Sanisera - Sanisera
Sanisera orolida joylashgan Rim shaharlaridan biri bo'lgan Menorka (Balear orollari, Ispaniya ) tomonidan aytib o'tilgan Katta Pliniy uning kitobida Naturalis HistoriaMiloddan avvalgi 1-asrda III, 77-78:
Balearlar o'zlarining slingerlari bilan urushda juda qo'rqinchli bo'lib, yunonlardan Gimnaziya nomini oldilar. Kattaroq orolning uzunligi 100 mil va aylanasi 475 mil. Uning quyidagi shaharlari bor; Palma va Pollentiya, Lotin huquqlari bilan Rim fuqarolari Cinium va Tucis huquqlaridan foydalangan holda; va Bokhorum federativ shahar edi. O'ttiz chaqirim masofada kichik orol, uzunligi 40 mil va aylanasi 150; unda Jamnon, Sanisera va Magon shtatlari joylashgan.[1]
Manzil
Sanisera arxeologik joyi Sanitja tabiiy portida, Cavalleria Cape yoki Cap de Cavallería yonida joylashgan (Es Merkadal ), bu orolning toshli shimoliy qirg'og'iga joylashtirilgan.[2] Cavalleria Cape - shimolga ishora qiluvchi yarim orol, uning sharqiy oxiri Punta Llevant (sharqiy nuqta) deb nomlanadi, balandligi 89 metr bo'lgan jarlik, 19-asrning dengiz chiroqini taqdim etadi; va eng muhim kirish joyi Sanitja portidir. Portning g'arbiy qismi uzun pastki yarim oroldan iborat bo'lib, uning eng xarakterli elementi - uning shimoliy-sharqiy qismida joylashgan XIX asrning boshlarida qurilgan ingliz qo'riqlash minorasi. Sohilga yaqin joyda suv toshqini vazifasini bajaradigan ikkita kichik toshli orollar mavjud. Portning sharqiy tomoniga kelsak, u g'arbiy tomonga o'xshash xususiyatlarga ega va S'Almadrava joylashgan joyda, 18-asrda baliqchilar uchun boshpana sifatida qurilgan uy. Bundan tashqari, portning janubida eski ohaktosh karer va ohak pechi joylashgan, ehtimol 18 yoki 19 asrlarga tegishli. Bu elementlarning barchasi mehmonga Sanitja portining ahamiyatini tushunishga yordam beradi, bu orolning boshqa portlari bilan taqqoslaganda kichik o'lchamlariga qaramay, tarix davomida har doim turli xil tabiatning qo'zg'atuvchisi bo'lib kelgan.
Yuqorida aytib o'tilganidek, Sanitja portining har ikki tomonida ham ko'rish mumkin bo'lgan turli xil tuzilmalar, uning stratigrafiyasi bilan tasdiqlangan joyning ahamiyatini anglab etadi, chunki u kemalarning kirish va langarlanishi uchun ideal sharoitlarni taqdim etadi. shuningdek, yomon ob-havo sharoitida himoya qilish uchun yaxshi joy, masalan, shimoliy shamol (tramontan ) zarbalar. Port, janubi-sharqiy yo'nalishni kuzatib, uzunligi 800 metr va v. Kengligi 150-200 metrni tashkil etadi va uning eshigi Porros oroli va Kavalleriya yarim orolining shimoliy uchiga tegishli 200 metr atrofida toshli qo'l bilan yonma-yon joylashgan bo'lib, ikkalasi ham suv ostida birlashgan va shu tariqa tabiiy sharoit yaratgan. yomon ob-havo sharoitida shishishni kamaytiradigan dik. Bu xususiyatlar bu erga joylashib olgan ko'plab xalqlar uchun asosiy omillar bo'lgan; Rim armiyasi miloddan avvalgi 123 yilda sodir bo'lgan Balear orollarini zabt etish paytida bu erda o'zini strategik harbiy anklav sifatida o'rnatishga qaror qildi. Keyinchalik, xuddi o'sha maqsad 18-asrning aksariyat qismida orolni egallab olgan ingliz qo'shinlari, ehtimol bu joyning strategik sharoitlari bilan rag'batlantirilib, qo'riqchi minorasini qurganida amalga oshirildi, bu ham buni ko'plab bunkerlar tomonidan tasdiqlangan. sanasi Ispaniya fuqarolar urushi.
Hudud rivojlanmaganligidan, arxeologik tadqiqotlar cheklanmagan va Sanitja taqdim etadigan boy arxeologik potentsialni ko'proq ochib berishda davom etadi.
Tarixnoma
Sanisera shahriga ishora qilgan birinchi yozma manba, Pliniy oqsoqolning "Naturalis Historia" kitobida eramizning I asrida aytgan so'zlari. Biroq, keyinchalik manbalar uni topish uchun ko'rsatma bo'lib xizmat qildi. Ulardan biri XVI, XVII va XVIII asrlarga oid portulan grafikalar, masalan, tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan xaritalardan iborat. Ibrohim Ortelius 1590 yilda va Petrus Bertius 1602 yilda; Sanisera joy nomi ularning ko'pchiligida turli xil ko'rinishda: Zenage, Porto Senello, Seneua, Seneli, Sa Nitja, Senige, Senitja, Seniya, Seniglles, Senigta, Cenegta, Senoli, Seniga, Seneli, Leneli, Cenega, Senege, Saia , Sonige, Ceneglia, Zenega, Ianisera, Zenhaga yoki Zenega.
Kartografik yozuvlardan tashqari, turli xil xaritalarda paydo bo'lgan joy nomlari yozuvlari bilan ajralib turadigan manba juda qadimiy Sanisera xarobalari joylashgan joyni Sanitja porti bilan aniqlashga harakat qilgan tadqiqotchilarga yordam berdi. Pliniy tomonidan shaharning zikr etilishida ham, xaritalarda ham u Menorka orolida joylashgan joy aniq ko'rsatilgan yoki ko'rsatilmaganligi sababli, 18-asrdan boshlab ba'zi mualliflar va tadqiqotchilarning asarlari uning joylashgan joyiga oydinlik kiritolmayapti. Shu tarzda, ba'zi yozuvchilar Sanitja portini o'rab turgan hududni tasvirlayotganda, yuzada tarqalgan sopol buyumlar parchalari va boshqa buyumlar hamda eski binolarga tegishli ba'zi inshootlar mavjudligiga ishora qilishgan.[3]
Bundan tashqari, bu er haqida mahalliy folklorshunoslikdan olingan afsonalar mavjud, masalan F.Kemps i Merkadal tomonidan to'plangan "Ses Vilotes" afsonasi,[4] o'tmishdagi aholining mavjudligini eslatib o'tadigan va Sanisera va Sanitja ismlarining o'xshashligi bu farazni qo'llab-quvvatlaganga o'xshaydi. Va nihoyat, uning ajoyib xususiyatlarga ega bo'lgan portda joylashganligi, Menorkaning eng shimoliy qismida joylashgan joyda barqaror inson kasbining mantiqiy imkoniyatlari haqida o'ylashga majbur qiladi.
So'nggi o'n yilliklarda, 1974 yilda suv osti sport tadbirlari boshlanganligi sababli, milodning I-IV asrlariga oid ko'plab amforalar topilib, dengiz tubidan tiklana boshladi va shu bilan bu erda Rim xarobalari mavjudligini isbotladi.
Saniseraning joy nomi
Sanisera joy nomini o'rganish ba'zi muammolarni keltirib chiqaradi, chunki O'rta dengizda o'xshash shakllari topilmagan. J.S. tomonidan amalga oshirilgan ishlar. Ernandes aniq etimologik ildizni o'rnatmasdan va uning lotin tilidan kelib chiqishini istisno qilmasdan, uning kelib chiqishi va tarkibiga bir oz oydinlik kiritdi.
