Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi tomonidan inson huquqlarining buzilishi - Human rights violations by the CIA

Ushbu maqola qo'rg'oshin bo'limi etarli darajada bo'lmasligi mumkin xulosa qilish uning tarkibi. Vikipediyaga mos kelish uchun qo'rg'oshin bo'limi ko'rsatmalari, iltimos, natijani o'zgartirishni o'ylab ko'ring kirish uchun umumiy nuqtai nazarni taqdim etish maqolaning qisqacha versiyasi sifatida o'z-o'zidan tura oladigan tarzda maqolaning asosiy fikrlarini. (2020 yil sentyabr)

Ushbu maqolada Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi ning Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining federal hukumati, bu buzilgan inson huquqlari.

O'lim guruhlarini tayyorlash va qo'llab-quvvatlash

Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi bu bilan shug'ullangan o'lim otryadlarini tayyorlash va qo'llab-quvvatlash Lotin Amerikasidagi AQSh tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan o'ng diktaturalarga qarshi norozilikni bostirdi. Gonduras armiyasining sobiq tergovchisi Florensio Kaballeroning aytishicha, u Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi tomonidan o'qitilgan, u Nyu-York Tayms AQSh va Gonduras rasmiylari bilan tasdiqlangan. Uning ma'lumotlarining aksariyati uchta amerikalik va ikkita gonduraslik amaldorlar tomonidan tasdiqlangan bo'lib, shubhali chapchilarni qo'lga olgan, so'roq qilgan va o'ldirgan o'lim otryadlarini qanday tashkil etish huquqiga ega bo'lgan armiya va politsiya bo'linmalari haqida to'liq ma'lumot bo'lishi mumkin. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, argentinalik va chililik murabbiylar Gonduras armiyasini o'g'irlash va yo'q qilish usullarini o'rgatishgan bo'lsa, Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi jismoniy qiynoq yoki suiqasddan foydalanishni aniq taqiqlagan.^[1]

Kaballero Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining rolini noaniq deb ta'rifladi. "Kaballeroning so'zlariga ko'ra, yuqori lavozimli ofitserlar unga va armiya razvedka bo'linmalarining boshqa a'zolariga Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi maslahatchilaridan o'lim guruhlaridagi ishtiroklarini yashirishni buyurdilar. U 1979 yilda Xyuustonga olti oy davomida Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi o'qituvchilari tomonidan so'roq qilish texnikasi bo'yicha o'qitilishi uchun yuborilganini aytdi." Ular meni Gondurasda jismoniy qiynoqqa solishni to'xtatish uchun so'roq qilishda tayyorladilar - ular psixologik usullarni o'rgatishdi ", dedi janob Kaballero o'zining amerikalik mashg'ulotlari haqida." Shunday qilib, bizda kimdir muhim bo'lganida, uni amerikaliklardan yashirib, o'zimiz so'roq qildik va keyin uni o'ldirish uchun o'lim guruhiga berdi ".

Jon R. Stokvell Agentlikni tark etgan va jamoat tanqidchisiga aylangan Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi zobiti, Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining dala ofitserlari haqida shunday degan: "Ular odamlarni kesib tashlayotgan yoki ko'chaga yotqizayotgan va yuk mashinalarini bosib o'tgan ko'chalarda o'lim guruhlarini uchratishmaydi. San-Salvadordagi Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi xodimlari politsiya boshliqlari va o'lim guruhlarini boshqaradigan odamlar bilan uchrashadilar va ular bilan aloqada bo'lishadi, ular villalarning suzish havzasi yonida uchrashadilar va bu zamonaviy, madaniyatli tur. Va ular UCLA yoki Garvard va boshqa maktablarda o'qiyotgan bolalari haqida gapirishadi va qilinayotgan dahshatli voqealar haqida gapirishmaydi.^[2]

Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi Lotin Amerikasidagi o'lim guruhlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashidan tashqari, Human Rights Watch tashkiloti Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi Afg'onistondagi shunga o'xshash o'lim guruhlarini qo'llab-quvvatlaganligi haqida 2019 hisobotida ta'kidladi.^[3] Hisobotda Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan afg'on kuchlari "qisqacha qatllar va boshqa og'ir suiiste'molliklar "2017 yildan 2019 yilgacha bo'lgan o'ndan ortiq tungi reydlar davomida. o'lim guruhlari" tinch aholini suddan tashqari o'ldirishgan " majburiy g'oyib bo'lish hibsga olinganlar va qo'zg'olonchilarni davolaydigan sog'liqni saqlash muassasalariga hujumlar " Vitse-muovin Human Rights Watch hisobotining mazmuni bo'yicha hisobot.^[4] Xuddi shu maqolaga ko'ra, "Kuchlar Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi ostida toliblar, Al-Qoida va IShID isyonchilarini nishonga olish uchun jalb qilinadi, jihozlangan, o'qitilgan va joylashtirilgan". O'lim guruhlari AQSh havo hujumlarini chaqira olish qobiliyatiga ega, bu tinch aholi, shu jumladan bolalarning o'limiga olib keldi va fuqarolik hududlarida, shu jumladan to'ylarda, bog'larda va maktablarda sodir bo'ldi.

Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi Lotin Amerikasidagi o'lim guruhlariga yordam berish, qo'llab-quvvatlash, ishtirok etish va qo'llab-quvvatlashdan tashqari, demokratik yo'l bilan saylangan hukumatlarni ag'darish orqali inson huquqlarini buzgan. Chilida, 1970 yil sentyabr oyida sotsialistik Salvador Allendening demokratik saylovi haqidagi xabar Oq uyga etib kelganida, davlat kotibi Genri Kissincer uni "inqirozlar kuzi" deb atagan.^[5] Richard Xelms boshchiligidagi Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi "deyarli hech qanday tayyorgarliksiz yashirin harakatlarni boshlashga" yo'naltirilgan.^[6] 1973 yilda Chili qurolli kuchlari tomonidan ayblovni boshqargan Augusto Pinochet tomonidan amalga oshirilgan davlat to'ntarishi uyushtirildi va ishtirokchilar bilan retroaktiv suhbatlar "Nikson Oq uy va harbiy to'ntarish tashabbuskorlari o'rtasidagi maxfiy aloqani ko'rsatmoqda" ^[7]

Qiynoq va jazo

  AQSh va Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasida gumon qilingan "qora saytlar "

  G'ayrioddiy ijrolar ushbu mamlakatlar tomonidan amalga oshirilgan

  Aytilishicha, hibsga olingan shaxslar ushbu mamlakatlar orqali olib o'tilgan

  Aytilishicha, hibsga olingan shaxslar ushbu mamlakatlarga kelishgan

Manbalar: Xalqaro Amnistiya^[8] Human Rights Watch tashkiloti

Keyingi 11 sentyabr hujumlari, Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi hibsga olinganlarni qiynoqqa solish bilan shug'ullangan qora saytlar^[9][10][11] va hibsga olinganlarni do'stona hukumatlar tomonidan AQSh va xalqaro qonunlarga zid ravishda qiynoqqa solinishi uchun yuborgan.^{[12][13][14][15]}

Qora saytlarning mavjudligi birinchi tomonidan nashr etilgan Washington Post 2005 yil noyabrida inson huquqlari NNTlar.^[16] AQSh prezidenti Jorj V.Bush 2006 yil 6-sentabrdagi nutqi davomida Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi tomonidan boshqariladigan maxfiy qamoqxonalar mavjudligini tan oldi.^[17][18][19]

Bosh prokuror yordamchisining o'rinbosari, shu jumladan ma'muriyat rasmiylari Jon Yo,^[20] kabi taniqli huquqshunos olimlar kabi Alan Dershovits,^[21] terrorizmda gumon qilinuvchilarga qarshi qiynoqlar qo'llanilishini ommaviy ravishda himoya qildi va oqladi.

