Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi qurolli kuchlari - Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Bu maqola uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Ma'lumot manbasi bo'lmagan materialga qarshi chiqish va olib tashlash mumkin. Manbalarni toping: "Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi qurolli kuchlari"  – Yangiliklar  · gazetalar  · kitoblar  · olim  · JSTOR (2019 yil dekabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi qurolli kuchlari
Forces armées de la République démocratique du Congo
Tashkil etilgan	1960 yil 30-iyun
Xizmat ko'rsatish filiallari	Quruqlik kuchlari  Havo kuchlari  Dengiz kuchlari
Bosh ofis	Polkovnik Tshatshi harbiy lager, Kinshasa
Etakchilik
Prezident	Feliks Tshisekedi
Mudofaa vaziri va faxriylar	Krispin Atama Tabe
Bosh shtab boshlig'i	Armiya generali Celestin Mbala Munsense
Ish kuchi
Harbiy yosh	2008 yilga kelib, "yoshi 20 dan oshgan" 60 yoshdan oshgan askarlar bor.[1]
Faol xodimlar	144,000–159,000[2]
Xarajatlar
Byudjet	93,5 million AQSh dollari (2004 y.)
YaIMning ulushi	1.34 (2016 y.)[3]
Sanoat
Mahalliy etkazib beruvchilar	Kamida bitta o'q-dorilar zavodi Likasi.[4]
Xorijiy etkazib beruvchilar	Xitoy[5]  Ukraina[5]  Isroil[5]  Qo'shma Shtatlar[5]  Frantsiya[5]
Tegishli maqolalar
Darajalar	Harbiy unvonlar

The Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi qurolli kuchlari (Frantsuzcha: Forces armées de la république démocratique du Congo [FARDC]) bu davlat tashkiloti himoya qilish uchun javobgardir Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi. FARDC oxirigacha amalga oshirilgan tinchlik jarayonining bir qismi sifatida yamoq bilan tiklandi Ikkinchi Kongo urushi 2003 yil iyulda.

FARDC a'zolarining aksariyati quruqlikdagi kuchlardir, ammo uning tarkibida kichik havo kuchlari va undan ham kichik dengiz kuchlari mavjud. 2010-2011 yillarda uchta xizmat 144,000 dan 159,000 gacha xodimlardan iborat bo'lishi mumkin.^[2] Bundan tashqari, prezident kuchlari mavjud Respublika gvardiyasi, lekin u va Kongo milliy politsiyasi (PNC) Qurolli Kuchlar tarkibiga kirmaydi.

Poytaxtdagi hukumat Kinshasa, Birlashgan Millatlar, Yevropa Ittifoqi va o'z ichiga olgan ikki tomonlama sheriklar Angola, Janubiy Afrika va Belgiya Kongo Demokratik Respublikasini barqarorlik va xavfsizlik bilan ta'minlash qobiliyatiga ega hayotiy kuch yaratishga harakat qilmoqda. Biroq, bu jarayonga korruptsiya to'sqinlik qilmoqda,^[6] donorlarning muvofiqlashtirilmaganligi va donorlar o'rtasidagi raqobat.^[7] Hozirda FARDC bayrog'i ostida to'plangan turli xil harbiy qismlar Afrikadagi uzoq yillar davom etgan urushlar va kam mablag 'bilan ta'minlangan eng barqaror bo'lmagan qismlardir.

Yangi hukumatga yordam berish uchun 2000 yil fevralidan boshlab Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Kongo Demokratik Respublikasidagi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining missiyasi (endi chaqirildi) MONUSCO ), hozirda mamlakatdagi 16000 dan ortiq tinchlikparvar kuchga ega. Uning asosiy vazifalari - kabi muhim sohalarda xavfsizlikni ta'minlash Janubiy Kivu va Shimoliy Kivu sharqda va hukumatga qayta qurishda yordam berish. Xorijiy isyonchilar guruhlari ham so'nggi yarim asrning aksariyat qismida bo'lganidek Kongoda. Eng muhimi Ruandani ozod qilish uchun demokratik kuchlar (FDLR), bunga qarshi Loran Nkunda qo'shinlari jang qilmoqda, ammo Ugandaga qarshi boshqa kichik guruhlar Lordning qarshilik ko'rsatish armiyasi ham mavjud.^[8]

FARDKning huquqiy mavqei O'tish davri Konstitutsiyasida, 118 va 188 moddalarida belgilab qo'yilgan edi. Keyinchalik 2006 yilgi Konstitutsiyaning 187 - 192 moddalari bilan almashtirildi. 2004 yil 12 noyabrdagi 04/023 qonuni Mudofaaning Bosh Tashkilotini va Qurolli Kuchlar.^[9] 2010 yil o'rtalarida Kongo parlamenti vaqtincha Organik qonun 130 deb belgilangan yangi mudofaa qonunini muhokama qilmoqda.