Sanisera nomi ikkita elementdan iborat bo'lishi mumkin: SANI + SERA. Birinchi element, taxmin qilingan Sani- ildizi, Iber antroponimi bilan bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin[imloni tekshiring ] sani - ko'plab epigrafik yozuvlarda uchraydi.,[5] va agar shunday bo'lsa, bu Pireney yarim orolida so'zlashadigan iberiya tili bilan bog'liq edi. Biroq, biz Rimgacha bo'lgan tillarda –sera qo'shimchasiga o'xshash o'xshash atamani topa olmadik. Gipotetik tushuntirish mavjud, chunki hinduevropada * ser - / * sor- ildizi mavjud, ya'ni "yugurmoq, oqmoq" degan ma'noni anglatadi.[6] Saniseraning geografik joylashuvi tufayli orolning shimoliy qismidagi tabiiy portda va dengizga quyiladigan chuchuk suv oqimiga yaqin joyda ikkinchi element geografik ma'lumot bo'lishi mumkin.
Shunga qaramay, bu ma'lumotlarning barchasi taxminiydir, chunki ismning kelib chiqishi hali aniqlanmagan. Ushbu joy nomining etimologiyasini aniqlash uchun ko'proq izlanishlar olib borish kerak, biroq shunga o'xshash shakllar kam topilgan.
Arxeologik tadbirlar
80-yillar davomida, 1979-1984 yillar oralig'ida portning g'arbiy qismida o'tkazilgan bir qator tadqiqotlar va qazishmalar Sanisera shahrining dastlabki qoldiqlarini ochib berdi: sanoat ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan bino. miloddan avvalgi I asrdan milodiy VI asrgacha shaharni bosib olganligini namoyish etish; milodiy 3-asrgacha davom etgan go'yo ulug'vorlik davri bilan.
Shuningdek, 1985-1987 yillarda o'sha jamoa boshqa bino joylashgan bo'lib, u qabrlarni o'z chegaralari ichida va tashqarisida taqdim etgan. Bir necha yil o'tgach, bino erta nasroniylarning bazilikasi ekanligi aniqlandi (ushbu ikkita bino haqida ko'proq ma'lumot olish uchun pastga qarang).[7]
Qozuv ishlari boshlanishidan oldin olib borilgan arxeologik tadqiqotlar natijasida arxeologlar Rim shahrining kengayishi taxminan 60 000 kvadrat metr bo'lganligini aniqladilar.
Taxminan o'n yil o'tgach, 1993 yildan boshlab, Sanitja porti arxeologiyasining kengayishini bilish uchun ushbu saytni o'rganish yana bir qator quruqlik va suv osti tadqiqotlari bilan qayta ko'rib chiqildi (So'rovlar haqida ko'proq ma'lumot olish uchun pastga qarang. va 1993 yildan hozirgi kungacha Sanitja portida olib borilgan qazish ishlari).
O'sha yildan hozirgi kungacha ushbu hudud arxeologik tekshiruvda bo'lib, portning sharqiy qismida Balear orollari (miloddan avvalgi 123 yil) fath qilingan davrdan boshlangan Rim harbiy lagerini olib keldi, hozirgi qazish ishlari esa. portning g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Sanisera shahrida kengayish, shaharsozlik, ishg'olning turli makonlari va bosqichlarini topishga e'tibor qaratmoqda.[8]
Quruqlikdagi tadqiqotlar va topografiya
80-yillar davomida olib borilgan qazishmalardan so'ng, 1993 yilda arxeologik tadqiqotlar olib borildi [9]
Sayt katta maydonni egallaganligi sababli, u uchastkalarga bo'lingan. O'zaro bog'liqlikda raqamlangan barcha ushbu uchastkalarni ko'rsatadigan reja tuzildi. Shu tarzda, er yuzidan tanlangan arxeologik material ushbu hududlarga muvofiq aniqlangan bo'lar edi
Sopol buyumlarni o'rganish ushbu hududdagi muntazam tadqiqotlar natijasida va shuningdek shaxsiy kolleksiyadan olingan bo'lib, sayt xronologiyasiga oydinlik kiritdi. Eng qadimiy materiallar - Punik amforalar, Maña C turi va Punik Ebussitan (PE 14, PE 17). Bundan tashqari, eng so'nggi materiallar Shimoliy Afrikadan olingan: ARS D tipidagi Hayes 105 va amfora Keay LXI, milodiy 450-700 yillarda.
Oxirgi respublika davridan boshlab Dressel 1 amforasi juda ko'p bo'lgan, ular bu erda yig'ilgan fragmentlarning 4% ni tashkil etadi (barcha amforalarning 21%). Italik materiallardan tashqari, juda ko'p miqdordagi Janubiy Galliya va Shimoliy Afrikada ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulotlar.
Shimoliy Afrikadan nozik dasturiy ta'minotning mavjudligi muhim ahamiyatga ega: ARS A va ARS D kabi ARS ishlab chiqarishlari So'rovlar davomida eng ko'p yig'ilgan ARS A turlari quyidagilar: Xeys 3, 6, 9 va 14. ARS D ga nisbatan ushbu toifadagi nozik dasturlarning eng ko'p sonli varianti, eng tez-tez ishlab chiqariladigan mahsulotlar (48 xil turlari orasida): Hayes 91, 94, 99 va 104.
Shuningdek, Shimoliy Afrikadan juda ko'p miqdordagi qo'pol buyumlar bo'lgan (tadqiqotlar natijasida topilgan sopol buyumlarning 21%). Ovqat pishirish uchun eng ko'p ishlatiladigan navlar quyidagilardir: Xeys 23, 185, 196 va 197. Shimoliy Afrikadan kelib chiqqan material Sanitja seramika umumiy sonining 57,5 foizini tashkil qiladi. Bu Menorka va Afrikaning shimolidagi tijorat aloqalarini tasdiqlaydi.
So'rovlar davomida aniqlangan yana bir muhim kulolchilik guruhi - bu qayta tiklangan parchalarning 20 foizini tashkil etadigan oksidlangan qo'pol buyumlar. Uning kelib chiqishini aniqlash qiyin bo'lsa ham, bu mahalliy qo'lda ishlangan sopol idishlar turi yoki Iberian península-da ishlab chiqarilgan bo'lishi mumkin.
Iberiya yarim orolidan, erta imperiya davrining birinchi bosqichlarida ishlab chiqarilgan Tarraco (Tarraconenses amphora) dan amfora mavjudligini eslatib o'tish muhimdir (umumiy miqdorning 2,9% atrofida). Ispaniyaning janubiy qismidan baliqlarni saqlash uchun amforalar, Dressel 7/11 va Dressel 20, yog'ga (jami 1,2%) to'plandi.
Bundan tashqari, 1994 yilda Sanitja portida topografik va planimetrik suratga olish ishlari olib borildi. Shu tarzda, shaharni rejalashtirish va materiallarning muhim kontsentratsiyasi maydonlarini o'rganishni boshlash uchun sirtdan ko'rinadigan tuzilmalar xaritaga tushirildi.
