligi e'tibordan chetda qolgan filippinliklarga xizmat qilishini aytdi. Uning so'zlaridan bir satr, "Walang kaibigan, walang kumpare, walang kamag-anak", uning boshqaruviga ta'sir o'tkazishga urinib ko'rmoqchi bo'lganlarga qarshi qattiq ogohlantirish edi. Kambag'allarni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan platformasini hukumat faoliyatining har bir tomoniga olib chiqishga qaror qilib, u darhol Filippin xalqidan hukumat bilan ish olib boradigan xususiy kompaniyalarning moliyaviy zararlarini o'z zimmasiga olishga majbur qiladigan davlat loyihalari uchun shartnomalar bo'yicha barcha suveren kafolatlarni olib tashlashni buyurdi. . Yozuvlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, 2001 yil 20 yanvargacha u suveren kafolati bilan bitta hukumat shartnomasini imzolamagan. Byurokratiyani nomaqbul elementlardan tozalash bilan shug'ullanib, u zudlik bilan yordam berishni buyurdi poraxo'r amaldorlar harbiy va politsiya ierarxiyasida. U avvalgi ma'muriyat tomonidan tuzilgan barcha davlat shartnomalarini keng ko'lamli tekshiruvdan o'tkazishni buyurdi, ular bortda va fuqarolar uchun to'g'ridan-to'g'ri foydali bo'lishini ta'minlash uchun. U soliqlardan qochganlikda gumon qilingan shaxslarni tergov qilishni buyurdi, garchi ushbu shaxslarning ba'zilari uning prezidentlik kampaniyasiga hissa qo'shgan bo'lsa ham. Uning kambag'allarga qaratilgan hukumat dasturi ikki yildan kamroq vaqt ichida o'z samarasini berdi va mamlakatdagi tinchlik va osoyishtalik holati yaxshilandi. Bu, shuningdek, Filippin milliy politsiyasining reytingini mutanosib ravishda ko'tarilishiga olib keldi. Estrada ma'muriyati arzon narxlardagi uylarni kambag'allarga yo'naltirilgan holda milliy asosda uy-joy qurish bo'yicha agressiv dasturni amalga oshirdi, qishloq xo'jaligi katta ustuvorlikka ega bo'ldi, milliy hukumat esa dori-darmon narxini pasaytirish bo'yicha choralar ko'rdi. Chet el investitsiyalari haddan ziyod o'sib bordi, u o'zining kabinetiga a'zo bo'lish uchun tanlangan eng zo'r va eng zo'rlarning obro'siz va hurmatli obro'sidan katta foyda ko'rdi va undan ham kuchli millatchi, ammo ilg'or prezident sifatida uning obro'sidan.

Senatning impichmenti bo'yicha sud jarayoni, soxta guvoh tomonidan ilgari surilgan korruptsiya ayblovlari ortida turgan haqiqatni aniqlash uchun boshlangan konstitutsiyaviy jarayon 2001 yil yanvar oyi o'rtalarida senatorlar hujjatning ochilishiga qarshi ovoz berganidan keyin prokurorlar xiyobon uyushtirganda to'satdan tugadi. sud oldida ko'rib chiqilgan ishlar bo'yicha har qanday narsani ko'tarish. Erning ikkinchi eng yuqori amaldorlari va uning eri ushbu guruh bilan yashirincha ish olib borgan va harbiy sektorning yordamiga murojaat qilgan holda, narsalar 2001 yil 20 yanvarda Jozef Estrada tomonidan berilgan ta'til va vaqtincha chiqib ketish bilan boshlandi. Malakenang. Oliy sudning Makapagal-Arroyo prezidentligining qonuniyligini qo'llab-quvvatlagan qaroridan so'ng, u Sanigan shahridagi uyida 2001 yil 25 aprel kuni tushdan keyin Sandiganbayan tomonidan talonchilik jinoyati uchun berilgan hibsga olish orderining kuchi bilan hibsga olingan. uning siyosiy dushmanlari.

Umumiy nuqtai

Estrada 1998 yil 30-iyun kuni tarixiy shaharchada ochilgan Malolos yilda Bulacan viloyatining beshigiga o'lpon to'lashda Birinchi Filippin Respublikasi. O'sha kuni tushdan keyin yangi prezident o'zining ochilish marosimida nutq so'zladi Quirino tribunasi yilda Luneta. U bu lavozimni o'z zimmasiga oldi Osiyo moliyaviy inqirozi ob-havo sharoiti tufayli qishloq xo'jaligi muammolari bilan, shu bilan iqtisodiy o'sishni 1997 yildagi 5,2% dan 1998 yilda -0,6% gacha pasaytirdi.[1] Iqtisodiyot 1999 yilda 3,4 foizga va 2000 yilda 4 foizga tiklandi.[2] 2000 yilda u "qarshi urush" e'lon qildi Moro islomiy ozodlik fronti shtab-kvartirasini va boshqa lagerlarini egallab oldi.[3][4] Biroq, korruptsiya ayblovlari paydo bo'ldi impichment Senatda sud jarayoni bo'lib o'tdi va 2001 yilda sud bekor qilinganidan keyin Estrada hokimiyatdan chetlashtirildi. Uning ma'muriyati paytida buzilmagan korruptsiya, uni talon-taroj qilganligi uchun ayblash va sud qilish uchun sabab bo'ladi.

Estrada o'zining ochilish marosimida shunday dedi:

Kavitdan yuz yil o'tgach, mustaqillikdan ellik yil o'tgach, EDSA dan o'n ikki yil va xorijiy bazalar rad etilganidan etti yil o'tgach, endi ozodlikni boshdan kechirish navbati. Biz o'zimizni chet el hukmronligidan, ichki zulmdan, katta qudrat diktatsiyasidan va iqtisodiy qoloqlikdan ozod qilish uchun kurashganlarning soyasida turibmiz.[5]

Prezidentlikning asosiy masalalari

Estradaning nutqlari

Asosiy Prezident vazifasini bajaradi

Asosiy shartnomalar

  • AQShning tashrif buyuradigan kuchlari to'g'risidagi ikkinchi kelishuv

Asosiy qonun hujjatlari imzolandi

  • 1999 yil Filippinning toza havo to'g'risidagi qonuni (respublika to'g'risidagi qonun № 8749) - atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish va saqlash va uning tabiiy resurslarini barqaror rivojlanishini ta'minlash uchun mo'ljallangan.
  • Xorijiy ko'p millatli kompaniyalarning mintaqaviy shtab-kvartiralarini rag'batlantirish (8756-sonli respublika qonuni) - Ushbu chora mamlakatda mintaqaviy markazlarini tashkil etuvchi ko'p millatli firmalarga ko'plab imtiyozlar beradi. Shuningdek, ular uchun soliq va bojsiz ishlash muhiti, chet elliklar va ularning oilalariga ko'p martalik kirish vizalari, shuningdek, daromad solig'i stavkasi 15 foizni tashkil etadi.
  • Chakana savdoni liberallashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun (8762-sonli respublika qonuni) - Qonun loyihasi mamlakatning chakana savdo sanoati ustidan 40 yillik davlat protektsionizmini yo'q qiladi va bu sohani yirik xorijiy o'yinchilar uchun ochib beradi. Chakana savdoni liberallashtirish bilan Frantsiyaning Carrefour va Casino Group, shuningdek AQSh kabi taniqli xorijiy futbolchilar ". Wal-Mart va JC Penney allaqachon mahalliy sheriklar bilan muzokara olib borish jarayonida.
  • Yangi umumiy bank to'g'risidagi qonun (№ 8791-sonli respublika to'g'risidagi qonun) - Ushbu chora mahalliy bank sanoatini chet ellik o'yinchilarga deyarli 50 yil davomida faqat Filippin fuqarolari uchun himoyalangan va himoya qilinganidan keyin ochib beradi. Sohani liberallashtirish bilan kamida 10 ta xorijiy banklar Filippinda o'z ishtiroklarini o'rnatdilar.
  • 2000 yildagi elektron tijorat to'g'risidagi qonun (respublika to'g'risidagi qonun № 8792) - kompyuterni buzishni qonuniy ravishda taqiqlaydi va Internetga asoslangan yangi iqtisodiyot natijasida paydo bo'ladigan yangi biznes uchun imkoniyatlar yaratadi.
  • Qimmatli qog'ozlar to'g'risidagi yangi qonun (8799-sonli respublika qonuni) - Ushbu qonun qimmatli qog'ozlar bozorini liberallashtiradi, chunki siyosatni meritni tartibga solishdan to'liq oshkor qilishga o'tish. Firibgarlikka qarshi kuchaytirilgan qoidalari bilan ushbu chora Filippinning qimmatli qog'ozlari va qimmatli qog'ozlar bozorining to'liq rivojlanishiga yo'l ochishi kutilmoqda.