Tarix

Fon

Mustamlaka davridagi Kongo askarlari Majburiy publique 1928 yilda tasvirlangan

Deb nomlanuvchi birinchi uyushgan Kongo qo'shinlari Majburiy publique, 1888 yilda King qachon yaratilgan Belgiya Leopold II, kim Kongo ozod shtati uning shaxsiy mulki sifatida ichki ishlar vaziriga davlat uchun harbiy va politsiya kuchlarini yaratishni buyurdi.^[10] 1908 yilda xalqaro bosim ostida Leopold mustamlaka boshqaruvini Belgiya hukumatiga topshirdi Belgiya Kongosi. 1960 yilda Belgiya ofitseri korpusi qo'mondonligi ostida mustamlaka mustaqillikka erishdi. 1916 va 1917 yillar davomida Majburiy publique jangni ko'rdim Kamerun, va hududlarni muvaffaqiyatli bosib oldi va bosib oldi Germaniya Sharqiy Afrika, ayniqsa hozirgi kun Ruanda, Birinchi Jahon urushi paytida Majburiy publique da kurashgan Belgiya mustamlakachilik bo'linmalarini shakllantirish uchun ham foydalanilgan Sharqiy Afrika kampaniyasi Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Mustaqillik va qo'zg'olon

1960 yil 30 iyunda mustaqillik davrida armiya, ayniqsa, ofitserlar korpusida o'qitilgan rahbarlarning keskin tanqisligidan aziyat chekdi. Buning sababi edi Majburiy publique har doim faqat Belgiya yoki boshqa chet ellik oq tanlilar tomonidan ish olib borilgan. Belgiya hukumati mustamlakachilik davrining oxirigacha Kongo komandirlarini tayyorlash uchun hech qanday harakat qilmadi va 1958 yilda faqat 23 nafar afrikalik kursantlar harbiy o'rta maktabga qabul qilindi.^[11] Kongoliklar uchun mavjud bo'lgan eng yuqori daraja bu edi yordamchi, bu faqat to'rt askar mustaqillikka qadar erishgan.^[12][a] 14 Kongo kursantlari ro'yxatdan o'tgan bo'lsa-da Qirollik harbiy akademiyasi may oyida Bryusselda ular 1963 yilgacha ikkinchi leytenant unvonini olishlari kerak edi.^[14] Belgiya zobitlarining noto'g'riligi, 1960 yil 5-iyulda ro'yxatdagi qo'zg'olonga olib keldi va bu ularning uchquniga sabab bo'ldi Kongo inqirozi. General-leytenant Emil Yansens, Majburiy publique qo'mondon, "Mustaqillikdan oldin = Mustaqillikdan keyin" deb yozgan askarlarning uchrashuvi paytida askarlarning mavqeini zudlik bilan ko'tarish istagiga sovuq suv quydi.^[11]

Tarixchi Lui-Fransua Vanderstraetenning aytishicha, 1960 yil 8 iyul kuni ertalab, askarlar ustidan barcha nazorat yo'qolgan kechadan so'ng, vaziyatni tinchlantirish maqsadida Leopold lageriga ko'plab vazirlar kelishdi.^[15] Ikkala Bosh vazir Patris Lumumba va Prezident Jozef Kasa-Vubu oxir-oqibat etib keldi va askarlar Kasa-Vubuni "diniy" tinglashdi. Uning nutqidan so'ng Kasa-Vubu va hozir bo'lgan vazirlar askarlardan iborat delegatsiyani tinglash uchun lagerdagi oshxonaga nafaqaga chiqdilar. Vanderstraeten so'zlariga ko'ra Jozef Ileo, ularning talablari (intiqomlar) quyidagilarni o'z ichiga olgan:

• mudofaa portfeli Bosh vazirga berilmasligi
• bu ism Majburiy publique ga o'zgartirilsin Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC)
• va bosh qo'mondon va shtab boshlig'i Belgiyaliklar bo'lmasligi kerak