| Toping | Sinf | Turi | Jantlar | Asoslar | Tutqichlar | Shakl yo'q | Jami parchalar | Jami jismoniy shaxslar |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2-maydon | Afrika kostryulkalari | Xeys 23b | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2-maydon | Afrika kostryulkalari | Xeys 196 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2-maydon | Afrika amforasi | Keay 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2-maydon | Afrika amforasi | Keay 8b | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2-maydon | Italiya amforasi | Doktor 1b | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2-maydon | Pompeyning qizil buyumlari | Ind. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2-maydon | Opus signinum | Ind. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| 2-maydon | ARS D. | Xeys 46,8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2-maydon | ARS D. | Xeys 61b | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2-maydon | ARS D. | Xeys 80a | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2-maydon | ARS D. | Xeys 87a | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2-maydon | ARS D. | Xeys 99 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2-maydon | ARS D. | Xeys 104b | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2-maydon | ARS D. | Qo'zichoq. 60 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | Afrika kostryulkalari | Xeys 23a | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | Afrika kostryulkalari | Xeys 23b | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 18 |
| 4-maydon | Afrika kostryulkalari | Xeys 183 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | Afrika kostryulkalari | Xeys 185 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 6 |
| 4-maydon | Afrika kostryulkalari | Xeys 194 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | Afrika kostryulkalari | Xeys 195 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 4-maydon | Afrika kostryulkalari | Xeys 196 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 39 | 39 |
| 4-maydon | Afrika kostryulkalari | Xeys 197 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 22 |
| 4-maydon | Afrika kostryulkalari | Ostia 3,108 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | Afrika kostryulkalari | Ostiya 3,324 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | Afrika amforasi | Keay 1a | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | Afrika amforasi | Keay 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | Afrika amforasi | Keay 57b | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 4-maydon | Afrika amforasi | Keay 62 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 |
| 4-maydon | Afrika amforasi | Keay 62a | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 4-maydon | Afrika amforasi | Keay 62g | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | Afrika amforasi | Keay 62g / 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | Betik amfora | Doktor 7/11 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 4-maydon | PE amforasi | PE 24 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | PE amforasi | PE 25 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | Tarrakonenslar amforasi | Doktor 2/4 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 12 | 8 |
| 4-maydon | Tarrakonenslar amforasi | Pask. 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 4-maydon | Tarrakonenslar amforasi | TAR 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | Kampanian B | Qo'zichoq. 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | ARS A | Xeys 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | ARS A | Xeys 6b | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 7 |
| 4-maydon | ARS A | Xeys 6c | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 6 |
| 4-maydon | ARS A | Xeys 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 4-maydon | ARS A | Xeys 9a | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| 4-maydon | ARS A | Xeys 14/17 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 12 |
| 4-maydon | ARS A | Qo'zichoq. 20 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | ARS C | Xeys 72 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | ARS D. | Xeys 12/11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | ARS D. | Xeys 58 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | ARS D. | Xeys 63 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | ARS D. | Xeys 64 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 4-maydon | ARS D. | Xeys 67 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 4-maydon | ARS D. | Xeys 69 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 4-maydon | ARS D. | Xeys 76 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | ARS D. | Xeys 91 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 4-maydon | ARS D. | Xeys 94 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 4-maydon | ARS D. | Xeys 99 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 9 |
| 4-maydon | ARS D. | Xeys 103b | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 4-maydon | ARS D. | Xeys 104a | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| 4-maydon | ARS D. | Xeys 104b | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 4-maydon | ARS D. | Qo'zichoq. 58 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | ARS D. | Qo'zichoq. 60 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | Italiyalik T.S. | Gud. 17/18 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | Italiyalik T.S. | Gud. 27 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 4-maydon | Italiyalik T.S. | Gud. 36a | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | Kech Rim S | Qo'zichoq. 1/3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | Janubiy Galliya T.S. | Suring. 24/25 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | Janubiy Galliya T.S. | Suring. 27 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4-maydon | Janubiy Galliya T.S. | Suring. 35/36 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 4-maydon | Janubiy Galliya T.S. | Suring. 37 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Sanitja portining suv osti arxeologiyasi
Hududdan o'rganilgan dastlabki arxeologik materiallar dengiz tubidan topilgan. Bu orolda birinchi sho'ng'in sho'ng'in klublari tashkil etilganida, 1974 yilda sodir bo'lgan. Milodiy I-IV asrlarga oid bir qator amforalar topilib, dengiz tubidan tiklana boshladi va shu bilan bu erda Rim xarobalari mavjudligini isbotladi. Besh yil o'tgach, birinchi suv osti tadqiqotlari o'tkazildi. Topilgan amforaning ayrim jantlari markalar bilan taqdim etilgan. Ulardan ikkitasi LEPMI BSCD va TEP / LOP ni o'qiydi. Shuningdek, Kechiktirilgan imperiyaning ba'zi amforalari (Dressel 26) topilgan. Keyingi yillarda orolning ba'zi arxeologlari va tarixchilari Menorkaning turli xil suv osti joylaridan topilgan amforalar va seramika turlari haqida maqolalar chop etishdi. Ampforalarning ayrim turlari PE 17, 25 y 26 edi. Shuningdek, J.K.Nikolas Rim haqida yozgan langar Menorkada topilgan, u erda Sanitjadan 26 kilogramm og'irlikdagi langar zaxirasini eslatib o'tgan.[10]
1994 yilda suv osti vizual tekshiruvi o'tkazildi, unda ba'zi materiallar aniqlandi va topografik qayd etildi, shu jumladan izolyatsiya qilingan materiallar (ankraj joylari). Ulardan ba'zilari, shu jumladan Janubiy Galliyadan (Hermet 18 turi) buzilmagan siyoh idishi tiklandi. Shuningdek, ularning joylashishini ko'rsatish uchun oltita langar guruhi topildi va xarita tuzildi. Ulardan to'rttasi Rim, qolgan ikkitasi, ehtimol O'rta asrlar yoki O'rta asrlardan keyin bo'lgan. 1999 yilda Imperial Rim davridan (Vessberg turi C. I / II) yaxshi saqlanib qolgan shisha idish topilganligini eslatib o'tish joiz. Ushbu kema kemada tashilgan bo'lishi kerak.
2001 yilda birlashtirilib, boshqa so'rov o'tkazildi masofadan turib zondlash arxeologlar dalgıçlarının vizual so'rovi bilan yon skaner sonar va echo sounder kabi usullar. Olingan natijalar ushbu hududning suv osti arxeologiyasiga ko'proq oydinlik kiritdi, chunki o'n uchta amfora klasteri va yana beshta langar joylashgan edi. Bular va 1994 yilda topilgan oltitalar turli davrlarda jami o'n bir aniqlangan langarni qo'shadilar. Amforalar to'g'risida ushbu topilmalar Rim shahrining miloddan avvalgi II asrdan milodiy VI asrgacha bo'lgan uzoq vaqt bosib olinganligini va O'rta er dengizining ushbu qismida sodir bo'lgan kuchli dengiz savdosini tasdiqladi. Amforalar respublika davridan turli xil tipologiyalarni taqdim etishdi (Italiya Amforalari.) Kampaniya, masalan, Dressel 1) dastlabki imperiyaga (Betic amforalar, masalan, Dressel 20) va kech imperiya davriga (afrikalik amforalar, masalan, AFR 2d).
2006 yildan boshlab ushbu hududda suv osti arxeologik tadqiqotlar muntazam olib borilmoqda.[11] G'avvoslarga asoslangan so'rovlar allaqachon ma'lum bo'lgan buyumlar va saytlarning chegaralarini, shuningdek ilgari aniqlanmagan xususiyatlarini aniqlashga qaratilgan bo'lib, ularni tuzish bilan bog'liq vazifalar topografik xarita topilgan barcha elementlarni hujjatlashtirish va to'liq ro'yxatga olish, ularning saqlanishini va muhofaza qilinishini baholash va boshqalarni o'z ichiga olgan dengiz tubi, Rim amforasi klasterlari, langar va qo'rg'oshin zaxiralari kabi boshqa xususiyatlar, shuningdek zamonaviy davrning boshqa xususiyatlari, masalan, post. -1700 langar va boshqa toshli langar va boshqa potentsial metall langar kabi noaniq davrlarning boshqalari. 2009 yilda ularning xavfsizligini ta'minlash va batafsil arxeologik tahlillarni o'tkazishga imkon berish uchun dengiz tubidan bir qator artefaktlar (amfora va tosh langar) topildi. Shuningdek, zamonaviy perdiodli kema halokatlari tekshirilmoqda, jumladan ramkalar, taxta va shiftdagi yog'och kabi elementlar (Quyida ushbu kema halokatlari haqida batafsil ma'lumotni ko'ring). Dengiz tubida yotgan barcha qoldiqlar Menorkaning shimoliy qirg'og'idagi dengizni kesib o'tish, tashqi ta'sirlar, iqtisodiyot, savdo va migratsiya shakllari kabi muhim omillar haqida juda ko'p ma'lumotni tushuntirib berishi mumkin.