May oyida 2018, The Evropa inson huquqlari sudi^[22] Ruminiya va Litva davlatlariga hukmronlik qildi^[23] Qo'shma Shtatlar Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi (Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi) tomonidan amalga oshirilgan qiynoq harakatlarida qatnashgan. Ikki mamlakatda "qora sayt" qiynoq xonalari va hibsxonalarini boshqargani aniqlandi^[24] shuning uchun inson huquqlarini jiddiy ravishda buzish. Ruminiyada maxfiy bino Shimoliy Buxarestda joylashgan edi. Litvada qora sayt 2002 yilidayoq faoliyat yuritgan poytaxt Vilnyusda mehmonxona bo'lgan. 2014 yil dekabrida AQSh Senati Razvedka bo'yicha qo'mitani tanlaydi Saudiya Arabistoni fuqarolari Abd al-Rahim an-Nashiri bilan bog'liq qiynoq tafsilotlarini o'z ichiga olgan hisobotni taqdim etdi^[25] uni boshqarishda gumon qilinmoqda bombardimon qilish AQSh dengiz kuchlari boshqariladigan-raketa esminetsi USS Koul Yaman va Abu Zubayda,^[26] taxmin qilinayotgan Al-Qoida terrorchisi. Evropa sudi "ikkita qimmatbaho mahbuslar" "Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi qora saytida yomon muomalaga va o'zboshimchalik bilan qamoq jazosiga duchor bo'lganligini aytdi. Shu sababli Litva va Ruminiya hukumatlari inson huquqlari to'g'risidagi Sharqiy Konvensiyaning qiynoqlarni taqiqlash qoidalarini buzdilar. Litva hukumati ham Qo'shimcha suiiste'mol qilish uchun Zubaydaning Afg'onistondagi maxfiy qamoqxonaga olib borilishi.Evropa sudi alohida qarorida, Ruminiya o'z mamlakatida Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi tomonidan qiynoqqa solinganligi to'g'risida Ruminiya yaxshi bilgan.^[27][28]

^{Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining qiynoqlarni strategik siyosat sifatida qo'llash harakatlarini qoralagan mustaqil komissiyalar bilan bir qatorda yaqinda o'tkazilgan baholar bunday usullarning kutilmagan oqibatlarini ko'rsatdi. Masalan, marhum senator Jon Makkeyn Al-Qoidaning hibsga olingan yuqori lavozimli mulozimidan Iroqda qanday qilib o'z o'rnini egallaganligini so'ragan va u shunday javob bergan: "Dastlabki istilo muvaffaqiyatli yakunlangandan so'ng boshlangan tartibsizlik va eng katta yollash vositasi: Abu Graib" [29]. AQShning Iroqdagi qamoqxonasi Abu Graib terroristik tashkilotlar uchun targ'ibot vositasiga aylandi. Hatto Al-Qoidaning Iroqdagi sobiq rahbari az-Zarqvi ham amerikalik Nikolas Bergning boshini tanasidan judo qilish "Abu Graibdagi huquqbuzarliklar" uchun qasos sifatida sodir bo'lganligini aytdi. [30]. Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining strategik maqsadlarni amalga oshirish uchun qiynoqlardan foydalanishining yana bir va ehtimol yanada ko'proq natijasi bu "potentsial iroqlik ittifoqchilarni jalb qilishni qiyinlashtiradigan" isbotlangan aloqadir. [31]. Bunday usullar nafaqat inson huquqlarini buzilishi deb hisoblanadi, balki Qo'shma Shtatlar siyosatining maqsadlarida ham idealdan kamligini ko'rsatdi.}

Qiynoq usullari

Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi ba'zi hollarda o'zlari bilmagan holda, ilmiy tadqiqotlarni moliyalashtirganligi va keyinchalik qattiq so'roq qilish usullarini ishlab chiqish uchun foydalanilganligi haqida dalillar mavjud.^[32]

Kengaytirilgan so'roq qilish texnikasi

2002-2007 yillarda, qismi sifatida Terrorizmga qarshi urush, Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi xodimlari "deb nomlanganKengaytirilgan so'roq qilish texnikasi ", qiynoq uchun evfemizm.^{[9][10][33][34][35]} Ning turli rasmiylari Jorj V.Bush ma'muriyati kabi "qattiq" uslublar mavjudligini ta'kidladilar suv kemalari qiynoqqa solinmaydi yoki maqsadlari Terrorizmga qarshi urush bu vositalarni oqlang. Ushbu amaliyotlarga qarshi mahalliy va xalqaro miqyosda katta norozilik namoyishlari bo'lib o'tdi. The Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining qiynoqlar bo'yicha maxsus ma'ruzachisi, Human Rights Watch tashkiloti va amerikalik huquqshunos olimlar qiynoqqa buyurgan, qiynoqqa qonuniy qoplash uchun fitna uyushtirgan Bush ma'muriyati mansabdorlari va uni amalga oshirgan Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi va DoD xodimlari va shartnoma bo'yicha ishchilarni jinoiy javobgarlikka tortishga chaqirishdi.^[36]

Qiynoqlar va qattiq qamoqdagi ayblovlar (shuningdek, hujjatlashtirilgan misollar) yaqinda Terrorga qarshi urush bilan cheklanmagan. Yuriy Nosenko, a Sovet KGB defektor, 1966 yildan 1969 yilgacha AQShning kontinental qismida joylashgan Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining maxfiy izolyatori ostida bo'lgan.^[37]

Waterboarding

Namoyish suv kemalari tomonidan tashrif paytida ko'cha noroziligida Kondoliza Rays ga Islandiya, 2008 yil may

Waterboarding - bu mavzuga cho'kish hissi beradigan va o'pka va tananing boshqa qismlariga doimiy zarar etkazadigan usul. Oldindan mavjud bo'lgan yurak yoki nafas olish yo'llari kasalligiga chalingan ba'zi odamlar suv ostida o'tirganlar, bu usul ostida vafot etishgan.

Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi foydalangan suv kemalari va uchta gumon qilinuvchiga qarshi boshqa so'roq qilish usullari Al-Qoida a'zolar, Xolid Shayx Muhammad, Abu Zubayda va Abd-Rahim an-Nashiri.^[38][39]

Harbiy jinoyatlar uchun javobgarlikni aniqlash

2007 yilda, Qizil Xoch tergovchilar maxfiy hisobotda Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi tomonidan al-Qoidaning yuqori darajadagi mahbuslari uchun so'roq qilish usullari qiynoqqa solinishi, bu ularni Bush ma'muriyatining harbiy jinoyatlarida aybdor deb topishiga olib kelishi mumkin degan xulosaga kelishdi. Dark Side: Terrorizmga qarshi urush qanday qilib Amerika g'oyalariga qarshi urushga aylanganligi haqidagi ichki voqea, tomonidan Jeyn Mayer a jurnalist uchun Nyu-Yorker.^[40]

Kitobga ko'ra, Xalqaro Qizil Xoch qo'mitasi Qo'shma Shtatlar tomonidan qo'lga olingan birinchi al-Qoida arbobi Abu Zubayda ustidan qo'llanilgan usullar "qat'iyan" qiynoqqa solinganligi aniqlandi, bu AQSh qonunchiligida ham, AQSh ishtirok etgan xalqaro konventsiyalarda ham noqonuniy hisoblanadi. Hisobotning nusxasi 2007 yilda Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasiga berilgan. Masalan, kitobda Abu Zubaydaning "juda kichkina ekanligi, u homila holatida oyoq-qo'llarini ko'paytirishi kerakligini aytganligi" va bir necha mahbuslardan biri bo'lganligi aytilgan. Qizil Xoch hisobotiga ko'ra "devorlarga urish" kerak.^[40] Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi Abu Zubaydah va yana ikki mahbus suv osti kemasida bo'lganini, burun va og'izga suv quyilib, bo'g'ilish va cho'kish hissi paydo bo'lishini va xalqaro miqyosda tan olingan qiynoqlarning texnikasini tan oldi.

Qiynoqqa solish bo'yicha mashg'ulotlar

1997 yil 24-yanvarda a-ga javoban ikkita Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi qo'llanmasi maxfiylashtirildi Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun (FOIA) tomonidan berilgan so'rov Baltimor Sun 1994 yilda. Birinchi qo'llanma "KUBARK qarshi razvedka bo'yicha so'roq ", 1963 yil iyulda berilgan, ikkinchi qo'llanmada aksariyat materiallarning manbasi. Ikkinchi qo'llanmada"Inson resurslarini ekspluatatsiya qilish bo'yicha o'quv qo'llanma - 1983 yil ", Lotin Amerikasi davlatlarida, shu jumladan AQShning kamida etti o'quv kurslarida ishlatilgan Gonduras, 1982 yildan 1987 yilgacha. Ikkala qo'llanmada faqat so'roq qilish masalalari ko'rib chiqilgan va "majburlash usullari" ga bag'ishlangan butun bob mavjud.^[41][42] Ushbu qo'llanmalar gumonlanuvchilarni erta tongda ajablanib hibsga olish, ko'zlarini bog'lash va yalang'och echishni tavsiya qiladi. So'roq qilish xonalari derazasiz, ovoz o'tkazmaydigan, qorong'i va hojatxonasiz bo'lishi kerak. Shubhali shaxslar aloqada bo'lmasliklari kerak va ular ovqatlanish va uxlashda odatiy tartibdan mahrum bo'lishlari kerak. Qo'llanmalarda "unga qarshi turish irodasiga ustun bo'lgan tashqi kuchni jalb qilish orqali mavzudagi psixologik regressiyani keltirib chiqarish uchun" qo'llaniladigan majburlash usullari tasvirlangan.^[43]

AQSh qo'llanmalarida majburlash choralari mavjud bo'lsa-da, ular odatda qiynoqlar deb ta'riflangan darajaga ko'tarilmadi. Ammo qiynoqlar madaniy jihatdan avtoritar Janubiy Amerika hukumatlarining bir qismi bo'lgan, ayniqsa 1973-1983 yillarda (Nopok urush ). Argentina bunday usullarni frantsuz tilidan o'rgangan Charly operatsiyasi va uning maxfiy xizmatlari boshqa Janubiy Amerika mamlakatlari xodimlarini o'qitdilar. Qo'shma Shtatlar Federal hukumati (xususan, Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi, mudofaa va davlat idoralari, AID) idoralari xodimlari va rahbariyati bu haqda qay darajada xabardor bo'lganlari, bunga afsuslanganliklari yoki faol yordam berganliklari aniq emas.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

2007 yilda argentinalik bosh tergovchi Ernesto Gilyermo Barreyro AQShda hibsga olingan.^[44] U deportatsiya qilinadimi, ushlab turiladimi yoki ekstraditsiya qilinadimi, aniq emas. Hibsga olingan yana ikki kishi Perular, Telmo Rikardo Xurtado va Xuan Manuel Rivera Rondon bo'lib, ular 1985 yil prezident bo'lgan paytda And qishlog'ida 69 dehqonni qatl etishda qatnashganlikda ayblanmoqda. Alan Garsiya bostirishga urinayotgan edi Maoist Yorqin yo'l partizan harakati. Garsiya 2006 yildan 2011 yilgacha yana Peru prezidenti bo'lgan.

Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining ishtiroki hech qanday bilimdan, bilimdan, lekin ishtirok etishdan, kamroq shafqatsiz texnikaning maqsadga muvofiqligi haqidagi taklif bilan qatnashishdan yoki kuzatuvdan iborat bo'lgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Renditsiya va yo'qolib qolish

Favqulodda ijro mahbusni qo'lga olingan joyidan yashirin ravishda AQShning qonunlariga bo'ysunmaydigan davlatdagi so'roq qilish markaziga ko'chirish jarayoni bo'lib, ekstremal so'roq qilish usullari to'g'risida. Ba'zi ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi xodimlari qamoqxonada ish olib borishgan va so'roqlarni o'tkazishgan, boshqalarda esa Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi mahbusni etkazib berayotganda, uchinchi davlat razvedkasining xodimlari haqiqiy so'roq qilishgan. The Vikipediya Turkum: Qora saytlar ma'lum yoki gumon qilinayotganlar ro'yxatini batafsil bayon qiladi qora saytlar Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi mahbuslari hibsga olinishi mumkin. Mahbuslarni tashish uchun foydalanilgan ma'lum yoki shubhali samolyotlar Tekshirish samolyoti.

Qora saytlar mavjud bo'lgan degan da'vo Washington Post 2005 yil noyabrda va undan oldin inson huquqlari NNTlar.^[16] AQSh prezidenti Jorj V.Bush 2006 yil 6-sentabrdagi nutqi davomida Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi tomonidan boshqariladigan maxfiy qamoqxonalar mavjudligini tan oldi.^[17][18][19]

2007 yil sharpa bilan hibsga olinganlarning holati

50 betlik Human Rights Watch tashkiloti "Arvoh mahbus: Ikki yil davomida Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining hibsda ushlab turilishi" hisobotida, o'tgan yili hibsdan ozod qilingan falastinlik sobiq mahbusning Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi maxfiy qamoqxonasining batafsil tavsifi berilgan. Human Rights Watch xalqaro tashkiloti ham AQSh prezidenti Jorj Bushga bedarak yo'qolgan mahbuslarning taqdiri va qaerdaligi to'g'risida ma'lumot so'rab ommaviy xat yubordi.^[45]

"Prezident Bush bizga Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining so'nggi 14 mahbusining Guantanamoga jo'natilganini aytdi, ammo Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi tomonidan" yo'qolib qolgan "ko'plab mahbuslar bor", - dedi Xuan Rayts Uotch terrorizm va terrorizmga qarshi kurash bo'yicha direktori Joan Mariner. "Savol tug'iladi: bu odamlarga nima bo'ldi va ular hozir qaerda?"^[46]

2006 yil sentyabr oyi boshida 14 mahbus Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining maxfiy qamoqxonalaridan harbiy hibsxonaga o'tkazildi Guantanamo ko'rfazida. 2006 yil 6 sentyabrda televizion nutqida Prezident Bush ushbu 14 ta transfer bilan Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi hibsxonasida hech qanday mahbus qolmaganligini e'lon qildi. Kongress doirasida keyingi kongress tekshiruvi va bir qator tinglovlar o'tkazildi. O'shanda da'vogar Obama ham Guantanamo qamoqxonasini yopishga va'da bergan, ammo bunga ergashmagan. 41 mahbus hanuzgacha Guantanamoda saqlanmoqda, ularning hibsga olinishi bo'yicha AQSh sud jarayonlari kuzatilmagan.

Politsiya mashg'ulotlari

1973 yilgacha Ma'muriyatlar, asosan, politsiya kabi mezbon mamlakat ichki xavfsizlik kuchlari bilan uchrashish uchun kommunistik buzg'unchilik tahdididan xavotirda edilar.^[47] Politsiya va harbiy rollar xiralashgan.^[48] AQShning chet el politsiyasiga yordami 1950-yillarda boshlangan,^[49] va 1960-yillarning boshlarida Kennedi ma'muriyati kommunistik qo'zg'olonchilar faoliyatining o'sishi haqida tashvishlanib, jamoat xavfsizligi dasturini tuzganida o'sdi. Xalqaro taraqqiyot agentligi (AID) chet el politsiyasini tayyorlash uchun.^[50] 1968 yilga kelib Qo'shma Shtatlar 34 mamlakatda politsiyani jinoiy qidiruv, patrul xizmati, so'roq qilish va qo'zg'olonga qarshi kurash usullari, tartibsizliklar nazorati, qurol ishlatish va bomba yo'q qilish kabi sohalarda o'qitish uchun yiliga 60 million dollar sarf qilar edi.^[51] Qo'shma Shtatlar shuningdek, qurol-yarog ', telekommunikatsiya, transport va boshqa jihozlarni etkazib berdi. 70-yillarning boshlarida Kongress aniq siyosat ko'rsatmalarining yo'qligi va inson huquqlarini buzgan repressiv rejimlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun dastur mablag'laridan foydalanilganidan xavotirga tushdi. Natijada " Kongress Qo'shma Shtatlar har qanday chet el politsiya tashkilotlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashda davom etishi maqsadga muvofiq emasligini aniqladi ".^[51] Ham Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi, ham harbiy razvedka Qarshi razvedka kuchlarini himoya qilish manbalari operatsiyalari^[52] mahalliy politsiya bilan razvedka ma'lumotlarini to'plashi mumkin.

The Diplomatik xavfsizlik byurosi, ostida Davlat departamenti har qanday elchixonadagi vakillar AQSh xodimlari va mahalliy huquqni muhofaza qilish tashkilotlari o'rtasidagi barcha aloqalardan xabardor bo'lishi kutilmoqda. 1973 yilgi qonunchilik, qisman inson huquqlari muammolariga javoban, politsiyaning barcha turlarini o'qitishni sezilarli darajada cheklab qo'ydi.

Ushbu treningning aksariyati Lotin Amerikasiga yo'naltirilgan, ammo senatorga ko'ra, ba'zilari dunyoning boshqa mamlakatlariga borgan Alan Krenston,^[49] ayniqsa, giyohvandlik yoki terrorizm bilan bog'liq muammolar. Krenston Kongressning 1974 yilda "politsiyani o'qitish va jihozlashni o'rgangandan so'ng, politsiyani o'qitishni taqiqlashining oltita sababini keltirdi Eron, Vetnam, Braziliya va boshqa mamlakatlar qiynoqlarda, qotillikda va qonuniy siyosiy faoliyatni bostirishda qatnashgan ".

Birinchidan, do'stona anti-kommunistik rejimlar diktatura bo'lgan-bo'lmasligidan qat'i nazar, ularga ta'lim berildi.

Ikkinchidan, huquqni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha harakatlar AQShning qo'zg'olonga qarshi maqsadlariga bo'ysundirildi. Sifatida Davlatning hisobdorligi idorasi (GAO) ta'kidlaganidek, AQSh treningi qo'zg'olonga qarshi kurash usullari, qurol ishlatish va kommunistik mafkura kabi mavzularni o'z ichiga olgan. Bu, shuningdek, amalda oluvchi mamlakatlarning harbiylarini politsiya ustidan nazoratini kuchaytirishni anglatardi.

Uchinchidan, va bu aniq ko'rsatilgan Langgut kitob,^[53] AQSh murabbiylari har doim ham Amerika taklif etadigan eng yaxshi narsa emas edilar.

To'rtinchidan, ushbu dasturlarni ishlab chiqish va amalga oshirishda AQSh razvedka idoralariga muhim rol berilgan.

Beshinchidan, politsiya mashg'ulotlari sud va qamoqxonalarni isloh qilishga alohida e'tibor berib, odil sudlovni amalga oshirishning keng doirasiga kiritilmagan.