Ma'muriyat va kabinet

Mahkamasi (1998-2001) [6]

Boshqa kabinet darajasidagi va yuqori lavozimlar

Kabinet darajasi:

Boshqalar:

  • Flagship dasturlari
    • Robert Aventajado (1998-2001)
  • Filippin milliy politsiyasining bosh direktori
    • General Roberto Lastimoso (1998-1999)
    • General Edmundo L. Larozza, Mas'ul ofitser (1999)
    • General Panfilo Lakson (1999–2001)

Oliy sud tayinlovlari

Estrada quyidagilarni nomzod qilib ko'rsatdi Filippin Oliy sudi:

  1. adolat Bernardo P. Pardo - 1998 yil 30 sentyabr
  2. Xilario Davide, kichik - 1998 yil 30-noyabrda bosh sudya (1991 yildan buyon sudya)
  3. Adolat Arturo B. Buena - 1999 yil 5-yanvar
  4. Adliya Minerva P. Gonzaga-Reys - 1999 yil 5-yanvar
  5. adolat Consuelo Ynares-Santiago - 1999 yil 6 aprel
  6. Adliya Sabino R. De Leon, kichik - 1999 yil 12 oktyabr
  7. adolat Anjelina Sandoval-Gutierrez - 2000 yil 22-dekabr (uning so'nggi SC adliya vakili)

Kechirasiz

Prezident Jozef Ejercito Estrada quyidagilarni afv etdi:

  • Rodolfo Dominges Quizon, kichik (1998) - sudlangan o't qo'yish.

Ichki siyosat

Iqtisodiyot

Prezident Jozef Ejercito Estrada (o'ngdan 7-kishi) APEC 2000 yilda bo'lib o'tgan sammit.

1998 yilda, Jozef Estrada prezident etib saylandi. Kuchli iqtisodiy jamoasi bilan ham Estrada ma'muriyati avvalgi ma'muriyat yutuqlaridan foydalana olmadi. Uning ma'muriyati qattiq tanqid qilindi kronizm, qobiliyatsizlik va korruptsiya, ishonchini yo'qotishiga olib keladi xorijiy investorlar. Ikkinchi yilida Estrada do'stining aloqadorligini tekshirishda ta'sir o'tkazishda ayblanib chet ellik investorlarning ishonchiga yanada putur etkazdi. fond bozori manipulyatsiyasi. Ko'plab bombardimon qilish tahdidlari, haqiqiy portlashlar, odam o'g'irlash va boshqa jinoiy harakatlar natijasida yuzaga kelgan ijtimoiy notinchlik iqtisodiyotning qiyinlashishiga sabab bo'ldi. Iqtisodiy ko'rsatkichlar ob-havoning buzilishi natijasida ham quruq va nam ob-havoni keltirib chiqardi.[8] Estrada ma'muriyatining oxiriga kelib, moliyaviy defitsit 1998 yilda eng past P49 milliarddan ikki baravarga ko'payib, P100 milliarddan oshdi.[9] Bunday muvaffaqiyatsizliklarga qaramay, 1999 yilda YaMM darajasi 1998 yildagi 0,1 foizdan 3,6 foizgacha o'sdi va YaIM 3,2 foizga o'sdi, 1998 yildagi low0,5 foizdan past bo'lgan. Qarz 1999 yilda 2,2 trln. Ichki qarz 9886,7 mlrd., Tashqi qarz esa 52,2 mlrd. AQSh dollarini tashkil etdi.[10]

Masa radioda formatlash

O'z davrida Estrada buyruq berdi Milliy telekommunikatsiya komissiyasi tomonidan qabul qilinishi bilan Filippin tili nomi bilan tanilgan asoslangan radio formati stol. Uning belgisi uchun nomlangan Masa (yoki Massalar), barcha radiostansiyalar qabul qildilar stol formati 1998 yildan beri amal qiladi DJ-lar OPM qo'shiqlari va so'rovlarini efirga uzatish uchun darhol ingliz tilidagi stantsiyalarni almashtirishni xohladi. 2001 yilda ish boshlaganidan so'ng, bir nechta FM stantsiyalari qabul qildi stol shu kungacha butun mamlakat bo'ylab formatlash.

Saguisag komissiyasi

Tergov qilish maqsadida taxmin qilingan anomaliyalar ning Ramos ma'muriyati, Prezident Jozef Ejercito Estrada sobiq senator boshchiligidagi "Saguisag komissiyasini" tuzdi Rene Saguisag.[11] Ammo Ramos sud vakolatining sudda ekanligini ta'kidlab, komissiya oldiga kelishdan bosh tortdi.[11]

Centennial Expo firibgarligi deb atalgan janob Ramos tekshiruv o'tkazgan Senat qo'mitasining "hech qachon ishni yopmaganligini" da'vo qildi, chunki u hech qanday yakuniy hisobot chiqarmadi. Buning o'rniga u sobiq senator Rene Saguysag boshchiligidagi ma'muriy faktlarni aniqlash bo'yicha komissiyani tashkil qildi. Ammo uning ma'muriyati davrida "Centennial Expo" firibgarligiga aloqador bo'lgan oltita sobiq hukumat amaldorlari keyinchalik 1998 yil oktyabrda Ombudsman tomonidan "oqlandi". Sobiq vitse-prezident Salvador Laurel, "Centennial Expo" ni boshqargan va bu ishda ayblanayotgan asosiy shaxslar qatorida bo'lgan. , oqlanishidan oldin vafot etdi, janob Ramos.[11]

Smokey Mountain ishida, uning so'zlariga ko'ra, u 2000 yilda Vakillar palatasining o'sha paytdagi vakili Ed Lara boshchiligidagi yaxshi hukumat bo'yicha qo'mitaning jamoatchilik muhokamasi oldidan paydo bo'lgan, uning hay'ati loyihani haqiqiy va qonuniy deb topgan. Keyinchalik, uning so'zlariga ko'ra, Oliy sud loyihaning foydasiga 13-0 ovoz chiqarib, 2 betaraf qolgan. SC shuningdek loyihaning qonuniyligi va konstitutsiyaga muvofiqligini qo'llab-quvvatladi va Sen tomonidan unga qarshi berilgan arizani rad etdi. Miriam Defensor Santyago.[11]