Rimning Sanitja portini bosib olishi
Rim harbiy lageri (123 B. C - 50 B. C)
Miloddan avvalgi 123 yilda general Quintus Caecilius Metellus Balearicus (o'g'li Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus ) Talayotsik jamiyatini tashkil qilgan orolning mahalliy aholisi yashagan Balear orollarini zabt etish tashabbusi bilan chiqdi. Ilgari e'tiborga olinmagan Rim,[12] orollar O'rta er dengizi hukmronligini saqlab qolish uchun muammoga aylandi, chunki harbiy nazorati yo'qligi sababli ular qaroqchilar bilan to'qnashdi, bu esa italik mahsulotlarini O'rta dengizning g'arbiy havzasiga tarqalishiga ta'sir qildi. Ushbu qaroqchilarning kelib chiqishi noma'lum va ular O'rta er dengizida juda taniqli Balear slingerining vakili bo'lgan Talayotic jamiyatining mahalliy aholisi bo'lishi mumkin edi, chunki ular juda muhim rol o'ynaganlar. Punik urushlar Rim va Karfagen Karfagen armiyasida yollanma askarlar sifatida.[13] Ba'zi yozma manbalarda bu fakt tasvirlangan, masalan Strabon:
[...] Erning unumdorligi tufayli aholi Ebuss (Ibiza) aholisiga o'xshab tinch-totuv yashaydi. Biroq, bir nechta yomon odamlar dengiz qaroqchilari bilan birlashganda, hamma yomon obro'ga ega bo'ldi va Balearik Metellus ularni mag'lub etdi va u erda shaharlarga asos soldi. Aynan mana shu serhosillik tufayli ularga hujum uyushtirildi, ular tinch bo'lsa ham va eng yaxshi slingchilar sifatida mashhur edilar ... Ular slingdan bolalikdan foydalanishni shu tarzda mashq qilishadiki, bolalarga ular ovqatlanmaguncha non berishmaydi. uni o'zlarining slingalari bilan urishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Shu sababli, orollarga yaqinlashganda, u hayvonlarning terilarini sling otishidan himoya qilish uchun (kemalarning) pastki qismida uzaytirishni buyurdi. U uch ming rimliklarni Iberiyadan mustamlakachilar sifatida [...].[14]
Qaroqchilik bilan bog'liq ushbu muammo tufayli, bu orollarni Rim Respublikasiga qo'shib olish uchun bahona bo'lishi mumkin edi (mumkin bo'lgan sabablarga ko'ra: yangi shaharlar va mustamlakalarni yaratish uchun yangi hududlarni olish uchun strategik qishloq xo'jaligi uchun serhosil erlari bo'lgan punktlar; Rim armiyasida yollanma askar bo'lib xizmat qila oladigan mohir Balear slingerlari borligi sababli; shu bilan birga O'rta er dengizi ustidan nazoratni kuchaytirgan tijorat yo'llarini belgilash uchun; Rim aristokratiyasining qolgan a'zolari ustidan ustunligini kuchaytirish uchun Metellus klani singari bir oilaga mansub general erishish kerak bo'lgan kuch, sharaf, obro'-e'tibor va shon-sharaf), Senat Orollarni zabt etishni boshlashga qaror qildi. ikki yil ichida amalga oshirilgan konsul Metellus, keyinchalik ular viloyatning bir qismini tashkil qildilar Hispania Citerior yoki Ispaniyaga yaqinroq. Miloddan avvalgi 121 yilda Kvintiy Sezilius Metellus "Balearik" laqabini olib, muvaffaqiyatli g'alabasi uchun sharaf olish uchun Rimga qaytdi. Ushbu ikki yilda portning janubiy uchida, eng baland nuqtada (taxminan 15-20 metr balandlikda) joylashgan Sanitja portida harbiy garnizon tashkil etildi. Metellus bu joyni muhim strategik anklav deb hisoblar ekan, kemalarning portga kirishini nazorat qilish hamda orolning shimoliy qirg'og'ining katta qismida hukmronlik qilish uchun qirg'oq bo'yida joylashgan mudofaa minoralarini o'z ichiga olgan harbiy turar-joy qurdi. Fath tugagandan so'ng, harbiy lager miloddan avvalgi 45 yilgacha foydalanishda davom etdi, bu narsa kosmosning ba'zi bir qayta tashkil etilishi va Fath paytidan o'rtasigacha bo'lgan sopol idishlar va boshqa elementlarning mavjudligi bilan tasdiqlangan. miloddan avvalgi 1-asr. Sanitjadagi Rim harbiy lageri ko'p hollarda sodir bo'lgan voqealarda ishtirok etishi mumkin edi Iberiya yarim oroli Masalan, orollar o'z qo'shinlarining, shu jumladan Balear slingerlarining hal qiluvchi ishtirokida qatnashgan isyonlar va fuqarolik urushlari. Ushbu epizodlardan biri Sertorian urushlari deb nomlangan kontekstda yaratilgan Sulla va Sertorius, bu Ispaniyada miloddan avvalgi 83 va 72 yillarda sodir bo'lgan.). Xuddi shu davrda, Sanitjadagi harbiy lager ishg'olning keyingi bosqichida foydalanishda davom etganligi to'g'risida dalillar mavjud.[15] Ushbu harbiy lagerdan foydalanish mumkin bo'lgan boshqa usullardan so'ng,[16] harbiy lagerdan voz kechish miloddan avvalgi 45 yil atrofida sodir bo'lishi mumkin edi., qachon Qaysar Rim armiyasini qayta tashkil etdi. Bundan tashqari, Balear orollari va yarim orolning aksariyat qismi tinch aholini yashab, mahalliy aholini rimlashtirishi mumkin edi.
Shu tarzda, Sanitjadagi harbiy lager miloddan avvalgi 123 va 121 yillarda amalga oshirilgan Balear orollarini zabt etish paytida emas, balki atrof-muhit sharoitida kech respublika davrining boshqa muhim daqiqalarida ham muhim markazga aylandi. miloddan avvalgi 1-asr o'rtalarida Qaysar davrida nisbiy tinchlik davri o'rnatilgunga qadar senatorlar a'zolari o'rtasida bir nechta nizolar bilan ajralib turardi. Ushbu harbiy lagerning muhim qismining bir qismi uning strategik joylashuvi va armiyadagi tabiiy elementi bilan ta'minlanadi, chunki uning bir qismi Balear slingerlaridan iborat edi. Shu tarzda, harbiy lagerda turli xil kundalik tadbirlarni o'tkazish uchun bir qator kazarmalarni va boshqa joylarni namoyish etadi ("mashg'ulotlardan so'ng yaralarni davolash uchun javobgar askarlar, harbiy kiyimlarni tikish, botinkalarni yamash, o'q ishlab chiqarish uchun qo'rg'oshin eritishi, uskunalarga texnik xizmat ko'rsatish […] ”,[17] va xandaq tomonidan tashkil etilgan mudofaa tizimi bilan o'ralgan, rim askarlari, masalan, lancers (shoshqaloqlik) va piyoda askarlar (printsip), mahalliy slingerlar bilan birga (yordamchilar) birgalikda yashagan va o'qitilgan bo'lar edi.[18] Rim harbiy taktikasini o'rganish, shuningdek, ma'lum darajada Rim urf-odatlari va turmush tarzini qabul qilish uchun ushbu slingerlar lagerda o'qitilgan va ko'rsatma bergan bo'lar edi.
Portda joylashganligi sababli, baliq, bug'doy, sharob, zaytun moyi va boshqalar kabi oziq-ovqat va suyuqlikni o'z ichiga olgan amforada joylashgan yuklar bo'lgan kemalar tufayli lager uchun oziq-ovqat, sharob va boshqa mollarni etkazib berish dengiz orqali olib kelingan. .; dan O'rta dengizning g'arbiy havzasi bo'ylab dengiz yo'llarini kuzatib boradigan Ostiya Menorkaga.[19] Dengiz orqali doimiy ravishda etkazib beriladigan bu narsa, Rim qo'shinini etkazib berish jarayonida ishtirok etgan turli xil odamlarning kelib chiqishiga sabab bo'ldi, masalan, dengizchilar va savdogarlar, ular lager atrofidagi hududga ko'proq yoki ko'proq joylashishni boshlashlari mumkin edi. kamroq doimiy yo'l. Ular bilan bir qatorda Sanitjada garnizonning mavjudligi boshqa odamlarni, masalan, hunarmandlarni, fohishalarni, sehrgarlarni, tavernaning ishchilarini, mahalliy aholi va faxriy askarlarni jalb qilishi mumkin edi; kim lager atrofida yashashni boshlashi va shu yo'l bilan Sanitja portida tinch aholining uydirma joylashuvini tashkil qilishi mumkin edi.