Va nihoyat, o'sha paytda inson huquqlari kamdan-kam hollarda siyosatni ko'rib chiqishda muhim omil bo'lgan.

Krenston shunday dedi:

Ushbu taqiq 1985 yilgacha deyarli g'azablangan bo'lib qoldi, kongress Prezidentga G'arbiy yarim sharda faoliyat yuritayotgan demokratik davlatlarda "sud yoki prokuratura nazorati ostida o'tkazilgan tergov imkoniyatlarini oshirish dasturlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashga vakolat berdi". Natijada, Adliya vazirligi va Davlat departamenti va Xalqaro taraqqiyot agentligi - Xalqaro jinoiy tergov mashg'ulotlariga ko'maklashish dasturini tuzdilar ICITAP. Operatsion mas'uliyat to'liq ICITAP zimmasiga Davlat departamenti tomonidan taqdim etilgan siyosiy rahbarlik bilan Bosh prokuror o'rinbosarining rasmiylari nazorati ostida topshirildi.

Aslida, harbiy tashkilotdan farqli o'laroq, politsiyaga o'qitish va yordam berish AQSh qonunlariga ziddir, ammo tegishli qonun Prezidentning ko'pgina qoidalardan voz kechishiga imkon beradi. GAO hisoboti^[51]

... (1) xorijiy huquqni muhofaza qilish idoralari va xodimlariga yordam ko'rsatish bo'yicha qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyat, (2) AQSh faoliyatining hajmi va narxi va (3) ushbu dasturlarni boshqarish bo'yicha ekspertlarning fikrlari to'g'risida ma'lumot beradi.

Bosh buxgalteriya idorasining tekshiruvi

1973 va 1974 yillarda Kongress AQSh agentliklariga xorijiy politsiyaga yordam berish uchun tashqi iqtisodiy yoki harbiy yordam mablag'laridan foydalanishni taqiqlovchi qonunlarni qabul qildi, ammo keyinchalik ba'zi mamlakatlarda va politsiya kuchlarini rivojlantirishning turli jihatlarida, shu jumladan moddiy va qurol-yarog'da yordam berishga ruxsat berish uchun ko'plab imtiyozlar berildi. qo'llab-quvvatlash, kuchlarni boshqarish, giyohvand moddalarni nazorat qilish va terrorizmga qarshi kurash taktika. 1974 yildagi taqiq bu kabi idoralar tomonidan boshqa mablag'lardan foydalanishga taalluqli emas edi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Adliya vazirligi (DOJ) yoki Qo'shma Shtatlar transport vazirligi (DOT) xorijiy huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari xodimlarini o'qitish yoki ularga yordam berish.

Xarajatlarni hisoblash uchun biron bir davlat idorasi mas'ul emas. Shu bilan birga, Bosh buxgalteriya idorasi 1990 moliya yili davomida kamida 117 million dollar miqdorida AQSh politsiya kuchlari uchun o'qitilgan va yordam olgan 125 mamlakatni aniqladi.^[54]

Ushbu taqiq Giyohvand moddalarga qarshi kurash ma'muriyatiga taalluqli emas Narkotik moddalarini nazorat qilish agentligi va Federal Tergov Byurosi Federal qidiruv byurosi xalqaro narkotrafikka qarshi kurashishda yordam.

1990 moliya yili davomida taxminan 117 million dollar miqdorida GAO asosiy dasturlarni quyidagicha baholadi: AQSh dasturlari:

• Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Davlat departamenti (DOS) Xalqaro giyohvand moddalarni nazorat qilish (45 million dollar) Terrorizmga qarshi yordam (10 million dollar)
• Adliya vazirligi ICITAP (20 million dollar)
  • Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Mudofaa vazirligi Milliy politsiya kuchlarining (DOD) yordami (42 million dollar).^[55]

Xozirgi va sobiq Davlat departamenti va boshqa hukumat amaldorlari va chet el politsiya kuchlariga yordam ko'rsatishda qatnashgan akademik ekspertlar AQSh hukumatiga quyidagilar etishmasligini ta'kidladilar:^[56]AQShning yangi va rivojlanayotgan demokratik davlatlarda politsiya kuchlariga yordamining o'rni to'g'risida aniq siyosat yoki dasturiy maqsadlar, muvofiqlashtirish va qaror qabul qilish uchun markaz va individual dasturlar va tadbirlarning AQSh siyosatini qo'llab-quvvatlashi yoki unga hissa qo'shishini aniqlash vositasi. AQShning umumiy manfaatlari.

Ularning ta'kidlashicha, har bir dastur alohida-alohida boshqariladi va koordinatsiya yuzaga keladigan yagona joy - bu AQShning mamlakatdagi elchixonasida.

Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining o'qitishda yordam berish bo'yicha tergov doirasi va uslubiyati

AQSh Bosh buxgalteriya idorasi xorijiy huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari xodimlariga taqdim etilgan Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining o'qitilishi va yordami to'g'risida ma'lumot oldi, ushbu trening va ko'mak berish uchun qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyatni ko'rib chiqdi va ushbu faoliyatni muvofiqlashtirish bo'yicha harakatlarni aniqladi. Ular qabul qiluvchi mamlakatlarda dasturlarning bajarilishini ko'rib chiqmadilar. Ular rasmiylar bilan suhbatlashdilar va Vashingtonda joylashgan AID va Davlat, Adliya va Mudofaa Departamentlaridan yozuvlarni olishdi; xorijiy politsiya yordami to'g'risidagi qonun hujjatlari va agentliklarning huquqiy xulosalarini ko'rib chiqdi; akademik va huquqiy ekspertlar bilan AQShning chet el politsiyasiga hozirgi yordami to'g'risida suhbatlashdi; va chet el politsiyasining yordami va OIDning jamoat xavfsizligi dasturi bo'yicha nashr etilgan adabiyotlarni ko'rib chiqdilar.^[57]

AQShning chet el politsiyasiga yordamini taqiqlash to'g'risidagi qonunchilikdan ozod qilish

Kongress tomonidan tasdiqlangan imtiyozlar, odatda, AQShning ma'lum bir maqsadiga foyda keltiradigan, masalan, xorijdagi AQSh fuqarolariga nisbatan terror tahdidiga qarshi kurashish yoki giyohvand moddalar savdosiga qarshi kurashish kabi faoliyatga ruxsat beradi.^[58][59]Imtiyozlar quyidagilar bilan uzaytirildi:

• Xavfsizlik va taraqqiyot bo'yicha 1981 yilgi xalqaro qonun - uchun Gaiti^[60]
• Xalqaro xavfsizlik va taraqqiyotga yordam berish bo'yicha avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi 1983 yilgi qonun - aviatsiya xavfsizligi, inqirozni boshqarish, hujjatlarni skrining texnikasi, ob'ekt xavfsizligi, dengiz xavfsizligi, himoya qilish bo'yicha o'qitishga ruxsat beruvchi antiterror dasturi. VIP-lar va detektor itlari bilan ishlash.^[61]
• 1985 yildagi xavfsizlik va taraqqiyot bo'yicha xalqaro qonun - Salvador & Gonduras^[62]

Shuningdek, sud islohotlari dasturi va Lotin Amerikasi va Karib havzasi mamlakatlarida politsiyani o'qitish imtiyozlari kengaytirildi. 1988 yilda Kongress sud-huquq islohotlari dasturini yanada kengaytirib, tergov va sud-tibbiyot ko'nikmalarini targ'ib qilish, huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari o'quv dasturlarini ishlab chiqish va huquqni muhofaza qilish tashkilotlari ma'muriyati va boshqaruvini takomillashtirishda politsiyaga yordam berish imkoniyatini berdi. Ushbu xatti-harakatlar Mudofaa vazirligi (DOD) va AQSh qurolli kuchlariga ushbu dastur bo'yicha mashg'ulotlar o'tkazishni maxsus taqiqladi.^[62]

Dengizchilik sub'ektlari 660-bo'limdan, shuningdek, qadimgi demokratik an'analarga ega bo'lgan, qurolli kuchlarga ega bo'lmagan va inson huquqlarini qo'pol ravishda buzilishiga olib kelmaydigan har qanday mamlakat uchun taqiqdan ozod qilindi. Ushbu hujjat ushbu mamlakatlarga har qanday turdagi politsiya yordamini olishga imkon berdi.