So'roq ostida bo'lgan Masinloc elektr energiyasi loyihasida, uning so'zlariga ko'ra, Birlashgan Kongressning Nazorat Qo'mitasi o'sha paytdagi senator Akvilino Pimentelning Ramosning ushbu elektrostantsiyani sobiq bilan bog'langan konsortsiumga sotilishi haqidagi da'vo ta'siri haqidagi imtiyozli nutqini ko'rib chiqdi. Malayziya bosh vaziri Mahathir Muhammad.[11]

Agrar islohot

Estrada ma'muriyati keng qamrovli agrar islohotlar dasturining (CARP) qamrovini mamlakat tomonidagi ersiz dehqonlar uchun kengaytirdi.[12] Ikkinchisining ma'muriyati 175 ming ersiz fermerlarga 266 ming gektardan ortiq erlarni, shu jumladan an'anaviy qishloq elitasiga tegishli erlarni tarqatdi. (Prezident sifatida 2-yil davomida jami 523000 gektar maydonni 305000 fermerga).[13] 1999 yil sentyabr oyida u kichik fermer xo'jaliklarini uzoq muddatli kapitaldan foydalanish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lgan o'rta va keng ko'lamli yaxlit korxonalarda ixtiyoriy ravishda birlashtirishga imkon beruvchi 151-sonli Farmonini chiqardi. Prezident Estrada Magkabalikat Para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo yoki MAGKASAKA-ni ishga tushirdi. DAR xususiy sarmoyadorlar bilan agrar sohada qo'shma korxonalar tuzib, FBlarni raqobatbardosh bo'lishini ta'minladi.[14] 1999 yilda qishloq xo'jaligi dasturlariga katta mablag 'ajratildi.[15] Ulardan biri "Agrikulturang Maka Masa" bo'lib, u orqali ishlab chiqarish hajmi 6 foizga o'sdi, bu o'sha paytdagi eng yuqori ko'rsatkich,[10] shu bilan inflyatsiya 1999 yil yanvar oyida 11 foizdan o'sha yilning noyabr oyiga qadar 3 foizdan sal ko'proqni tashkil qildi.[10]

Jinoyatchilikka qarshi kurashuvchi tezkor guruhlar

1998 yilda, tufayli 8-sonli buyruq, Prezident Estrada Prezidentning uyushgan jinoyatchilikka qarshi tezkor guruhini (PAOCTF) tashkil etdi, agar u avtomobillarni o'g'irlash va yomonlashishini butunlay yo'q qilmasa.[16] mamlakatda odam o'g'irlash holatlari.[16] Ushbu maxsus guruh yordamida Filippin milliy politsiyasi tarixda birinchi marta +53 foiz darajasida rekord darajadagi ishonch reytingiga erishdi.[10] Panfilo Lakson uning birinchi rahbari edi. Shuningdek, u 1999 yilda transmilliy jinoyatchilikni oldini olish va nazorat qilish bo'yicha barcha huquqni muhofaza qilish, razvedka va boshqa davlat idoralarining kelishilgan harakatlarini shakllantirish va amalga oshirish maqsadida 1999 yilda Filippin Transmilliy jinoyatchilik markazini (PCTC) tashkil etdi.[17]

Biroq, 2000 yil noyabr oyida, davomida Juetenggeyt Prezident Estrada janjali, PAOCTFning yuqori mansabdor shaxslari - Sezar Mancao, Maykl Rey Aquino, Glen Dumlao va PAOCTF rahbari Panfilo Lakson - qotillikka aloqador bo'lgan publitsist Salvador Dacer va uning haydovchisi Emmanuel Korbito Kavit viloyat.[16] O'sha paytda Dacerni Prezident Estradaga qarshi qora tashviqot ortida turganlikda ayblashdi[16] - to'lov Dacer rad etildi.[16]

O'lim jazosi

Estrada qasamyod qilmoqda Florentino Floro.

The o'lim jazosi qonun Filippinlar Estradaning salafi lavozimini egallashi paytida kuchaytirildi, Fidel Ramos. Ushbu qonun elektr stuldan to foydalanishni ta'minladi gaz kamerasi (elektr tokini almashtirish uchun hukumat tomonidan tanlangan usul) o'rnatilishi mumkin. Biroq, elektr stul tayfun tufayli bir muncha vaqt oldin vayron qilingan va faqat qoraygan kuyish izi qolgan. Ba'zi manbalarda u oxirgi marta ishlatilganda yoqib yuborilgani aytilgan.

Biroq, ukol bilan birinchi qatl Estrada ma'muriyati ostida sodir bo'ldi. 1999 yil 5 fevralda uy rassomi Leo Echegaray o'gay qizini bir necha bor zo'rlagani uchun qatl etildi. U 1993 yilda o'lim jazosi qayta tiklanganidan beri qatl etilgan birinchi mahkum edi.[18]

Uning ijro Filippindagi o'lim jazosiga qarshi va qarshi tarafdorlari o'rtasida Echegarayni qatl qilishga chaqirayotgan odamlarning aksariyati bilan yana bir bor qizg'in bahs-munozaralarga sabab bo'ldi. O'lim jazosini tayinlash to'g'risida qattiq shov-shuv bo'lganligini, jinoyatchilikni to'xtatish yo'llarini izlayotgan fuqaro nuqtai nazaridan qarash kerak.

Estrada ma'muriyat antidot sifatida o'lim jazosini sotdi jinoyat. Buning sababi shundaki, agar jinoyatchilar buni ko'rsalar, jinoyatlar qilishdan qo'rqishadi hukumat ularni qatl etishga qat'iy qaror qildi.[18] Muxolifat o'lim jazosining oldini olish vositasi emasligini ta'kidlab o'tdi va hozirda uni to'xtatish nazariyasini buzadigan tadqiqotlar o'tkazildi. Qonun chiqaruvchilar va siyosatchilar Oliy sudning Kongressga o'lim jazosini qo'llab-quvvatlash ruhiyatining mashhurligi sababli o'lim jazosini qayta ko'rib chiqish to'g'risidagi tavsiyasini tinglashdan bosh tortdilar.

Qayta tatbiq etilganidan olti yil o'tib, 1200 dan ortiq shaxslarga hukm qilindi o'lim va etti mahkumlar orqali ijro etilgan o'lik in'ektsiya. Shunga qaramay, bugungi kunda jinoyatchilik pasayganiga oid hech qanday alomat yo'q.

1999 yil 6 fevraldan, Leo Echegaray qatl etilganidan bir kun o'tib, 1999 yil 31 maygacha gazetalar o'lim jazosi bilan jazolanishi mumkin bo'lgan jami 163 jinoyat haqida xabar berdi. Ammo, ehtimol, ushbu qonun jinoyatchilikni to'xtata olmaslikning eng yaxshi ko'rsatkichi - o'limga mahkum etilganlar sonining tobora ko'payib borayotgani.[18]

1994 yildan 1995 yilgacha o'lim jazosida bo'lganlar soni 12 tadan 104 taga ko'paygan. 1995 yildan 1996 yilgacha u 182 taga ko'paygan. 1997 yilda o'limga mahkum etilganlarning umumiy soni 520 kishini tashkil etgan va 1998 yilda o'lim jazosidagi mahbuslar 781 kishini tashkil etgan. Noyabr holatiga ko'ra 1999 yil Milliy Bilibid qamoqxonalarida va Tuzatish institutida jami 956 o'lim mahkumlari bor. Ayollar.

1999 yil 31 dekabr holatiga ko'ra Episkopal Mahbuslarning farovonligi bo'yicha komissiya Filippinning katolik yepiskoplari konferentsiyasi, Milliy Bilibid qamoqxonalarida yotgan jami 936 nafar mahkum va yana 23 nafar ayollar uchun tuzatish institutida hibsga olingan. Ushbu raqamlardan oltitasi voyaga etmaganlar va 12 ta chet elliklar.