Sanisera shahrining rivojlanishi (miloddan avvalgi 1-asr - milodiy VI asr?[20])
Rim davri (miloddan avvalgi 1-asr - milodiy 5-asr)
Shaharsozlikning har qanday shakli bo'lmagan va "shaharcha" bo'lgan harbiy lager atrofida joylashgan uylarga to'plangan bu uydirma guruh asta-sekin o'sib borar va "" bo'lib chiqmaguncha uyushgan bo'lar edi. " Plini tomonidan eslatib o'tilgan Saniseraning civitalari ". Shunday qilib, Sanitjada Rim qo'shinlari tashkil qilinganidan keyin bir muncha vaqt o'tgach, fuqarolar turar joyi yaratila boshlangan bo'lar edi va aholi ko'payishi bilan u portning sharqiy qismida qandaydir tashkilotni qabul qila boshlagan bo'lar edi. Shaharning keng xronologiyasi shundan dalolat beradiki, u shahar maqomini qabul qilgan va doimiy dehqonchilik, chorvachilik va baliq ovi kabi turli xil iqtisodiy va yashash faoliyati rivojlangan barqaror va doimiy aholi punktiga aylangan. Arxeologik tadqiqotlar natijasida taxminan 14 gektar maydonni (57000 m) aniqlash mumkin bo'ldi2) shaharning eng yuqori cho'qqisidagi eng katta kengayishini anglatadigan perimetrdan (bu milodiy I va III asrlarda sodir bo'lishi mumkin edi)[tushuntirish kerak ]). Sanisera shahrining rivojlanishining muhim omili uning ajoyib tabiiy portda dengiz qirg'og'ida joylashganligi va uni ob-havoning yomon sharoitlaridan himoyalangan Rim portuar shahriga aylantirganligi va u dengiz savdosida muhim rol o'ynashi mumkin edi. O'rta dengizning g'arbiy havzasi. Tovarlarni shaharga va undan olib o'tishda shaharda ham, portning dengiz tubida ham topilgan Menorka orolidan tashqarida ishlab chiqarilgan sopol idishlar va boshqa asarlar bilan tasdiqlangan.[21] Paytida va undan keyin Uchinchi asr inqirozi Rim imperiyasiga tegishli bo'lgan barcha hududlarga ta'sir ko'rsatgan Sanisera ham parchalanishni boshladi, uning atrofi ham, aholisi ham qisqarib ketdi va, ehtimol, shaharsozlikda katta o'zgarishlarni keltirib chiqaradigan, hanuzgacha foydalanilayotgan turli joylarning tarqalishini o'zgartirdi. Ulardan ba'zilari orasida ichki foydalanish sohalarida o'z-o'zini ta'minlash va / yoki oz miqdorda mahsulot etkazib berish va tarqatish uchun ishlab chiqarish zonalarini joriy etish mumkin edi.[22] Shunga qaramay, bu parchalanish O'rta er dengizi boshqa qismlari bilan aloqalarni butunlay buzilishini anglatmas edi, chunki saytda Shimoliy Afrika kabi joylardan kelgan o'sha imperiya davrining so'nggi davrlariga oid turli xil sopol idishlar mavjud.[23]
Kechki antik davr
Rim qulaganidan so'ng, Menorka tomonidan bosib olingan Vandallar milodiy V asrda va Vizantiyaliklar keyingi asrda. Ushbu ikkita madaniyatning Sanitjaga ta'siri hali ham noma'lum bo'lsa-da, har ikkala davrga tegishli materiallar tiklandi. Bu shuni anglatadiki, milodiy V-VI asrlarda Sanitja portiga kelgan tijorat juda kuchli bo'lgan. Bu ARS D (Afrika qizil sirpanadigan buyumlar D), DSP (Dérivée de sigilée paléochrétienne), Kech Rim C, Ilk nasroniylarga tegishli moyli lampalar, Kech Ebussitan buyumlari va bir guruh qo'lda ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulotlar kabi kulolchilik buyumlari borligi sababli aytib o'tilishi mumkin. ehtimol mahalliy yoki sharqdan bo'lishi mumkin Iberiya yarim oroli. Menorka va Shimoliy Afrika (Rim davrida mavjud bo'lgan) Rim davridan keyin ham davom etgan va ular hatto savdo yo'llari bilan kuchaygan.
Rim imperiyasining so'nggi bosqichidan va antik davrning so'nggi davrlaridan boshlab olib borilgan arxeologik tadqiqotlar natijasida turli xil binolar aniqlandi:
1. S-bino (milodiy IV-VI asrlar)
Ushbu qurilish 80-yillarning boshlarida qazilgan. Arxeologlar C bino deb nomlanuvchi to'rtburchaklar shaklidagi 8 xonadan iborat binoni aniqladilar, ulardan ba'zilari omborxona sifatida ishlatilgan, boshqalari mahalliy sharob ishlab chiqarish uchun press taqdim etgan. Ushbu press opus signinum bilan qoplangan o'zaro bog'langan sardobalar tizimidan iborat edi. Biroq, sardobalar binafsha rang bo'yoq yoki sho'r baliq ishlab chiqarish uchun ishlatilgan deb o'ylash mumkin. Bino milodiy 450 va 524 yillarda ishg'ol qilingan. Xonalardan birida (C14) 5 ta yirik afrikalik amfora (RITA, 1984: 44) va marmar qurbongoh stolining bir qismi topilgan. (RITA, 1997: 79).[24] Yo'l qoplamasi juda siqilgan loy qatlamidan iborat edi. Shuningdek, turli xonalarga kirish joylarini belgilab qo'ygan bir nechta tosh plitalar yozib olindi. Bir necha yil o'tgach, C binosi va uning atrofini qazish natijasida topilgan eng muhim materiallar nashr etildi.[25]
2. Dastlabki xristianlar bazilikasi
C binosini qazishdan so'ng, o'sha guruh katta miqdordagi materiallar kontsentratsiyasi bilan bir qatorda yuzasida monolit tosh sarkofagi bo'lgan hududni tekshirishni boshladi.[26] Arxeologlar to'rtburchaklar xonalari bo'lgan bino joylashgan va Opus signinum uning ichida va tashqarisida qabrlar klasterini taqdim etgan yulka.
Bino ichida joylashgan to'rtta qabr (uning qoplamasi ostida) cista tipidagi (tosh plitalar bilan o'ralgan to'rtburchaklar chuqurliklar) bo'lgan. Shuningdek, uning atrofida 21 ta qabriston qazilgan bo'lib, ularning barchasi bitta dafn etilgan (bir nechta qabrlardan tashqari). Barcha qabrlar bir xil xususiyatlarga ega edi: ular qabr buyumlarining biron bir turini taqdim etmagan va odamlar yotgan holatda yotgan.
Biroq, bino qisman qazilgan bo'lib qoldi va shu sababli ular qurilishning qaysi turi ekanligini aniqlay olmadilar. Bir necha yil o'tgach, ushbu hududda tabiiy ob-havo tufayli yarim doira shaklidagi apsis aniqlandi. Shu sababli bino erta nasroniy bo'lgan deb aytish mumkin bazilika, ehtimol milodiy 4-asr oxiri va 5-asr boshlariga tegishli.