• Xalqaro narkotik moddalar nazorati

Ushbu qator hujjatlar bilan politsiya yordamining ba'zi tadbirlari tasdiqlangan lotin Amerikasi va Karib havzasi giyohvand moddalarni nazorat qilish maqsadida. 1988 yilgi akt DODning rolini kengaytirdi va unga 1989 va 1990 moliyaviy yillarda Lotin Amerikasi va Karib dengizidagi tegishli mamlakatlarda giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilish uchun maxsus tashkil etilgan xorijiy politsiya bo'linmalariga o'qitish va qurol-yaroq va o'q-dorilar bilan ta'minlashga imkon berdi. Ushbu xatti-harakatlar Kolumbiya politsiyasiga sudyalarni, hukumat amaldorlarini va matbuot vakillarini giyohvandlik-terroristik hujumlaridan himoya qilish uchun iqtisodiy yordam mablag'larini taqdim etishga imkon berdi. 1989 yilgi qonun DODning politsiya bo'linmalarini o'qitish vakolatini kengaytirdi Boliviya, Kolumbiya va Peru 1990 moliya yilida, agar bo'linmalar faqat giyohvand moddalarni nazorat qilish uchun mo'ljallangan bo'lsa. Shuningdek, DODga qurol va o'q-dorilarga qo'shimcha ravishda vertolyotlar, transport vositalari, radio va shaxsiy jihozlar kabi boshqa mudofaa buyumlari bilan ta'minlashga ruxsat berildi.1990 yilgi akt DODga politsiya kuchlarini o'qitish va jihozlashni davom ettirishga ruxsat berdi. And mintaqasi.^[63]

• Panamada demokratiyaga shoshilinch yordam ko'rsatish to'g'risidagi 1990 yilgi qonun - AQSh bostirib kirgandan keyin Panama, Kongress AQShning Panamadagi yangi politsiya kuchini rivojlantirishdagi rolini sezilarli darajada oshirdi. T.^[64]
• 1991 yil uchun xorijiy operatsiyalar, eksportni moliyalashtirish va tegishli dasturlarni ajratish to'g'risidagi qonun - Sharqiy Karib dengizidan ozod qilish^[65]

Politsiya yordamini taqiqlash bo'yicha boshqa istisnolar

Ilgari muhokama qilingan imtiyozlardan tashqari, boshqa davlatlar ham bor, ular xorijiy mamlakatlarning politsiya kuchlariga yordam berish taqiqidan voz kechishadi. Masalan, Prezident "bu AQShning xavfsizlik manfaatlari uchun muhim bo'lganida" xorijiy yordamga ruxsat berishi mumkin. Bu Prezidentga 1961 yilda qabul qilingan "Xorijiy yordam to'g'risida" gi qonunning 660-moddasini o'z ichiga olgan har qanday qoidalaridan voz kechishga imkon beradi.^[66]

AQShning chet el politsiyasiga yordami

Terrorizmga qarshi yordam

Bu AQSh fuqarolari va manfaatlarini yaxshiroq himoya qilish uchun xorijiy hukumatlarning terrorizmga qarshi imkoniyatlarini yaxshilashga qaratilgan.^[55] 1990 yilda AQSh dunyoning 49 mamlakatiga qariyb 10 million dollarlik yordam ko'rsatdi. Mablag'larning 62 foizi Lotin Amerikasi, Karib havzasi va Evropada sarflangan va 500 ming dollardan kamrog'i uskunalar sotib olishga sarflangan. Davlat departamenti dasturni boshqaradi va treningni o'tkazish uchun AQShning boshqa davlat idoralari, shtat yoki mahalliy politsiya bo'limlari va xususiy firmalar bilan shartnomalar tuzadi. The Federal aviatsiya ma'muriyati,^[55] BIZ. Bojxona xizmati, Immigratsiya va fuqarolikni rasmiylashtirish xizmati, Federal huquqni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha o'quv markazi, va AQSh Marshallari xizmati doimiy murabbiylardir. Qonunchilik talablariga muvofiq, o'qitishning aksariyati Qo'shma Shtatlarda bo'lib o'tadi.

Xalqaro giyohvandlik nazorati

Xalqaro giyohvand moddalar masalalari bo'yicha davlat byurosining (INM) giyohvand moddalarni nazorat qilishni nazorat qilish bo'yicha xalqaro o'quv dasturining maqsadlaridan biri bu qabul qiluvchi davlatning huquqni muhofaza qilish va taqiqlash imkoniyatlarini kuchaytirishdir.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} 1990 moliya yili davomida INM chet el politsiyasiga kamida 45 million dollarlik o'qitish va jihozlarni taqdim etdi, asosan Meksika, Yamayka, Kolumbiya, Ekvador, Peru, Boliviya, Braziliya, Venesuela, Pokiston, Tailand va kurka. Bularning barchasi giyohvand moddalarni ishlab chiqaradigan va sotadigan mamlakatlar.

INM AQShning boshqa davlat idoralariga, birinchi navbatda, Giyohvandlikka qarshi kurash ma'muriyati (DEA), bojxona va sohil qo'riqchilariga haqiqiy o'quv mashg'ulotlarini o'tkazgan. DEA giyohvand moddalar bo'yicha tergov mashg'ulotlarini olib boradi, bojxona havo, dengiz va quruqlikdagi portlarni qidirish tartiblarini o'rgatadi va Sohil xavfsizligi dengiz taqiqlari kurslarini o'qitadi. Boshqa agentliklardan, shuningdek, o'ziga xos tajribaga ega bo'lgan joylarda pullik asosda o'qitish so'ralishi mumkin. Masalan, DOD giyohvand moddalar savdosi bilan shug'ullanadigan mamlakatlarda politsiyaga vertolyot bo'yicha treninglar o'tkazadi. Ta'lim chet elda ham, Qo'shma Shtatlarda ham o'tkaziladi va INM tomonidan ko'rib chiqiladi va tasdiqlanadi.^[63]

Bundan tashqari, DOD giyohvand moddalarni ishlab chiqaruvchi va sotadigan bir qator mamlakatlarda giyohvand moddalar bilan shug'ullanuvchi politsiyani o'qitish va jihozlash uchun harbiy yordam mablag'laridan foydalangan. DOD tomonidan taqdim etilgan hujjatlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, 1990 moliya yilida DOD Meksikaga kamida 17 million dollar, Boliviyaga 1,3 million dollar, Kolumbiyaga 10 million dollar, Ekvadorga 1 million dollar va Peruga 1 million dollar qiymatida o'qitish va jihozlarni taqdim etdi. DOD mutasaddilari bizga ma'lum qilishlaricha, ushbu miqdordan yuqori qiymatga ega bo'lgan o'quv mashg'ulotlari va jihozlar taqdim etilgan bo'lishi mumkin. Biroq, Vashington shtatidagi agentlikning shtab-kvartirasida huquqni muhofaza qilish faoliyati uchun mablag 'miqdorini ko'rsatadigan hujjatlar mavjud emas edi. Taqdim etilgan uskunalar UH-1 vertolyotlari va ehtiyot qismlaridan, o'q-dorilar, o'q otish qurollari, tartibsizlikni nazorat qilish uskunalari, radiostantsiyalar va turli xil shaxsiy jihozlardan iborat edi.

Tergov va xalqaro politsiya mashg'ulotlari

1986 yil, AID Lotin Amerikasi va Karib havzasida huquqni muhofaza qilish idoralarining tergov qobiliyatini yaxshilash va takomillashtirish bo'yicha loyihalarni ishlab chiqish, ishlab chiqish va amalga oshirish uchun DOJga mablag 'o'tkazdi. Bu AIDning sud tizimlarini isloh qilish bo'yicha harakatlarining bir qismi edi. Ushbu mablag'lardan foydalangan holda DOJ Xalqaro jinoiy tergov mashg'ulotlariga ko'maklashish dasturini (ICITAP) tashkil etdi.^[67] Davlat departamenti nazorati ostida ish olib boruvchi ICITAP mintaqadagi jinoiy adliya sohasiga ehtiyojlarni baholashni amalga oshirdi va o'qitishni asosiy politsiya menejmenti va politsiya akademiyasini rivojlantirishni kengaytirdi. 1990 moliya yilida ICITAP o'zining mintaqaviy dasturi uchun Davlat departamentidan 7 million dollar oldi. Bu Karib dengizi, Markaziy va Janubiy Amerikadan 1000 dan ortiq talabalarni o'qitdi va 7 konferentsiyalarga homiylik qildi. Treningga politsiya boshqaruvi, jinoiy tergov, jinoyat joyini qidirish va sud tibbiyoti kurslari kiradi. Qo'shma Shtatlardagi o'quv dasturlariga yuborilgan talabalardan tashqari, ICITAP mashg'ulotlari chet elda o'tkaziladi.

The Federal tergov byurosi (FQB) shuningdek, xorijiy huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari xodimlari uchun cheklangan treninglar o'tkazadi.^[67] Har yili 100 ga yaqin xalqaro politsiyachilar FBI Milliy akademiyasida menejment va sud ekspertizasi bo'yicha tadqiqotlarni o'z ichiga olgan 11 haftalik kollej darajasida qatnashadilar. Federal qidiruv byurosi o'qitish va yashash uchun xarajatlarni to'laydi, ammo talabalarning transport xarajatlarini to'lamaydi. So'nggi 10 yil ichida ushbu kursni 89 mamlakatdan kelgan 1100 dan ortiq xorijiy politsiya amaldorlari tugatdilar.