Chunki Filippinlar asosan Katolik, Estrada 2000 yilda Iso tavalludining ikki yilligini nishonlashga moratoriy e'lon qildi. Bir yildan so'ng qatllar qayta tiklandi.[18]

Suveren kafolatlari

Prezident Estrada darhol barchani olib tashlashni buyurdi suveren kafolatlar suveren Filippin xalqidan hukumat bilan ish olib boradigan xususiy kompaniyalarning moliyaviy zararlarini o'z zimmasiga olishni talab qiladigan davlat loyihalari bo'yicha shartnomalar to'g'risida. Yozuvlardan ko'rinib turibdiki, 2001 yil 20 yanvargacha u suveren kafolati bilan bitta hukumat shartnomasini imzolamagan.[19]

Banknotlar

Estrada ma'muriyati davrida Hamdo'stlik davridan beri amal qilish, imzosini ko'paytirish Filippin prezidenti "Filippin prezidenti" afsonasi tufayli prezidentning ismini aniq ko'rsatish foydasiga tashlab qo'yilgan.

Nizom o'zgarishi

Asosiy maqola: Filippin xartiyasida o'zgarish

Prezident Jozef Ejercito Estrada davrida 1987 yilgi konstitutsiyani o'zgartirishga o'xshash urinish bo'lgan. Jarayon CONCORD yoki rivojlanish uchun konstitutsiyaviy tuzatish deb nomlanadi. Ramos va Arroyodagi Xartiyadagi o'zgarishlardan farqli o'laroq, KONKORD taklifi, uning tarafdorlari fikriga ko'ra, konstitutsiyaning Filippinlarga ko'proq xorijiy investitsiyalar kirib kelishiga to'sqinlik qilayotgan "cheklovchi" iqtisodiy qoidalariga o'zgartirish kiritadi.

Muxolifatdagi siyosatchilar, diniy firqalar va chap qanot tashkilotlarining milliy patronlik va konstitutsiyaviy o'zgartirishlar kabi manfaatlariga asoslangan turli xil dalillarga yana bir bor e'tirozlari bor edi. Estrada hukumati ham avvalgisiga o'xshab Xartiyani o'zgartirishni o'z manfaatlari yo'lida qo'zg'atganlikda ayblandi.

MILFga qarshi urush

Umumiy nuqtai

MILF askari an bilan mashq qiladi M60 avtomati.

Ramos ma'muriyati davrida Filippin hukumati va o'rtasida harbiy harakatlarni to'xtatish to'g'risidagi bitim imzolandi Moro islomiy ozodlik fronti (MILF) 1997 yil iyulda. Bu bir qator tinchlik muzokaralari va Estrada ma'muriyatidagi muzokaralar bilan davom etdi.[4] Ammo Moro islomiy ozodlik fronti (MILF), 1977 yilda tashkil etilgan islomiy guruh, kelishuvlarga qaramay, Filippin harbiylari va tinch aholi bilan terroristik hujumlar ketma-ketligini davom ettirib, Filippindan mustaqil Islom davlati bo'lishga intilmoqda.[4] Ushbu hujumlar 277 ta qonunbuzarlik, chet ellik ruhoniyni o'g'irlash, ya'ni ota Lusiano Benedetti, Maguindanao shahridagi Talayan munitsipal zalini egallab olish va yoqish; Kauswagan munitsipal zalini egallab olish; Ozamiz shahridagi Mediatrix Lady kemasini bombardimon qilish; va Narciso Ramos shosse yo'lini egallash. Shunday qilib, ular mamlakatning chet eldagi imidjiga katta zarar etkazishdi va juda zarur bo'lgan sarmoyalarni qo'rqitishdi. Bunga qo'shimcha ravishda, Filippin hukumati MILF bilan aloqalar mavjudligini bilib oldi Al-Qoida.[20] Shu sababli 2000 yil 21 martda Prezident Jozef Ejercito Estrada e'lon qildi MILFga qarshi "har qanday urush". Urush paytida Filippinning katolik yepiskoplari konferentsiyasi (CBCP) Estradadan sulh MILF bilan, lekin Estrada bu fikrga qarshi chiqdi a sulh ko'proq terroristik hujumlarni keltirib chiqaradi. Urushning keyingi uch oyi davomida Abubakar lageri, MILFning shtab-kvartirasi, boshqa 13 ta yirik lagerlar va 43 ta kichik lagerlar bilan birga tushdi va keyinchalik ularning barchasi hukumat nazorati ostida qoldi. MILF rahbari Salamat Hoshim mamlakatdan qochib ketdi Malayziya. Keyinchalik MILF a Jihod hukumat to'g'risida. O'sha yilning 10 iyulida Prezident Minadanaoga bordi va g'alaba ramzi bo'lgan Filippin bayrog'ini ko'tardi. Urushdan keyin Prezident "... hukumat Mindanaoda haqiqiy va barqaror tinchlik va taraqqiyotni ta'minlash bo'yicha sa'y-harakatlarini tezlashtiradi" dedi. Iyul oyi o'rtalarida prezident harbiylarga MILFning yuqori darajadagi rahbarlarini hibsga olishni buyurdi.[21]

Uning ichida davlatning manzili Prezident Mindanaoga bo'lgan qarashlarini ta'kidlab o'tdi:

  • Birinchisi, Mindanaoda tinchlikni tiklash va saqlash - chunki tinchlik bo'lmasa, rivojlanish bo'lmaydi.
  • Ikkinchisi - Mindanaoni rivojlantirish - chunki rivojlanishsiz tinchlik bo'lmaydi.
  • Uchinchisi, Konstitutsiya doirasida MILF bilan tinchlik muzokaralarini izlashni davom ettirish - chunki qurol bilan ishlatilgan tinchlikdan ko'ra vijdonan kelishilgan tinchlik afzalroqdir.
  • To'rtinchisi, hukumat va Moro Milliy ozodlik fronti yoki MNLF o'rtasidagi tinchlik bitimini amalga oshirishni davom ettirishdir, chunki bu bizning vatandoshlarimiz va xalqaro hamjamiyat oldidagi sadoqatimiz.

Bunga qo'shimcha ravishda, prezident uning ma'muriyati Mindanaoni ilg'or iqtisodiy markazga aylantirishda tezroq harakat qilishi mumkinligini aytdi.[21] Urushdan charchagan va hisobot berishga lagerlari qolmagan MILF partizanlarining ahvoli eng ustuvor yo'nalishlar ro'yxatida yuqori bo'ldi. 2000 yil 5-oktabrda Marugong shahrining radikal vitse-meri Lanao del Sur Malupandi Cosandi Sarip va boshqa etti batalyon qo'mondoni boshchiligidagi 669 MILF mujohidlarining birinchi ommaviy taslim etilishi Edilberto Evangelistadagi 4-ID shtab-kvartirasida Prezident Jozef Ejercito Estradaga taslim bo'ldi. Bgy. Patag, Kagayan-de-Oro shahri. Ko'p o'tmay ularni 2000 yilning 29 dekabrida MILF qo'mondoni Sayben Ampaso boshchiligidagi 855 taslim bo'lgan ikkinchi partiyasi kuzatib bordi.[22]

Biroq, MILF bilan urush xorijiy va ommaviy axborot vositalarining kuzatuvchilari tomonidan qattiq tanqid qilindi. Darhaqiqat, qishloq xo'jaligi kotibi Edgardo Angara Mindanaoning yuqori narxini, xususan qishloq xo'jaligini modernizatsiya qilish dasturidan yiroq bo'lgan harbiy operatsiyalardan manbalarni chetlab o'tishni to'xtatdi. Angaraning so'zlariga ko'ra, "General Reyes nima so'rasa, u oladi". Bundan tashqari, Mindanaodagi janglar hatto P135 milliondan ortiq ekinlarni va 12000 gektar sholi va makkajo'xori maydonlarini yo'q qildi.[23]

Xronologiya

Asosiy maqola: 2000 yil Filippinning Moro islomiy ozodlik frontiga qarshi kampaniyasi

15 martda Filning jangovar patrul xizmati. Armiyaning 26-piyoda batalyoni Bgidagi MILF partizanlariga qoqilib qoldi. Inudaran, Lanao del Norte, isyonchilarning ikkitasini o'ldirdi. Ertasi kuni MILF 303-brigada lagerining (Jhon-Makk) 700 isyonchisi boshchiligida Abdulla Makapar, taxallus qo'mondoni Bravo, Linamon, Bacolod, Kauswagan va Maigo shaharlaridagi to'qqizta armiya otryadiga hujum qildi.