Ushbu diniy bino so'nggi yillarda qurilishi mumkin edi Rim imperiyasi, qachon Nasroniylik 4-asr davomida imperiyaning davlat diniga aylandi. Mumkin bo'lgan Afrika va Suriyadagi ta'sirlarni ko'tarib,[27] u sharqdan g'arbiy yo'nalishni va to'rtburchaklar rejani taqdim etadi, u uchta yarimga bo'linadi, markaziy va eng keng yarim doira bilan tugaydi. apsis uning boshida. Bu kabi diniy binoning mavjudligi Sanisera shahrining ma'muriy va siyosiy markaz sifatida ma'lum darajada ahamiyatliligining davomiyligidan dalolat beradi; va 4-5-asrlarda Menorka orolida yangi dinni qattiq qabul qilganligining yana bir dalili.[28]
3. Ruhiylik majmuasi
2008 yildan 2010 yilgacha olib borilgan qazishmalar natijasida Sanitja portining g'arbiy qismida cherkov majmuasi aniqlandi. Milodning VI asridan boshlangan ushbu majmua,[29] consists of a basilica and a large multi-functional building, called Building 10. This building presents a series of rooms, some of them used as stores, deposits and cisterns, while others were bedrooms, kitchens, latrines, dining-rooms and courtyards.
This type of complexes were very common during the Late Antiquity period, with examples all around the Mediterranean. They usually included stables, baptismal fonts, baths, hospitals, hostels and even second houses for bishops. Many of them presented more than one basilica, such as the complex of Francolí in Tarragona, Spain, and San Giusto in Apuliya, Italiya.[30] This is also the case of Sanitja, since the basilica excavated between 1985 and 1987 is located in the proximity of the newly found structures. Future excavations will determine the whole organization of the space and the relation between the two basílicas, as well as other possible buildings and necropoleis.
Other sites of similar characteristics and chronology are: El Bovalar (Lleida, Kataloniya, Spain) which presents a basilica next to a building that could have served as monastery or unit of production; Mount Gelato outside Rome, with a basilica and several buildings including baths, courtyards, cisterns and baptistery; San Pietro in Canosa di Puglia (Italy), with a basilica, guesthouse for pilgrims and second residence of the bishop; Son Peretó and Illa del Rei, in Mallorca and Menorca respectively. The two last sites present basilicas and buildings, as well as tombs located in its surroundings. The former examples are ecclesiastical centers which were located outside the city limits. From the Late Antiquity period there are also religious centers inside the Roman cities, such as the complexes in Tolmo de Minateda (Albasete ), Tarragona, "Barselona", Terrassa va "Valensiya" among others, all of them nowadays located in Spain.
Whereas Building 10 started to be revealed in 2008, the second basilica was found in 2010. A semicircular apse, a presbytery and 3 naves (central nave and two aisles) have been recorded so far. It presents well-preserved masonry blocks, which were nicely worked. This and the basilica found in the 1980s point to the importance of the area during the 5th and 6th centuries AD, when population living in the surroundings must have gathered there. Complexes of this type were often built, both inside and outside the city limits, due to the presence of saints’ relics, which might have caused the desire to visit the place and even be buried near them. Also, the constant arrival of pilgrims that might have gone to the complex in order to visit the relics could have caused the necessity of building a guesthouse. However, Building 10 could have also been a monastery located next to the basilica.
Be that as it may, the presence of a complex presenting these characteristics shows the high degree of organization that Christianity experienced in Menorca during the 5th and 6th centuries AD.
2011 excavations continued to revealed more of this important building. So far the areas which have been completely excavated show evidence that the floors presented pavements consisting of stone slabs. Also, the new exposed walls continued to present big masonry blocks and a great width. Partition walls were also located inside the two naves: the central and the left naves, resulting in two separate rooms in each of them. Regarding the apse's base, it is slightly higher than the rest of the naves of the building, which indicates the importance of this part of the basilica. Having found the wall that presents the limits of the basilica at its Eastern side, part of an exterior wall has been found, which is parallel to and just three meters away from this Eastern limit of the building. Future excavations between the two mentioned walls will determine the function of this space. Also, it will be found out if the exterior wall is an outer wall that could be enclosing the basilica and, perhaps, the entire ecclesiastical complex.
An important characteristic which was noticed in this basilica is that it presents different construction and occupation phases. There is a total of three different construction phases: The first one belongs to some walls from a previous building which was in the same location before the basilica was built. During the construction of the basilica, some parts of the previous building were reused. The second corresponds to the moment when the basilica was built and use as a church, roughly from the middle of the 5th century. The third and last phase is characterized by the partition of some areas in order to create smaller rooms used for domestic purposes. This is attested by the presence of domestic structures such as hearths and amphorae used for the storage of goods. This last phase would have taken place once the building stopped being used as a church and was reused by the locals to make different domestic activities inside.
As for the findings, pottery from the 5th and 6th centuries AD continued to be found, including African productions such as ARS D vessels and ARS oil lamps, D.S.P. from Gaul and Late Roman C from Phocea, as well as a big amount of coarse wares of local production. Also, some personal items such as glass-paste beads, pendants and belt buckle pins have been found, all of them presenting the same chronology as the pottery finds. Also, it is the same type of personal items that have been found at the necropolis (see information below).
4. Necropolis 6
Between 2008 and 2011 a necropolis was excavated in the surroundings of the Port of Sanitja. It consists of 44 tombs that form several rows with passageways between rows and tombs. The majority of these tombs are of the cist type. However, there are two simple pit tombs and one amphora tomb.
The tombs were rectangular pits cut into the calcareous bedrock and then lined with tiles and covered with stone slabs. The tomb cut and stone slab covers were both noted to be of a rough, unrefined workmanship. They follow an east–west orientation, typical of the Christian burial rite, with the head placed at the west end. The tombs contained multiple and single burials, generally in a supine-extended position. The presence of multiple burials were due to the reuse of the tombs, deliberately moving interred individuals to the sides of the tombs in order to make room for subsequent inhumations. Even following disturbance by tomb robbing activity, the cranium tends to remain at the west end of the tomb, no matter the extent of the disturbance of the rest of the skeletal or corporal remains; most probably a sign of respect for and recognition of the individual(s) interred. In some cases deposits of disarticulated remains have been found and suggest that the tombs could have also served as ossuaries.
A minimum number of individuals for the work carried out during the 2008 - 2011 seasons, on tombs 1-44 from Necropolis 6, has been determined as two hundred and fifty, apart from the vast number of disarticulated bones and teeth.
There is a minimal representation of perinates and babies, most probably because there was some level of discrimination in the burial of infants within the community funerary space (as is often seen in necropoles of Early and Late antiquity dates). Also, analysis carried out to the skeletal remains showed that mortality rate increases dramatically during early childhood and it remains quite high throughout the later sub-adult years. Adult mortality is also high in this population, with a very low representation of older adults, making the life expectancy fairly low (between 31–40 years). Similar high indices of mortality are seen in other Roman era populations experiencing high levels of epidemic disease and where medical knowledge was limited. In the adult group, males and females show almost equal percentages of mortality.Regarding pathologies, the three most common conditions observed in the skeletal remains analysed from necropolis 6 were dental calculus, joint disease and non-specific infection, and this is typical for a rural, non-industrialised population.
It is important to mention that in 2011 an amphora tomb, identified as tomb 42, was found in this necropolis. The amphora, African in origin, contained the remains of a one-year-old child. This type of graves, along with the cist tombs, are usually found in this type of Late Antique necropolis.
As for grave goods, personal ítems have been found in some of the tombs. They include earrings, rings, pendants, ceramic beads, glass paste beads and clothes pins. The key features missing to provide us with a more concrete date and a more concrete cultural influence are brooches, cloak pins and belt buckles. Most of the materials recovered from the graves date from the 6th century AD and are comparable to objects located in other Late Antiquity necropolei from the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands. Without being able to ascertain if the interred population was of Hispano-Roman, Vandal, Byzantine or Visigoth origin, it can be asserted that Necropolis 6 contained the remains of a population living in or around the Port of Sanitja during the 6th century AD. Among the most frequently found materials, it is worth mentioning the bronze and silver hoop earrings, bronze rings and glass paste beads of different shapes and sizes, some of them even reused from Punic times.