FBI o'z mablag'laridan foydalangan holda ikkita o'quv kurslarini yaratdi:

• Meksika politsiyasi uchun tergov jarayonida Qo'shma Shtatlarga yaxshiroq yordam berish uchun trening. Meksika zobitlari huquqni muhofaza qilishning asosiy texnikasi bo'yicha jinoyatlar sodir bo'lgan joylarni boshqarish, dalillarni yig'ish va saqlash, garovga olinganlarning muzokaralari, sud ekspertizasi va tergov qilish texnikasi bo'yicha 3 kunlik kursdan o'tadilar. 1987 yildan beri 400 dan ortiq Meksika chegara politsiyasi o'qitildi. Federal qidiruv byurosi rasmiylarining ta'kidlashicha, Federal Qidiruv Byurosi 1992 yil davomida ish haqini hisobga olmaganda har yili taxminiy qiymati 250 ming dollarni tashkil etadigan Meksikada o'quv maktabini tashkil etishni rejalashtirmoqda.
• FTB tomonidan chet el politsiyasi uchun ishlab chiqilgan ikkinchi kurs Tinch okeani orollari davlatlari politsiyasi mansabdorlari uchun o'rta darajadagi menejmentni tayyorlashdan iborat edi. 4 haftalik kurs birinchi darajali nazoratni, tergov usullarini va garovga olinganlarning muzokaralarini o'z ichiga oladi. 1991 yil davomida bo'lib o'tgan kursni 52 nafar talaba tugatdi Guam FBIga taxminan 35000 dollar miqdorida xarajat. Ushbu kursga 1992 yil bahorida 50 ga yaqin talaba tashrif buyurishi kutilmoqda.

Federal qidiruv byurosi chet el politsiyasiga so'rov bo'yicha boshqa treninglar va yordamlarni ham taqdim etadi, ammo xarajatlari noma'lum.^[67] Masalan, Zo'ravonlik bilan jinoyatchilikni tahlil qilish milliy markazi ga malaka oshirdi Kanadalik politsiya. Jinoyat qidiruv bo'limi Italiyaning uchta milliy huquqni muhofaza qilish idoralari xodimlari uchun maxfiy manbalar faoliyati, yashirin operatsiyalar va elektron kuzatuv kabi nozik tergov usullaridan foydalanish bo'yicha o'quv seminari o'tkazdi. Federal qidiruv byurosi, ayniqsa, qiyin yoki sezgir tekshiruvlar paytida yordam so'ragan hukumatlarga ish joyida yordam beradi.

Terrorizmga qarshi kurash va harbiy yordam

DOD politsiya mansabdorlariga cheklangan miqdordagi harbiy tayyorgarlik va yordam beradi. 1986 va 1987 moliyaviy yillarida DOD shahar terroristik faoliyatiga qarshi turish uchun Salvador va Gonduras politsiyasini o'qitdi va jihozladi.^[67][68]

Ushbu yordam Salvadorda terrorchilar tomonidan AQSh dengiz piyoda askarlarining o'ldirilishiga javoban berilgan va AQSh armiyasi harbiy politsiyasi tomonidan boshqarilgan va etkazilgan. Yordam terrorizmga qarshi kurash usullari va politsiya transport vositalari, aloqa vositalari, qurol-yarog 'va boshqa jihozlarni etkazib berish bo'yicha treninglardan iborat edi. Ushbu harakat 19,8 million dollarga tushdi, shundan 17 million AQSh dollari Salvadorga berildi.

1990 moliya yilida DOD Panamaning yangi tashkil etilgan milliy politsiya kuchlari uchun kerakli asbob-uskunalar va qurol-yarog 'sotib olish uchun ilgari vakolatli bo'lgan, ammo foydalanilmagan harbiy yordam mablag'larida 6,4 million dollar sarfladi. Sotib olingan narsalarga politsiya transport vositalari, aloqa vositalari, qurol va shaxsiy jihozlar kiritilgan. Ushbu yordam bir martalik shoshilinch dastur edi.

DODda Kosta-Rika politsiyasini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun doimiy harbiy yordam dasturi mavjud. 1990 moliya yilida DOD Kosta-Rika fuqarolik gvardiyasiga mamlakatning chegaraoldi hududlarini himoya qilish bo'yicha o'z majburiyatlarini bajarishda yordam berish uchun 431 ming dollarlik harbiy texnika va 232 ming dollarlik harbiy tayyorgarlikni etkazib berdi. DOD transport vositalari, shaxsiy jihozlar va radiolar kabi uskunalar va qirg'oq operatsiyalari kabi sohalarda harbiy tayyorgarlik bilan ta'minladi. Bundan tashqari, DOD uskunalarni ta'mirlash va tibbiy ko'nikmalar bo'yicha texnik o'quv kurslarini o'tkazdi.^[68]

DOD, Buyuk Britaniya bilan birga, Sharqiy Karib mintaqasi xavfsizlik tizimini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi^{[69][tekshirib bo'lmadi ]} AQShning aralashuvidan keyin tashkil topgan Grenada. Xavfsizlik tizimi bir necha doimiy tayinlangan harbiy ofitserlardan tashkil topgan, lekin asosan favqulodda holatlarda harbiy xizmatga chaqirilishi mumkin bo'lgan orol davlati politsiyachilariga bog'liq. Qo'shma Shtatlar ushbu xodimlarni oxirigacha tayyorlash uchun ularni jihozlaydi va o'qitadi. 1990 moliya yilida DOD jiplar, yengil qurollar, forma va aloqa vositalari kabi uskunalarni sotib olishga sarflangan 4.2 million dollarlik harbiy yordam mablag'larini taqdim etdi. DOD, shuningdek, maxsus operatsiyalar, qishloq patrul xizmati, dalada omon qolish va kuzatuv mashg'ulotlariga, shuningdek aloqa, navigatsiya, texnik xizmat ko'rsatish va tibbiyot bo'yicha texnik kurslarga 300 ming dollar ajratdi.

Yordamning narxini va hajmini aniqlashdagi qiyinchiliklar

Ba'zi idoralar yordamni o'zlarining byudjetlari hisobidan moliyalashtirganliklari sababli, politsiya yordami uchun yo'nalishlar bo'lmasdan, GAO "chet el politsiyasiga yordam hajmini yoki narxini aniq aniqlay olmadi" GAO hisob-kitoblariga ko'ra, talabalarni ikki marta hisoblash mumkin vujudga kelmoqda va idoralar politsiyaga va harbiylarga ko'rsatiladigan yordamni farq qilmasligi mumkin. " This might happen when "the agency supplying the training and the agency paying for the training may both include the trainees in their reporting systems, such as when ICITAP pays for students attending the FBI academy."

While the DOJ was asked to calculate information on its work with foreign police, it could not assign a dollar value to items including "travel expenses, salaries, and expendable items such as course materials." H.^[70] "Also, GAO could not always determine whether a student was a police officer or a military member because some agencies do not collect such data, DOD officials informed us that once they receive permission to train police in a specific activity they do not provide a further accounting breakdown. For example, training provided to the Eastern Caribbean Regional Security System was for law enforcement personnel, although a few trainees may have belonged to military organizations."

Inson tajribasi

Ushbu bo'lim uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Ma'lumot manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. (2014 yil mart) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Loyiha MKULTRA, yoki MK-ULTRA, was the code name for a CIA mind-control research program that began in 1950, involved primarily with the experimentation of drugs and other "chemical, biological and radiological" stimuli on both willing and uninformed subjects.^[71]

^{Brainwashing as a descriptive term entered the lexicon of the CIA in January 1950 [72]. Although widely used in science fiction novels, dystopian depictions of oppressive governments, and other popular culture mediums, brainwashing as it relates to the CIA was disseminated by the CIA to “fuel public anxiety about communist methods” [73]. MK-Ultra, as verified with unsealed public documents, was a CIA program intended to brainwash. Independent researchers have verified that the historical explanation for brainwashing in MK-Ultra could have only been accomplished through torture [74]. Thus, torture on civilians and unwilling participants, itself a humans rights violation, comes to frame.}

Rokfeller komissiyasi

1974 yil dekabrda, The New York Times reported that the CIA had conducted illegal domestic activities, including experiments on U.S. citizens, during the 1960s. The report prompted investigations by both the U.S. Congress (in the form of the Cherkov qo'mitasi ) and a presidential commission (known as the Rokfeller komissiyasi ). The congressional investigations and the Rockefeller Commission report revealed that the CIA and the Department of Defense had in fact conducted experiments to influence and control human behavior through the use of psychoactive drugs such as LSD va meskalin and other chemical, biological, and psychological means. Experiments were often conducted without the subjects' knowledge or consent.