17 martda isyonchilar Kauswagan shahar hokimligini egallab, 400 dan ortiq aholini garovga olishdi.

Fil. Brig boshchiligidagi armiyaning 4-piyoda "Olmos" diviziyasi. General Roy Cimatu (hozirgi Fil. Yaqin Sharqdagi elchi) zudlik bilan qarshi hujumni boshladi.

Cimatu armiya 402-piyoda brigadasi va Brig boshchiligidagi 1-dengiz piyoda brigadasidan Inudaran ishchi guruhini safarbar qildi. 18 mart kuni Kauswaganni qaytarib olgan general Emmanuel Teodosio, shuningdek, ishchi guruh isyonchilar bir nechta to'siqlarni o'rnatgan Iligan-Dipolog avtomagistralini tozalab, zaif shahar markazlarini himoya qilish uchun kuchlarni tashkil qilishdi, uzoq otryadlar esa o'zlarini tutishga majbur bo'lishdi. dushman hujumlariga qarshi.

2000 yil 21 martda, o'sha paytda Filippin Prezidenti Jozef Ejercito Estrada shaxsan Kausvaganga tashrif buyurdi va MILFga qarshi "har tomonlama urush" e'lon qildi. Estrada Cimatu-ga Lanao hududida MILFga qarshi hujumni amalga oshirishni topshirdi.

2000 yil 16 martdan 12 iyungacha 4-diviziya MILFning 15 ta yirik lagerlarini, 49 ta sun'iy yo'ldosh lagerlarini, o'quv bazasini va nazorat minorasini qo'lga kiritdi, ular 38 ta o'ldirilgan askarlar va 196 ta yaradorlar uchun sarflandi. MILF halok bo'lganlar soni 589 kishini o'ldirdi va 916 kishini yaraladi.

Cimatu dushmanga qarshi beshta yirik operatsiyani belgilab berdi. Ulardan birinchisi, polkovnik Felipe Berroya boshchiligidagi "Task Force Diamond III" ni avtomagistral yaqinidagi MILF 303-brigadasi (Kamp Jhon-Mack) nazorat punktining lagerlariga va sahnalashtirilgan joylariga hujum qilishga chaqirgan Oplan SOVEREIGN edi.

"Men MILF o'zlarini qayta to'plash uchun vaqt bo'lishini xohlamadim", dedi Cimatu. "Vaqt juda muhim edi."

Dengiz piyodalari Bgy shahridagi MILF 303-brigadasini (Camp Jhon-Mack) nazorat punktini bosib o'tdilar. 19-mart kuni Inudaran va Bgydagi MILF 303-brigadasining shtab-kvartirasi Jon-Mak kempi. Delabayen, Kauswagan, 20 mart.

Ertasi kuni Diamond III guruhi Munay munitsipalitetida joylashgan Lanao del Norte shahridagi eng yirik MILF lagerini taniqli Bilal lagerini qo'lga kiritdi.

Ayni paytda, polkovnik Samuel Bagasin boshchiligidagi armiyaning 402-brigadasi Bgini muvaffaqiyatli tozalashdi. Pakalundo bir kunlik shiddatli janglardan so'ng. Balamining chekkasidagi Komamder Mayk boshchiligidagi MILFning yirik aloqa markazi bo'lgan Apo Hill nihoyat 26 aprelda bir oylik og'ir havo va artilleriya hujumidan so'ng Task Force Diamond III ga tushib qoldi.

Oplan SOVEREIGN muvaffaqiyatidan so'ng, Cimatu Narciso Ramos shosseini isyonchilardan tozalash uchun mo'ljallangan FREEWAY operatsiyasiga o'tdi. Birinchi dengiz brigadasi Lanao del Surning Pualas shahriga, Diamond Diamond esa Maravi shahriga ko'tarilgan. Klassik pincer harakatlarida, Task Force Diamond avtomobil yo'lining tepalik qismlarini tozalashga buyruq berdi, 1-dengiz brigadasi shosse yaqinida, 6-piyoda diviziyasi esa Matanog shaharchasida qarama-qarshi tomondan ko'tarildi.

Pincerning shimoliy uchi yopilgach, polkovnik Allan Kabalquinto boshchiligidagi armiyaning 302-piyoda brigadasi 10-may kuni "Task Force Diamond" tomonidan tozalangan orqa qismlarni xavfsizlashtirish uchun etib keldi. 15-may kuni Narciso Ramos magistral yo'l 6-chi diviziya tomonidan avtomagistral bo'ylab bunkerlar va xandaqlarda o'tirgan isyonchilarga qarshilik ko'rsatganiga qaramay, MILF isyonchilaridan tozalandi.

Jadvalda keyingi o'rinda MILFning ikkinchi yirik lager va o'quv markazi bo'lgan Lanao del Surning Butig shahridagi Bushra lagerini egallashga qaratilgan SUPREME operatsiyasi bo'lib o'tdi. Shuningdek, u MILF vitse-prezidenti Aleem Abdul Azziz Mimbantas huzuridagi Lanao hududi qo'mondonligi shtab-kvartirasi va Bangsamoro Islom Qurolli Kuchlari 3-dala bo'linmasi shtab-kvartirasi.

Ishchi guruh Diamond dastlab Marogongdagi MILF lagerlariga qarshi jinoyatni amalga oshirdi, so'ng Balabagandan quruqlikka ko'chib o'tgan 1-dengiz piyoda brigadasiga to'g'ri harakat qildi. Polkovnik Nagamora Lomodag boshchiligidagi 302-piyoda brigadasi va yangi kelgan 802-piyoda brigadasi hujum qilgan ikkita brigadani ta'qib qildilar. 28-may kuni Bushra lageri to'rtta brigadaning birlashgan havo artilleriyasi va piyoda qo'shinlari hujumiga o'tdi.

Bu Lanao del Surda, ayniqsa Lanao ko'lining sharqiy qismi atrofidagi Basak hududida MILF ta'sir doirasini kamaytirishga qaratilgan SWEEPER operatsiyasining bosqichini yaratdi.

1-dengiz brigadasi Bushra lageri xavfsizligini ta'minlagan va Butigda hukumat nazoratini tiklagan bo'lsa, Cimatu "Task Force Diamond" ga, 302 va 802-brigadalarga Masiu munitsipalitetini va Lanao ko'lining sharqiy qismini tozalashni buyurdi. Amaliyotning ushbu bosqichi isyonchilarning Shimoliy va Markaziy Mindanaoda past intensivlik bilan davom etadigan an'anaviy urushda qatnashish qobiliyatini muvaffaqiyatli mag'lub etdi.