Future excavations will determine if there was some sort of connection between the ecclesiastical complex and this necropolis, since both share the same chronology.
Evidence of occupation in the port from the Middle Ages to the present
According to the material collected, it is possible that the city was abandoned at some point around the 6th century, even though a small population could have continued to live or use the area.
What happened in the area during the centuries of transition between Antiquity and Middle Ages, around the 5th to the 10th centuries, has not been clarified yet. In this way, this period presents a problem for the study of the city of Sanisera, since no convincing information has been found due to lack of written and archaeological sources. It is possible that during some of these centuries, the two basilicas would have had an important role for the organization of the population living in Sanitja and its surroundings, and could have been used by foreign peoples that could have arrived to the port of Sanitja as colonizers and settlers after the Fall of Rome.[31]
Muslim Occupation
There is evidence in Sanitja of a much later occupation represented by a population living in the port during the Muslim period, due to the presence of a small mosque built by reusing Roman constructive material, which could be related to a possible Muslim farmstead which has not been located yet. Due to this occupation, the port could have continued to be witness of the navigation and maritime commerce taking place in the easternmost territories of Al-Andalus.[32]
In 903 ‘Isâm al-Khawlânî conquered Mallorca and Menorca, due to their strategic position in the Mediterranean. The Islamic occupation lasted until 1286, when Christians conquered Menorca under King.
In Menorca and Mallorca, the placename Sa Mesquida indicates the places where mosques used to be located. The mosque located in Sanitja is the first one found in the Balearic Islands. It consists of a rectangular room with a semicircular projection (mihrab) at the center of its southern wall. Even though the entrance has not been recorded, it could have been opposite the mihrab, at the center of the northern wall.
Zamonaviy davr
S’Almadrava (18th and 19th centuries)
To the east of the Port of Sanitja there is a small traditional white house which was built at the end of the 18th century. It was the first fishing industry set in Menorca and was called S’Almadrava.
In 1787 a group of Menorcan fishermen set this firm in order to fish tuna. Because the company was unsuccessful, it was dissolved one year later. Some decades later, in 1859, they decided to try again with the help of fishermen from the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula. However, the project was abandoned after several attempts. From that moment onwards S'Almadrava was used as a refuge by fishermen from the town of Fornells.
British tower in the Port of Sanitja
The strategic location of the island was the main reason for the British army to occupy it during the 18th and early 19th centuries.War between Napoleon and England made necessary the presence of watchtowers in different territories between 1798 and 1801. The British ruled Menorca for 70 years in three main phases: 1708-1756; 1763–1781 and 1798-1802. In between phases, the French (1756–1763) and the Spanish (1782–1798) governed the island as well.
From the British period in Menorca there are several military buildings, some churches and colonial houses. Another legacy of this British past can be found in the language, since it presents loads of anglicisms.
At the entrance to the port there is an English watchtower, which was built in 1800. It was erected during the last phase of British occupation (1798–1802), forming part of a system of eleven towers whose function was that of averting enemy armies from disembarking in the port. For this reason, this type of towers presented small detachments and swivel guns on their top floor.
The Sanitja watchtower – identical to the tower in the port of Addaia- is circular in plan and its diameter is 100 m2. It presents four levels or floors: A subterranean ground which was used as a cistern to collect rain water; the ground floor that was divided up in three rooms to store supplies and weapons. The third level served as bedroom for the garrison. The fourth or top floor presented a swivel gun at its center. From there a vast territory could be controlled, including two other towers located in Fornells and Mount Toro. At a distance of 30 meters to the east of the tower there was a set of batteries (small cannons) protected by a short dry wall (80 centimeters tall) which was parallel to the coast line.
This type of military structures can be found in Ireland, where they are known as Martello minoralari. They were also built during the early 19th century, such as the tower in Shenik oroli.
Another important element which is related to the British watchtower is located right in the coastline of the Port of Sanitja. It consists of two semicircular structures formed by irregular limestone blocks. Next to one of them there is a wall which follows an east–west orientation, entering into the sea. This could be a dock used by the British soldiers, whereas the two semicircular structures could be small bulwarks that controlled the arrival of boats to the port.
Cavalleria lighthouse and shipwrecks
In 1857 a lighthouse was built on the northernmost point of Cavalleria Cape under the petition of the authorities of the island, due to the frequency of wrecks taking place on the northern coast. The lighthouse tower is 15 metres high and it is located 94 metres above the sea level. It shows two white lights every ten seconds and reaches a maximum of 26 nautical miles.[33]
In fact, more than 700 wrecks between the 14th and the 19th centuries are documented in different charts. According to these written records, many of them wrecked during the 18th and 19th centuries, such as San-Xosef (1712), La Asunson (1821), San Jaume (1892) va Bourgianen (1900). Ulardan ikkitasi, La Asunson va Bourgianen were located in the past few years.
The Bourgianen
In 2006 a comprehensive underwater survey was undertaken to identify any potential remains from the wreck of the Bourgianen, 19-asr oxiri o'qituvchi wrecked at the mouth of the inlet in June 1900. The survey identified the presence of a section of timber wreckage and also identified a number features associated with this wreckage, including iron concretions and a possible swivel-gun.
This schooner, which was of Italian origin and built in August 1899, was commanded by captain Narciso Antonio Barsello. The vessel was on-route from the port of Catania to Barcelona with a cargo of broad-beans and other perishable goods. The vessel's rudder was damaged and broke apart.
La Asunson
A large number of masonry blocks and rectangular anthracite blocks were encountered scattered across the seabed. These blocks are thought to represent the debris-field from the wreck of the Sardinian xebec La Asunción, a vessel commanded by captain Antonio d’Así which was reported to have been wrecked in 1821.
2009 yilgi kashfiyot
A survey carried out in November 2009 made the discovery of a previously unknown section of timber wreckage. The exposed section of timber from the wreck comprises fourteen framing timbers, four ceiling timbers, and two partially visible outer planking timbers.
Adabiyotlar
- ^ Baliares funda bellicosas Graeci Gymnasias dixere. maior Cp. est longitudine, circuitu vero CCCCLXXV.ppa habet civium Romanorum Palmam et Pollentiam,Latina Guium et Tucim, et foederatum Bocchorum fuit. ab ea XXXdistat minor, longitudine XL, circuitu CL.Civitates habet Iamonem, Saniseram, Magonem.
- ^ Latitude of 40° 03’ 10” and longitude of 7° 45’ 20” East.[shubhali ] Source: Servicio Cartográfico del Ejército, page 618, I -II.
- ^ Authors such as J.Ramis Ramis (1785); F. Oleo y Quadrado and Luis Salvados during the 19th century, supported the idea that Sanisera could have been related to the ruins at Sanitja.
- ^ “ A sa part ponent des port de Sa Nitja, hi ha mostres- sa principal és el cementiri o carnatge d´haver- hi existiti una població. Es nom des rodol en fa esment: es diu Ses Vilotes. I diuen que en diez de bonança, an es fons de la mar, dins es port, se veuen cases... Conten que sa població se deia Janissari; que a Janissari, en es punt dit s´ Almadrava, hi havia una esglesieta, de sa que prevé sa imatge de la Verge del Carme, sa patrona de s´ Oratori públic des proper casal de pagès de Santa Tresa sa imatge sembla verament molt antiga. Junt a Ses Vilotes està es Canal de Sa Cadena, dit així perquè un Bisbe, lligat a una cadena, hi fou arrossegat, fins que morí. Seria un martir?...Persones compatívoles donaren sepultura an es cos des Bisbe en es Mitjà de ses Abelles, que està damunt una esquena que domina es Canal de Sa Cadena. Sabent-se acó per tradició, un dia, llaurant dins es Canal, amb sa rella se va descolgar una cadena llarguíssima, la que, en cert modo, vingué a confirmar sa veu pública, a sa històrica cadena, que tothom diu que ha existit, no es sap de ningú que l´hagi vista.” (F. Camps i Mercadal: Folklore menorquí de la pagesia, p.68)
- ^ s.a.n.i. (Siles 1288) Tivissa. Pàtera. 2) s.a.n.e.r. (Siles 1372): El Solaig. Plom. 3) sani (---) (Velaza 457): Pech Maho. Plom. 4) sanibar (Velaza 458): Pech Maho. Plom. 5) sanibeirai (Velaza 459): Orley. Plom. 6) sanikeai (Velaza 460): Orley. Plom. 7) sanibelser (CIL I2 709).