MK-ULTRA was started on the order of CIA director Allen Dulles, largely in response to alleged Soviet, Chinese, and North Korean use of mind-control techniques on U.S. prisoners of war in Korea. The goal of the experiments was to study mind-control in order to develop methods of interrogation and behavior modification and manipulation, as well as to develop a possible haqiqat dori.

Natija

MK-ULTRA research ultimately proved useless to the CIA and they have abandoned the program. Because most MK-ULTRA records were deliberately destroyed in 1973 by order of then CIA Director Richard Xelms, it is difficult if not impossible to have a complete understanding of the more than 150 individually funded research sub-projects sponsored by MK-ULTRA and related CIA programs.

Ning tavsiyalariga rioya qilgan holda Cherkov qo'mitasi, President Gerald Ford in 1976 issued the first Ijroiya buyrug'i on Intelligence Activities which, among other things, prohibited "experimentation with drugs on human subjects, except with the informed consent, in writing and witnessed by a disinterested party, of each such human subject" and in accordance with the guidelines issued by the National Commission. Subsequent orders by Presidents Carter and Reygan expanded the directive to apply to any human experimentation.

Assassination and targeted killing

Qarang Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining rejim o'zgarishiga aralashishi

Maqsadli o'ldirish

Graph of average casualties in drone strikes ordered by the United States in Yaman, 2002-Present.^[75]

At least since World War II, a distinction has been drawn between assassination of civilian leaders, and maqsadli qotillik of leaders of fighting organizations, including the British-Czech Antropoid operatsiyasi (the killing of SS officer Reynxard Xaydrix, aktyorlik Reyxsprotektor te Bogemiya va Moraviya protektorati ), a failed British attempt by the British to kill Feldmarshal Ervin Rommel, va Qasos operatsiyasi, shooting down of Isoroku Yamamoto tomonidan AQSh havo kuchlari.

The CIA has admitted to involvement in assassination attempts against foreign leaders. Recently, there have been targeted killings of alleged terrorists, typically with missiles fired from uchuvchisiz uchish vositalari.

CIA drone strikes have also led to recent tensions among neighboring countries to those at the receiving end of drone strikes. For example, the Pakistani government, who may “have picked some targets of drone attacks” ^[76] has criticized the US for drones flying over their territory as an infringement of sovereignty. Increased criticism of the CIA drone program has come mostly during the later stages of the war in Afghanistan. One of the main criticisms of the drone program is that “the surgical use of military force in self-defense itself creates a state of international armed conflict”.^[77] Although CIA airstrikes in Pakistan may be a human rights violation, “The question is an open one” and “one on which the law is not yet settled”.^[78] Arguments and criticisms of the CIA drone program have been made, but as it is still relatively new, legal rulings have not yet been made.

Suiqasdlar

Of the cases cited, it appears that no CIA personnel or even directly controlled foreign agents personally killed any leader, but there certainly were cases where the CIA knew of, or supported, plots to overthrow foreign leaders. In the cases of Lumumba in 1960/61 and Castro in the 50s and 60s, the CIA was involved in preparing to kill the individual. In other cases, such as Diem, the Agency knew of a plot but did not warn him, and communications at White House level indicated that the Agency had, with approval, told the plotters the US didn't object to their plan. The gun or poison, however, was not in the hands of a CIA officer.

CIA personnel were involved in attempted assassinations of foreign government leaders such as Fidel Kastro. They provided support to those that killed Patris Lumumba. In yet another category was noninterference in the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) Davlat to'ntarishi unda Prezident Ngo Dinh Diem o'ldirildi.

A distinction has been drawn between political assassinations and "targeted killing" of leaders of non-state belligerents.

Kastro

The CIA recruited Sem Giancana (rasmda), Santo Trafficante and other mobsters to assassinate Fidel Castro.^[79]

Perhaps the best-documented account of CIA-sponsored assassination plans were against Prezident Fidel Kastro ning Kuba.

According to columnist Jack Anderson,^[80] the first attempt was part of the Cho'chqalar ko'rfazasi bosqini operation, but five more teams were sent, the last apprehended on a rooftop within rifle range of Castro, at the end of February or beginning of March 1963. Anderson speculated that President Fidel Kastro may have become aware of it, and somehow recruited Li Xarvi Osvald to retaliate against President Jon F. Kennedi.^[81]

Maheu was identified as the team leader, who recruited Jon Rozelli, a gambler with contacts in the Italiyalik amerikalik mafiya and Cuban underworlds. The CIA assigned two operations officers, Uilyam King Harvi and James O'Connell, to accompany Roselli to Miami to recruit the actual teams.

Anderson's story appears to be confirmed by two CIA documents, the first referring to an Inspector General report of investigation of allegations that the Agency conspired to assassinate Fidel Castro. The story first appeared in Drew Pearson's column and has since appeared in Jack Anderson's column. "While the columns contained many factual errors, the allegations are basically true.^[82] Second, a declassified memo from Xovard Osborne, director of the CIA Xavfsizlik idorasi, dated 15 February 1972, in the "CIA Oilaviy zargarlik buyumlari " series, from to the Executive Director, speaks of John Roselli, then serving time in a Federal penitentiary in Seattle, Washington, with deportation scheduled at the end of his sentence.^[83] While the CIA was aware "Roselli intended to expose his participation in the plot should we not intervene in his behalf. The DCI at the time, Jon Makkon, decided to take a calculated risk and accept the consequences of possible disclosure. Two articles by Jek Anderson discuss the plot, as well the Vashington Post Sunday jurnali, Parad

Individuals who were aware of this project were: Markaziy razvedka direktori Allen Dulles, Richard M. Bissell Jr. (Deputy Director for Plans (DDP)) Colonel J.C. King (Chief, Western Hemisphere Division, DDP), Colonel Sheffield Edwards, Uilyam Xarvi va James P. O'Connell. Shuningdek, kiritilgan Robert A. Maheu (former FBI agent, public relations agent who did work for the CIA, and later an aide to Xovard Xyuz ), and his attorneys Edward P. Morgan and Edvard Bennett Uilyams.

On 26 February 1971, Osborne arranged with the Commissioner of the U.S. Immigratsiya va fuqarolikni rasmiylashtirish xizmati to flag any deportation. INS confirmed they did this again for 1972.

Cuba's former counterintelligence chief, Fabian Escalante, reviewed more than six hundred CIA plots to assassinate Fidel Castro, a project code-named Ijro etuvchi harakatlar, uning kitobida Executive Action: 634 Ways to Kill Fidel Castro.^[84] The various plots, some of which were abandoned, included the use of cigars (poisoned or exploding), poison pills hidden in a cold-cream jar, the use of Caribbean molluscs containing explosives and a custom-made diving-suit infected with a fungus that would cause a debilitating skin disease. The assassination attempts started under the presidency of Duayt D. Eyzenxauer va ostida davom etdi Jon F. Kennedi va Lyndon B. Jonson. Most attempts were made during Richard Nikson ’s presidency. When Castro travelled abroad, the CIA cooperated with Cuban exiles for some of the more serious assassination attempts. In 2000, when Castro was due to visit Panama, a plot was hatched to put explosives under the podium where he was due to speak. Castro’s personal security team discovered the explosives before he arrived.^[85][86]

^{Furthermore, the Bay of Pigs invasion launched in April 1961, was instigated by the Director of the CIA Allen Dulles, Richard Bissell Jr, the deputy director of the CIA, and General Lyman Lemnitzer [87]. Kennedy was initially “wary and reserved” when hearing about the plan, but later succumbed [88]. An evident fault in the invasion was the rejection of “clear evidence of Castro’s political and military strength” even as other governments attempted to make the United States aware [89]. Thus, another plotted coup by the CIA towards Castro’s regime failed and backfired, leading to Castro’s further isolationist vision of Cuba’s future.}

Diem

In summary, CIA, Embassy, and other US personnel, up to White House level, were aware of yet another coup being planned against Prezident Ngo Dinh Diem ning Janubiy Vetnam. While the US had no direct participation in the coup, the plotters were told, in a deniable way, that the US did not object to it. No documentary evidence has surfaced that the US knew that Diem and his brother were to be killed, and it is unclear that all the Vietnamese plotters knew or agreed to it. Prezident Jon F. Kennedi was aware of the coup plans, but apparently had not considered the hazard to Diem.

Ga ko'ra Pentagon hujjatlari, the final US loss of confidence in Diem began when his government violently suppressed a protest on Buddha's Birthday, 8 May 1963. Up to that point, the majority Buddhists had not been very politically active, even though Diem had given preference to the Catholic minority. Quickly, however, the Buddhists put a "cohesive and disciplined [political] organization" into action. By June, the situation moved from dissidence from a religious group to a "grave crisis of public confidence".^[90]

Keyin elchi Frederik Nolting had tried to persuade Diem to moderate government action against Buddhists, but with no success. While Nolting was on leave, Prezident Jon F. Kennedi tayinlangan Genri Kabot Lodj, kichik as the new Ambassador. In June 1963, senior leaders began, for the first time, to discuss the effect of a coup to remove Diem. Nolting and the US military in Vietnam, however, argued that Diem was keeping chaos at bay. Nolting left permanently in mid-August, but the assurances from Diem died with multiple August 21 night raids on Buddhist temples in many parts of Vietnam. Two days later, a US representative was approached by generals considering a coup. On 23 August, the first contact with a U.S. representative was made by generals who had begun to plan a coup against Diem. They were told that the U.S. had determined that Diem's brother, who had led the raids on the Buddhists, could not stay in any kind of power, and that, "then, we must face the possibility that Diem himself cannot be preserved."