Keyingi o'rinda Abubakar lageridan shimoliy va g'arbiy qismdagi barcha MILF lagerlarini yo'q qilishni maqsad qilgan SUMMIT operatsiyasi boshlandi. 1-dengiz brigadasi va 302-piyoda brigada shimoldan Abubakar lageriga hujum uyushtirishdi, 6-piyoda diviziyasi janubdan va g'arbdan hujum qildi, zaxira tarkibida Olma Task Force.

2000 yil 12 iyulda MILFning marhum raisi Salamat Hoshim barcha hukumat kuchlariga qarshi kurashga chaqirdi, ammo Bangsamorodan ozchilik uning da'vatiga quloq solmadi. Qo'zg'olonchilar kuchlari kichikroq, uyushmagan bo'linmalarga bo'linib ketgach, MILF partizanlari yordamsiz fuqarolarga qarshi qo'zg'olonga kirishdilar va Bgida 21 fermerni o'ldirdilar. 2001 yil 16 iyulda Sumugot, Bumbaran, Lanao del Sur va Matlingdagi Maranao Plantation, Inc kompaniyasining yana 13 ishchisi, bir hafta o'tmay.

Abubakar lageri qulashi bilan MILFga qarshi an'anaviy urush tugadi va urush boshlangan hududlarni tiklash va tiklash jarayoni boshlandi.

Urushdan charchagan va hisobot berishga lagerlari qolmagan MILF partizanlarining ahvoli eng ustuvor yo'nalishlar ro'yxatida yuqori bo'ldi. 2000 yil 5-oktabrda Marugong merosxo'ri vitse-meri Lanao del Sur Malupandi Cosandi Sarip va boshqa etti batalon qo'mondoni boshchiligidagi 669 MILF mujohidlarining birinchi ommaviy taslim bo'lishi sobiq prezident Jozef Ejercito Estradaga Edilberto Evangelistadagi 4-ID shtab-kvartirasida taslim bo'ldi. , Bgy. Patag, Kagayan-de-Oro shahri.

Ko'p o'tmay ularni 2000 yilning 29 dekabrida MILF qo'mondoni Sayben Ampaso boshchiligidagi 855 taslim bo'lgan ikkinchi partiyasi kuzatib bordi.

Taslim bo'lganlarning eng so'nggi va eng katta partiyasi rasmiy Gloriya Makapagal-Arroyoga rasmiy ravishda taslim bo'ldi Lanao del Surning Tamparan shahrida (Lanao del Sur) 2001 yil 14 martda, Mindanao urushi boshlangan kundan bir kun oldin, 2000 yil 15 martda Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte shahrida. .

931 taslim bo'lganlarni MILF Striking Force komandasi, 308-MILF brigadasi brigada komandiri Makabagol Paudak boshchiligida olib bordi, ular rasmiy ravishda taxminan 506 o'qotar qurolni, shuningdek, 20 ta RPGni, uchta .50 kal. pulemyotlar, uchta 60 millimetrli minomyot va ikkita nasosli qayiq.

Tashqi siyosat

Prezident Jozef Ejercito Estrada AQSh prezidenti bilan Bill Klinton da oval ofis.
Prezident Jozef Ejercito Estrada Rossiya prezidenti bilan Vladimir Putin.

The Estrada administration upheld the foreign policy thrusts of the Ramos administration, focusing on national security, economic diplomacy, assistance to nationals, and image-building. The Philippines continued to be at the forefront of the regional and multilateral arena. It successfully hosted the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting in July 1998 and undertook confidence-building measures with China over Janubiy Xitoy dengizi issue through a meeting in March 1999.[24] President Estrada strengthened bilateral ties with neighboring countries with visits to Vetnam, Tailand, Malayziya, Singapur, Gonkong, Japan, and Janubiy Koreya.[iqtibos kerak ]

The country also sent a delegation of 108 observers to the Indonesian parliamentary elections, and engaged in cooperative activities in the areas of security, defense, combating transnational crimes, economy, culture, and the protection of OFWs and Filipinos abroad.

RP-US Visiting Forces kelishuvi

Asosiy maqola: RP–US Visiting Forces Agreement

On 1999 a Visiting Forces Agreement with the United States, which was ratified in the Senate.[25] The first Visiting Forces Agreement was actually signed under President Ramos in 1998, and the second was subsequently signed under President Estrada. The two agreements came to effect a year later.The primary effect of the Agreement is to require the U.S. government (1) to notify RP authorities when it becomes aware of the apprehension, arrest or detention of any RP personnel visiting the U.S. and (2) when so requested by the RP government, to ask the appropriate authorities to waive jurisdiction in favor of RP, except cases of special interest to the U.S. departments ofShtat yoki Mudofaa.[26][VIII 1](Waiving of jurisdiction in the U.S. is complicated by United States being a confederation of states in which each individual state has its own judicial system, and the AQSh Federal hukumati not being in a position to simply order a Shtat to waive jurisdiction).

The Agreement contains various procedural safeguards which amongst other things establish the right to tegishli jarayon and proscribe er-xotin xavf[26][VIII 2–6].The agreement also, among other provisions,exempts RP personnel from visa formalities and guarantees expedited entry and exit processing[26][IV];requires the U.S. to accept RP driving licenses[26][V];allows RP personnel to carry arms at U.S. military installations while on duty[26][VI];provides personal tax exemptions and import/export duty exclusions for RP personnel[26][X, XI];requires the U.S. to provide health care to RP personnel[26][XIV];and exempts RP vehicles, vessels, and aircraft from landing or ports fees, navigation or overflight charges, road tolls or any other charges for the use of U.S. military installations[26][XV].

Third informal ASEAN summit

President Estrada hosted the third Informal ASEAN summit at the Philippine International Convention Center (PICC) from November 24–28, 1999. The Chief Executive met with the leaders of the nine Asean member-countries and three dialogue partners of the regional grouping, namely China, Japan and the Republic of Korea. The 10 Asean member-countries are Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. The Philippines is the third Asean country to host the Asean Informal Summit. The first informal summit was held in Jakarta on Nov. 30, 1996 while the second was held in Kuala Lumpur on December 15–16, 1997.Myanmar, which joined the Asean only in 1997, was supposed to host the Third Informal Summit but it begged of. Following the alphabetical order, the Philippines was next in line to host the informal summit.[27]

The leaders of the 10-member Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and their three dialogue partners concluded their informal summit on Sunday, Nov. 28, vowing to further broaden East Asia cooperation in the 21st century to improve the quality of life of peoples in the region.[27]

A joint statement issued after the 3rd Asean Informal Summit and separate top-level meetings with the leaders of China, Japan and Korea expressed the resolve of the heads of states and governments of Asean and its dialogue partners to work toward the attainment of peace and stability in Asia and the Pacific.[27]

According to the joint statement, the leaders also voiced "satisfaction with the rapidly developing relations" among their countries that is expected to pave the way to greater East Asia cooperation.

The Asean countries that participated in the summit were Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.

Noting the bright prospects for enhanced interaction and closer linkages in East Asia, the leaders said the growing interaction has helped increase opportunities for cooperation and collaboration among their countries.[27]

Closer linkages in this part of Asia, they pointed out, have strengthened the promotion of peace, stability and prosperity in the region.[27]

"Mindful of the challenges and opportunities in the new millennium, as well as the growing regional interdependence in the age of globalization and information, they agreed to promote dialogue and to deepen and consolidate collective efforts with a view to advancing mutual understanding, trust, good neighborliness and friendly relations, peace, stability and prosperity in East Asia and the world", the joint statement said.[27]

They likewise underlined their commitment to conduct their mutual relations under the principles of the United Nations Charter, the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence, the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, and the universally recognized principles of international law.[27]

The leaders further underscored their commitment to build on existing cooperative processes in the economic, social and political fields.[27]

On economic cooperation, the leaders of the Asean countries, China, Japan and South Korea agreed to accelerate trade, investments, technology transfer, cooperation in information technology and promotion of industrial and agricultural cooperation, and the encourage development of growth areas in East Asia, including the Mekong River Basin.[27]

On monetary and financial cooperation, they agreed to strengthen policy on financial, monetary and fiscal issues, including the cooperation mechanism for finance and central banking system.