- ^ Pokorny, J. Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Bern, pp. 909-910.
- ^ Archaeological work carried out by C. Rita. Rita, C. et alii; Las excavaciones arqueológicas en el yacimiento de Sanitja (Menorca) hasta 1984.
- ^ Investigations carried out by the direction of the Cap de Cavalleria ekomuzeyasi.
- ^ From this year onwards, archaeological investigations of the port of Sanitja are developed by the non profit organization Sanitja, with headquarters at the Ecomuseum of Cap de Cavalleria.
- ^ Nicolás, cepos: Nicolas, J.C.: Arqueologia submarina en Menorca. Cepos de ancla romanos, en Prehistoria y Arqueologia de las Islas Baleares. VI Simposium de Prehistoria Peninsular, 1974, pp. 452.
- ^ The Ecomuseum of the Cape of Cavalleria is the institution in charge of the underwater archaeological investigation.
- ^ No previous campaigns held the possibility of annexing those territories to the domains of the Republic.
- ^ The slingers, admired for their skill in the use of the slingshot by classical authors such as Pliny the Elder (Historia Naturalis, 3, 5, 76), fought in the Carthaginian army probably from 4th century BC to the conquest of the Balearic Islands in the year 123 BC; pointing out their participation in the first two Punic Wars (264 – 241 BC and 218 – 201 BC). Maybe, the military inactivity after the Punic Wars (146 BC) led the Balearic mercenaries carry out piratic activities. After the Roman conquest, they fought as mercenaries, but this time in the Roman army.
- ^ Strabo, Geography. Book III (5, 1)
- ^ In this case, the Roman army settled in Sanitja, would have participated in this conflict, something which is attested by the materials located in stratigraphic contexts belonging to that period, restructurings and the location of lead and stone bullets used as ammunition for the slingshots, some of them presenting the inscription S CAE, which possibly refers to Quintus Cecilius Metellus Pius, who fought in Hispania in favour of the dictator Sulla against Sertorius.
- ^ it could have been in use until around 45 B. C., a chronology which is also accepted thanks to the study of the stratigraphy of the site. Around that time the army at Sanitja could have possibly participated in the confrontations between Caesar and Pompey in the first half of the 1st century BC, when the islands came on the scene again when Pompey’s son, Cneo, prepared from the Balearic Islands and expedition to the Peninsula in order to attack Caesar’s legates.
- ^ F. Contreras Rodrigo, “Sanisera, ciudad romana de Menorca. Su origen”, La Mirada del pasado, Edicions de Turisme Cultural, 1998, pp. 303-305.)
- ^ The presence of Balearic slingers forming part of the Roman troops is attested by the material culture that belongs to them, such as talayotic pottery, ornamental accessories and leadbullets for the slingshots; the latter found both inside and outside the limits of the camp.
- ^ “The first itinerary followed the Italian, the Gallic and the Iberian coasts: Ostia – Marseille – Ampurias - the Levantine coast – Ibiza – Mallorca – Menorca - the Boniface Straits - Ostia. The second route included the ports already mentioned, except that the Italian coast would not be passed. Instead, they would sail through the Boniface Straits as it seemed a shorter route.” (F. Contreras Rodrigo, 1998: 303-305).
- ^ Chronology confirmed by the pottery collected in different surveys as well as in the excavations carrying out so far, with presence of pottery dating from the Republican (for example: Italian amphorae, campanian pottery A and B) to the late Antiquity period (such as African T.S. Clara, grey sigillatas, etc). However, future archaeological excavations will continue to determine more accurately the chronology of the site.
- ^ Pottery from the island of Eivissa, Iberian Peninsula, Italian Peninsula, as well as Northern Africa, thus proving the commercial relations and maritime routes which connected Menorca to other points of the western Mediterranean Sea.
- ^ For example, one of the buildings excavated in the ‘80s, known as Building C, presents different phases of occupation, the most recent presenting a modification of the space for the introduction of elements related to the production and storage of wine or olive oil, in an area of the house originally used for domestic purposes.
- ^ TS Claras A and D, Grey early Christian pottery, African amphorae like Keay LXI, with a chronology ranging from 450 to 700 AD.
- ^ RITA, C. (1992): “Ánforas africanas del Bajo Imperio romano en el yacimiento arqueológico de Sanitja (Menorca)”, III Reunió d’Arqueologia Cristiana Hispànica, Maó, 1988, pp. 331; Rita, C. (1997): “Alguns materials baix imperials de Sanitja amb motius decoratius cristians”, en Meloussa, 4, pp. 75-86. RITA,C. (1992): “Ánforas africanas del Bajo Imperio romano en el yacimiento arqueológico de Sanitja (Menorca)”, III Reuniód’Arqueologia Cristiana Hispànica, Maó, 1988, pp. 321-331.
- ^ Rita, C. (1997): “Alguns materials baix imperials de Sanitja amb motius decoratius cristians”, en Meloussa, 4, pp. 75-86. RITA, C. (1992); “Ánforas africanas del Bajo Imperio romano en el yacimiento arqueológico de Sanitja (Menorca)”, III Reunió d’Arqueologia Cristiana Hispànica, Maó, 1988, pp. 321-331.
- ^ Only two stone sarcophagi have been found in Menorca: one at Sanitja and another at Es Cap des Port in Fornells, where there was another Early Christian basilica
- ^ As in the case of the Basilica of Son Bou (located in the south of Menorca), which presents three naves, with a semicircular apse at one of the two ends of the central nave, as well as two rooms at both sides of the apse.
- ^ Assertion based on the large number of early Christian basilicas roughly contemporary to this one, as well as on writings such as bishop Sever of Menorca’s letter (418 AD), in which he exposed a well-established ecclesiastical organization at the beginning of the 5th century
- ^ assestion made due to the most recent pottery recovered from the site, dating from the late 5th and 6th centuries AD (such as several types of ARS D 80b, 87, 93, 94, 97, 99b, 104, 105 and 106)
- ^ López Vilar, J., Tàrraco Paleocristiana: El Suburbi de Francolí, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, 2004.
- ^ Historiography let us know about the occupation of the island of Menorca by a Germanic tribe, the Vandals, who could have arrived in the 5th century and by Byzantines in the 6th century AD, as part of emperor Justinian’s plans of restoring the Roman Empire. If those peoples, or others who have not been documented yet, were in the island, they could have settled in Sanisera along with the residual Hispano-Roman population.
- ^ The so-called Šharq Al-Andalus (Eastern Al-Andalus)
- ^ "Cavalleria Lighthouse". Balear dengiz chiroqlari. Port Authority of Balearic Islands. Olingan 4 iyul 2020.
Bibliografiya
- Strabon, Geografiya. III jild. Books V-VII
- Katta Pliniy, Historia Naturalis. III kitob
- Francesc Camps i Mercadal, Llegendes de Menorca, en Folklore Menorquí de la Pagesia, Tom V Col.lecció Capcer, 1986
- Miquel Àngel Casanovas Camps, Història de Menorca (2005)
- P. Palol, Arqueología Cristiana de la España Romana. Siglos IV-VI(Madrid, 1967)
- López Vilar, J., Tàrraco Paleocristiana: El Suburbi de Francolí, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, 2004.
Tashqi havolalar
- Ecomuseu de Cavalleria
- Digital Library of History and Archaeology of Menorca
- JAQUEMOT, A. (2002): El topònim preromà de Sanisera. “Butlletí”, 104-105 (XXVIII Col•loqui de Maó i Ciutadella 2002). Pags. 197-202. Societat d’Onomàstica. Barcelona, 2007.
Koordinatalar: 40 ° 04′15 ″ N. 4°5′17″E / 40.07083°N 4.08806°E