A White House tape of President Kennedy and his advisers, published this week in a new book-and-CD collection and excerpted on the Web, confirms that top U.S. officials sought the 1 November 1963 coup against then-South Vietnamese leader Ngo Dinh Diem without apparently considering the physical consequences for Diem personally (he was murdered the following day). The taped meeting and related documents show that U.S. officials, including JFK, vastly overestimated their ability to control the South Vietnamese generals who ran the coup 40 years ago this week [November 2003].The Kennedy tape from 29 October 1963 captures the highest-level White House meeting immediately prior to the coup, including the President's brother voicing doubts about the policy of support for a coup: "I mean, it's different from a coup in the Iraq or South American country; we are so intimately involved in this ...^[91]

An 8 May 1973 memorandum^[82] states that "An Inspector General report of investigation of allegations that the Agency was instrumental in bringing about the assassination of Prezident Ngo Dinh Diem ning Janubiy Vetnam. The allegations were determined to be without foundation."

Shunga qaramay, Pentagon hujjatlari kuzatilgan,

For the military coup d'etat against Ngo Dinh Diem, the U.S. must accept its full share of responsibility. 1963 yil avgust oyidan boshlab biz Vetnam generallarining to'ntarish harakatlariga har xil vakolat berdik, sanktsiyalar berdik va rag'batlantirdik va voris hukumatni har tomonlama qo'llab-quvvatladik. Oktyabr oyida biz generallarga yashil chiroqni yoqib, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri javoban Diemga yordamni to'xtatdik. Biz to'ntarishni rejalashtirish va amalga oshirish davomida ular bilan yashirin aloqada bo'ldik va ularning operatsion rejalarini ko'rib chiqishni va yangi hukumatni taklif qildik. Shunday qilib, Diemning to'qqiz yillik hukmronligi qonli ravishda tugaganligi sababli, uning ag'darilishidagi sherikligimiz bizning mas'uliyatimizni va mohiyatan etakchisiz Vetnamdagi majburiyatimizni oshirdi.^[90]

Mahdawi

Ga ko'ra Cherkov qo'mitasi hisobot:

In February 1960, CIA's Near East Division sought the endorsement of what the Division Chief [Jeyms H. Kritchfild ] called the "Health Alteration Committee" for its proposal for a "special operation" to "incapacitate" an Iroq Colonel believed to be "promoting Soviet bloc political interests in Iraq." The Division sought the Committee's advice on a technique, "which while not likely to result in total disablement would be certain to prevent the target from pursuing his usual activities for a minimum of three months," adding: "We do not consciously seek subject's permanent removal from the scene; we also do not object should this complication develop." ... In April [1962], the [Health Alteration] Committee unanimously recommended to the DDP [Deputy Director for Plans, Richard M. Bissell Jr. ] that a "disabling operation" be undertaken, noting that the Chief of Operations advised that it would be "highly desirable." Bissell's deputy, Treysi Barns, approved on behalf of Bissell ... The approved operation was to mail a monogrammed handkerchief containing an incapacitating agent to the colonel from an Asian country. [James] Scheider [Science Advisor to Bissell] testified that, while he did not now recall the name of the recipient, he did remember mailing from the Asian country, during the period in question, a handkerchief "treated with some kind of material for the purpose of harassing that person who received it." ... During the course of this Committee's investigation, the CIA stated that the handkerchief was "in fact never received (if, indeed, sent)." It added that the colonel: "Suffered a terminal illness before a firing squad in Baghdad (an event we had nothing to do with) not very long after our handkerchief proposal was considered."^[92]

Although some sources^[93] depict this operation as an assassination attempt on Iraqi Bosh Vazir Abd al-Karim Qosim, other sources note that this interpretation is inaccurate or unsupported by evidence,^{[94][95][96][97][98]} as the notion that the CIA sought the target's assassination is refuted by the plain meaning of the text itself. In addition, it is unlikely that Qasim was the intended recipient of the handkerchief, as CIA officials would likely have remembered an attack on the Iraqi head of state. While Qasim was not a colonel but a brigadier general and did not openly promote Soviet interests in Iraq, the pro-Soviet head of Iraq's "People's Court," Colonel Fahdil Abbas al-Mahdawi, fits the above description perfectly.^[94][99] Qasim effectively banned the ICP in January 1960, but Mahdawi remained a crucial conduit between Qasim's government and several communist-front groups—including the "Peace Partisans," which was allowed to operate in public despite being formally outlawed in May 1961—and was known for his outspoken praise for Fidel Kastro as well as his trips throughout the Soviet Union, the Sharqiy blok va Xitoy.^[94][95] In 1991, former high-ranking U.S. diplomat Hermann Eilts told journalist Elaine Sciolino that Mahdawi had been the target.^[96]

Mahdawi and some of his family members edi stricken with a serious case of what Mahdawi dubbed "influenza" in 1962, but it is unknown whether this ailment was related to the CIA's plan to poison him; Nathan J. Citino observes that "the timing of the illness does not correspond exactly to that of the 'incapacitating' operation as described in the cited testimony."^[95]

Trujillo

An Inspector General report of investigation of allegations that the Agency was instrumental in bringing about theassassination of Rafael Truxillo, diktator Dominika Respublikasi. Trujillo was effective head of government at the time of his assassination in 1961.

In a report to the Deputy Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Bosh prokurori, Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi xodimlari ushbu agentlikni suiqasdda "faol ishtiroki yo'q" va faqat qotillikni rejalashtirgan guruhlar bilan "zaif aloqada" deb ta'rifladilar.^[100] but the internal CIA investigation, by its Inspector General, "disclosed quite extensive Agency involvement with the plotters."^[82][101]

Sukarno

According to an 86-page portion of the Rokfeller komissiyasi investigating the CIA's domestic activities that was removed at the behest of the Ford ma'muriyati and did not become public until 2016:

[Richard] Bissell [Deputy Director of Plans for the CIA] also testified that there was discussion within the Agency of the possibility of an attempt on the life of President Achmed Sukarno ning Indoneziya which "progressed as far as the identification of an asset who it was felt might be recruited for this purpose. The plan was never reached, was never perfected to the point where it seemed feasible." He said the Agency had "absolutely nothing" to do with the death of Sukarno. ... He stated that no assassination plans would have been undertaken without authorization outside the Agency, and that no such authorization was undertaken for plans against either Lumumba or Sukarno. ... Since no evidence was found to bring the Sukarno and Lumumba matters within the scope of the Commission's investigative authority, no further investigation in these two areas was undertaken.^[102][103]

Nikaragua

In 1984, a CIA manual for training the Nicaraguan Qarama-qarshiliklar in psychological operations and unconventional warfare, entitled "Psychological Operations in Guerrilla War ", became public.^[104] The manual recommended "selective use of violence for propagandistic effects" and to "neutralize" (i.e., kill) government officials. Nicaraguan Contras were taught to lead:

... demonstrators into clashes with the authorities, to provoke riots or shootings, which lead to the killing of one or more persons, who will be seen as the martyrs; this situation should be taken advantage of immediately against the Government to create even bigger conflicts.

The manual also recommended:

... selective use of armed force for PSYOP [psychological operations] effect. ... Carefully selected, planned targets — judges, police officials, tax collectors, etc. — may be removed for PSYOP effect in a UWOA [unconventional warfare operations area], but extensive precautions must insure that the people "concur" in such an act by thorough explanatory canvassing among the affected populace before and after conduct of the mission.^[105]

The CIA claimed that the purpose of the manual was to "moderate" activities already being done by the Contras.^[106]

Shuningdek qarang

• Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining ziddiyatlari ro'yxati
• Senatning Razvedka qo'mitasi Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining qiynoqlari to'g'risida hisobot
• Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidentining Qo'shma Shtatlardagi Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi faoliyati bo'yicha komissiyasi
• CIA's Use of vaccination program in hunt for Osama bin Laden

Adabiyotlar

Kabi tuzilmalar shu erda., lok. keltirish. va idem bor tushkunlikka tushgan Vikipediyaning uslubiy qo'llanmasi izohlar uchun, chunki ular osongina sindirilgan. Iltimos ushbu maqolani yaxshilang ularni almashtirish bilan nomlangan ma'lumotnomalar (tezkor qo'llanma) yoki qisqartirilgan sarlavha. (Iyul 2020) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)