In the political-security area, they agreed to continue dialogue, coordination, and cooperation to increase mutual understanding and trust, towards forging lasting peace and stability in East Asia.[27]

The leaders agreed to strengthen cooperation in addressing common concerns in the area of transnational issues in the region.[27]

In other fields, the leaders also agreed:[27]

  • to intensify coordination and cooperation in various international and regional forums, including the United Nations, World Trade Organization and Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, as well as in regional and international financial institutions.
  • to strengthen regional cooperation in projecting an Asian point of view to the rest of the world and in intensifying people-to-people contacts,
  • to strengthen social and human resources to sustain growth in East Asia by alleviating economic and social disparities within and among East Asian countries.
  • to support Asean efforts in the implementation of the Hanoi Plan of Action towards advancing economic and sustainable development.[27]

Qarama-qarshiliklar

1998

Subic Bay leadership dispute

G'olib chiqqanidan keyin 1998 presidential elections on May of that year, newly elected President Joseph Ejercito Estrada issued Administrative Order No. 1, which ordered the removal of Richard Gordon as Chairman of the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority or SBMA.[28] Estrada appointed Felicito Payumo, Gordon's critic and congressman of Bataan as new chairman. Gordon refused to step down, stating that his re-appointment from the Ramos administration gave him civil service protection.[29] The removal process was not easy. Hundreds of volunteers and paid people barricated the gates of SBMA and Gordon locked himself inside the SBMA Administrative Office Building 229. After this, he was dubbed a dictator because he rebelled against an executive order. The issue sparked the interest local and foreign press known as the Showdown at Subic.

Gordon filed for a temporary restraining order before the local court. The local court of Olongapo granted Gordon's request but Payumo's party filed an appeal before the Court of Appeals (CA). The CA reversed the local court's ruling and it was affirmed by the Supreme Court.[29] With the Supreme Court decision, Gordon called Payumo and turned over the reins of SBMA at the Subic Bay Yacht Club two months later on 3 September 1998. Together with the Subic volunteers, they cleaned up the facility.

Textbook scam intervention

In 1998, Estrada allegedly appointed a cousin, Cecilia de Castro, as presidential assistant. The President denied knowing her in the wake of the textbook scam in 1998. The President later intervened in the investigation of the said scam. Another is the appointment of brother-in-law, Captain Rufino F. Pimentel, as PAGCOR director. Also a brother-in-law, Raul de Guzman, was appointed member of the Board of Regents of the University of the Philippines. De Guzman's son was also appointed as presidential consultant on environment and water.[30]

1999

The Philippine Daily Inquirer ads pullout

Estrada criticized the Filippin Daily Enquirer, the nation's most popular broadsheet newspaper[iqtibos kerak ], for "bias, malice and fabrication" against him.[31] In 1999, several government organizations, pro-Estrada businesses, and movie producers simultaneously pulled their advertisements in the Surishtiruvchi.[31][32] The presidential palace was widely implicated in the advertising boycott, prompting sharp criticism from international matbuot erkinligi watchdogs.[32][33]

The Manila Times controversy

Estrada launched a libel suit against the country's oldest newspaper the Manila Times over a story that alleged corruption in the awarding of a public works project. After a personal apology from an owner was published, the libel suit was dropped.[32][34] Within three months the Manila Times was sold to a "housing magnate with no previous newspaper experience"[32] and was quickly shut down.[35]

BW Resources janjal

BW Resources a small gaming company listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange and linked to people close to Estrada experienced "a meteoric rise"[36] in its stock price due to suspected stock price manipulation.[36] The ensuing investigation led only to further confusion when the head of the compliance and surveillance group of the Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE) and his entire staff resigned [37][38] saying "I believe I can no longer effectively do my job."[37] The events created a negative impression. "The BW controversy undermined foreign investor confidence in the stock market"[38] and "also contributed to a major loss of confidence in the Philippines among foreign and local investors on concerns that cronyism may have played a part."[37]

PCSO funding controversy

The Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism has reported that there are 66 corporate records wherein President Estrada, his wife, mistresses and children are listed as incorporators or board members. Thirty-one of these companies were set up during Estrada's vice-presidential tenure and one when he assumed the presidency. Based on the 1998 and 1999 financial statements, 14 of the 66 companies have assets of over P600 million.

The First Lady, Mrs. Loi Ejercito, registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission on 15 October 1998 her private foundation—the Partnership for the Poor Foundation, Inc. which provides relief and livelihood to the poor. A few months after its incorporation, the foundation received P100 million from the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office as donation. The donation far exceeded the PCSO's combined donation of P65 million to regular beneficiaries like orphanages and hospitals. The complainants consider this a conflict-of-interest. The donation of government funds to the private foundation of the First Lady was also found to have been delivered to their legal residence in San Juan.[30]

Midnight Cabinet

Estrada was reported by his Chief of Staff Aprodicio Laquian to have allegedly spent long hours drinking with shady characters as well as "midnight drinking sessions" with some of his cabinet members during meetings.[39] Members of the so-called midnight cabinet were:[40]

  • Luis 'Chavit' Singson – Governor of Ilocos Sur
  • Luis 'Baby' Asistio – Representative of Caloocan City
  • Dante Tan – Head of the BW Resources Corp.
  • Ramon Lee – A close associate of Dante Tan and an Estrada election contributor
  • Lucio Co – The goateed owner of PureGold duty-free stores, who was recently accused of being a big-time smuggler
  • Jaime Dichavez – A fiberglass manufacturer and real estate developer who was recently involved in the corporate coup at Belle Corporation, operator of the controversial jai-alai games
  • William Gatchalian – Presidential adviser on overseas Filipinos
  • Eusebio Tanco – Acquired the Tiwi-Makiling-Banahaw geothermal power plant from the National Power Corporation. Tanco is the brother-in-law of one of the country's biggest coconut millers, Douglas Lu Ym
  • Jacinto "Jack" Ng – Multimillionaire, owner of Republic Biscuit Corp. or Rebisco and of some hefty real estate
  • Mark Jimenez – a shadowy businessman wanted for illegal campaign contributions in the U.S. Jimenez is reportedly a mean singer at the karaoke and is an occasional "good time" associate of Estrada

Estrada mistresses

During the juetenggate scandal, Estrada's critics claimed that Estrada's mistresses received financial benefits from the President. The following are Estrada's mistresses:[41]

  • Giya Gomes
  • Laarni Enriquez
  • Joy Melendez
  • Rowena Lopez
  • Peachy Osorio

Hot cars scandal

Rep. Magtanggol Gunigundo II (Valenzuela ) exposes the assignment of Pres. Estrada of some seized luxury vehicles and SUVs to his Cabinet Secretaries and favored political allies through an obscure office "Presidential Retrieval Task Force."[42] Initially Pres. Estrada resist his critics of the call to return the "hot cars" to the Bureau of Customs, and challenged them to file a case against him.[43] But, by November, the President backs down from his earlier decision and instructs the Customs to dispose the vehicles through an auction.[44]

2000

Building laws violation

President Estrada and his family reportedly violated many construction and building laws in their real estate firms.[30]

Juetenggate scandal

Singson is known to have Estrada's fall, when in October 2000 he alleged he gave President Jozef Estrada Php 400 million as payoff from illegal gambling profits. On October 16, 2000, he accused the Estrada, as the "lord of all jueteng lords" for receiving 5 million pesos protection money from jueteng every month during his term of presidency.

Dacer-Corbito ikki kishilik qotillik ishi

Salvador "Bubby" Dacer, publicist in the Philippines, and his driver, Emmanuel Corbito, were abducted in Makati, biznes tumani Manila. They were later killed, and their vehicle dumped. In 2001, a number of arrests were made.

The ultimate reasons for Dacer's murder remain a subject of debate. Fidel Ramos has publicly accused his successor, Joseph Estrada, of giving the original order—Estrada was mired in a korruptsiya scandal at the time, and according to some reports, Estrada believed Dacer was helping Ramos destabilize his rule.

2001

Second envelope suppression

On January 17, 2001, the impichment sud jarayoni Prezident Estrada hal qiluvchi konvertni tekshirishga o'tdi dalil go'yoki bu harakatlarni isbotlaydi siyosiy korruptsiya Estrada tomonidan. Senatorlar Estrada bilan ittifoqdosh dalillarni to'sib qo'yishga harakat qildi. The conflict between the senator-judges, and the prokuratura became deeper, but then Senate Majority Floor Leader Francisco Tatad requested to the Impeachment court to make a vote for opening the second envelope. Ovoz berish natijasida 10 senator dalillarni o'rganishni, 11 senator esa ularni bostirishni qo'llab-quvvatladilar. After the vote, Sen. Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. resigned as Senate President and walked out of the impeachment proceedings together with the 9 opposition Senators and 11 prosecutors in the Estrada impeachment trial. The 11 administration senators who voted YES to block the opening of the second envelope remained in Senate Session Hall together with the members of the defense. They were chanted with "JOE'S COHORTS" where their surnames were arranged.

Impeachment trial

Asosiy maqola: Jozef Estrada ustidan sud jarayoni

Korruptsiya ayblovlari

President Estrada in 2000.

The Estrada presidency was soon dogged by charges of plunder and corruption. He was reported by his Chief of Staff Aprodicio Laquian to have allegedly spent long hours drinking with shady characters as well as "midnight drinking sessions" with some of his cabinet members during meetings.[39] In October 2000, an acknowledged gambling racketeer, Luis "Chavit" Singson, hokim viloyatining Ilocos Sur, alleged that he had personally given Estrada the sum of 400 million peso ($8,255,933) as payoff from illegal gambling profits, as well as 180 million pesos ($3,715,170) from the government price subsidy for the tobacco farmers' marketing cooperative.

Impichment bo'yicha sud jarayoni

Singson's allegation caused an uproar across the nation, which culminated in Estrada's impichment tomonidan Vakillar palatasi on November 13, 2000 which did not succeed. The articles of impeachment were then transmitted to the Senate and an impeachment court was formed, with Bosh sudya Hilario Davide, Jr. as presiding officer.

Major television networks pre-empted their afternoon schedules to bring full coverage of the Impeachment Trial. There were three sets of cameras in the Impeachment Court (normally the Senate Chamber): one from ABS-CBN, dan GMA tarmog'i, and one (using a poor camera) from the Xalq televideniesi tarmog'i or PTV (later NBN, Now return PTV).

During the trial, the prosecution (composed of congressmen and private prosecutors) presented witnesses and evidence to the impeachment court regarding Estrada's involvement in an illegal numbers game, also known as jueteng, and his maintenance of secret bank accounts. However, the president's legal team (composed of a former chief justice, former congressman, former solicitor-general and other lawyers) denied such allegations including his ownership of an account under the name Jose Velarde. However, in February 2001, at the initiative of Senate President Aquilino Pimentel, Jr., the second envelope was opened before the local and foreign media and it contained the document that stated that Jaime Dichavez and not Estrada owned the "Jose Velarde Account".[45][46]

Ilocos Sur Governor Luis "Chavit" Singson was one of the witnesses who testified against President Estrada. The President and the governor of Ilocos Sur were said to be "partners" in-charge of the operations of illegal gambling in the country.[iqtibos kerak ] Governor Singson feared that he would be charged and stripped of power (there have been talks about the governor making a deal with the opposition... he was to help incriminate Estrada and he would be compensated for his service), but he was offered immunity by anti-Estrada lawmakers. He was then asked to accuse the President of having committed several illegal acts. Vice-President of then Teng-PCI banki Clarissa Ocampo testified that she saw the President, Joseph Estrada sign the false name "Jose Velarde" on the banking document and this was also witnessed by Apodicio Laquian.[47]

Ga binoan Transparency International in an old survey that did not fit with newer information[kim tomonidan? ], Estrada was the tenth most corrupt head of government ever, and being the second Philippine Head of State after Markos in terms of corruption.[48][49]

EDSA II

Asosiy maqola: Ikkinchi EDSA inqilobi

Namoyishlar

On the evening of January 16, 2001, the impeachment court, whose majority were political allies of Estrada,[50] voted not to open an envelope that was said to contain incriminating evidence against the president. The final vote was 11–10, in favor of keeping the envelope closed. The prosecution panel (of congressmen and lawyers) walked out of the Impeachment Court in protest of this vote. Others noted that the walkout merited a sudni hurmatsizlik which Davide, intentionally or unintentionally, did not enforce.[51] The afternoon schedule of television networks covering the Impeachment were pre-empted by the prolongation of the day's court session due to the issue of this envelope. The evening telenovelas of networks were pushed back for up to two hours. That night, anti-Estrada protesters gathered in front of the EDSA Shrine da Epifanio de los Santos xiyoboni, not too far away from the site of the 1986 Xalq hokimiyat inqilobi that overthrew Ferdinand Markos. A political turmoil ensued and the clamor for Estrada's resignation became stronger than ever. In the following days, the number of protesters grew to the hundreds of thousands.

2001 yil 19 yanvarda Filippin qurolli kuchlari, seeing the political upheaval throughout the country, decided to withdraw its support from the president and transfer its allegiance to the vice president, Gloriya Makapagal-Arroyo. The following day, the Supreme Court declared that the seat of presidency was vacant.

Istefo

At noon, the Supreme Court declared that Estrada "constructively resigned" his post and the Chief Justice swore in the constitutional successor, Gloriya Makapagal-Arroyo, as President of the Philippines.[52] Prior to Estrada's departure from Malacañang, he issued a press release which included:

...I now leave Malacañang Palace, the seat of the presidency of this country, for the sake of peace and in order to begin the healing process of our nation. I leave the Palace of our people with gratitude for the opportunities given to me for service to our people...[53]

2008 yil 18-yanvarda Jozef Estrada Masang Pilipino xizmatidan foydalanish (PMP) placed a full-page advertisement in Metro Manila ayblash bilan gazetalar EDSA 2 "Filippin demokratiyasiga zarba bergani" haqida. Uning taniqli qirqimlari inqilobning konstitutsiyaga muvofiqligini shubha ostiga qo'ydi. Nashr qilingan taniqli qirqimlar olingan Vaqt, Nyu-York Tayms, Bo'g'ozlar vaqti, Los Anjeles Tayms, Vashington Post, Asia Times Online, Iqtisodchi, va International Herald Tribune. Former Supreme Court justice and Estrada appointee as chairwoman of the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office Cecilia Muñoz Palma opined that EDSA 2 violated the 1987 yil Konstitutsiya.[54]

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