Keyinchalik "mashaqqatli" muhokamalar keyinchalik retrospektiv ravishda "favqulodda vazirlar kengashi" yorlig'i bilan berildi.^[16] Jerar-Libois yozadi: "vazirlar kengashining maxsus yig'ilishi zobitlar korpusini zudlik bilan Afrikalashtirish uchun choralar ko'rdi va ularning nomlari Viktor Lundula, kim tug'ilgan Kasai va burgomaster edi Jadotvil, ANC Bosh qo'mondoni sifatida; Polkovnik Jozef-Déziré Mobutu shtat boshlig'i sifatida; Belgiyalik polkovnik Xenquiau esa ANKning bosh maslahatchisi sifatida.^[17] Shunday qilib general Yanssens ishdan bo'shatildi. Lundula ham, Mobutu ham sobiq serjantlar edi Majburiy publique.

1960 yil 8-9 iyul kunlari askarlar qora tanli ofitserlarni tayinlashga taklif qilindi va "armiya qo'mondonligi ishonchli tarzda sobiq serjantlar qo'liga o'tib ketdi", chunki umuman askarlar Kongo armiyasining eng o'qimishli va eng yuqori martabali askarlarini tanladilar. ularning yangi ofitserlari.^[18] Belgiya zobitlarining aksariyati yangi Kongo ierarxiyasining maslahatchisi sifatida saqlanib qolishdi va tinchlik ikki asosiy garnizonga qaytib keldi Leopoldvil va Tisvil.^[19] The Majburiy publique nomi o'zgartirildi Armée nationale congolaise (ANC),^[20] yoki Kongo milliy qurolli kuchlari. Biroq, Katanga shahrida Belgiya zobitlari armiyani afrikalashtirishga qarshi turishdi.

Bor edi Majburiy publique 1960 yil 9 iyulda Elizabeth Massdagi Kamp Massartdagi isyon;^[21] besh yoki etti evropalik o'ldirildi.^[22] Armiya qo'zg'oloni va natijada paydo bo'lgan mish-mishlar butun mamlakat bo'ylab qattiq vahima qo'zg'atdi va Belgiya o'z fuqarolarini himoya qilish uchun qo'shinlarni va dengiz harbiy guruhining 218.2 guruhini yubordi.^[23] Belgiya qo'shinlari Elisabetvill va Luluaburgga aralashdilar (10 iyul), Matadi (11 iyul), Leopoldvill (13 iyul) va boshqa joylarda.^[21] Belgiya o'zlarining sobiq mustamlakalarini qaytarib olishni rejalashtirganligi to'g'risida darhol shubha paydo bo'ldi. Belgiya kolonistlarining katta qismi mamlakatni tark etishdi. Shu bilan birga, 11 iyul kuni Moise Tshombe mustaqilligini e'lon qildi Katanga viloyati janubi-sharqda, qolgan Belgiya ma'murlari va askarlari tomonidan yaqindan qo'llab-quvvatlandi.

Kongo inqirozi paytida Armée nationale congolaise (ANC) zirhli mashinalari

1960 yil 14-iyulda Bosh vazir Lumumbaning so'rovlariga binoan BMT Xavfsizlik Kengashi qabul qildi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Xavfsizlik Kengashining 143-sonli qarori. Bu Belgiyani o'z qo'shinlarini olib tashlashga va BMTning Kongo kuchlariga "o'z vazifalarini to'liq bajarishiga" imkon berish uchun harbiy yordam ko'rsatishga chaqirdi. Lumumba Belgiyadan o'z qo'shinlarini zudlik bilan olib chiqib ketishni talab qilib, agar ular ikki kun ichida ketmasa Sovet Ittifoqidan yordam so'rash bilan tahdid qildi. BMT tezda reaksiya ko'rsatdi va tashkil etdi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Kongodagi operatsiyasi (ONUC). Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining birinchi qo'shinlari ertasi kuni kelishdi, ammo Lumumba va BMT o'rtasida yangi kuchlar to'g'risida zudlik bilan kelishmovchiliklar yuzaga keldi. mandat. Kongo armiyasi isyondan beri tartibsizlikda bo'lganligi sababli, Lumumba Katangani kuch bilan bo'ysundirish uchun BMT qo'shinlaridan foydalanmoqchi edi. Lumumba BMTning Tsxombe va uning ajralib chiqishiga qarshi kuch ishlatishni istamasligidan nihoyatda xafa bo'ldi.^[24] U 14-avgust kuni Bosh kotib Hammarskyold bilan rejalashtirilgan uchrashuvni bekor qildi va uning o'rniga bir qator g'azablangan xatlarni yozdi.^[25] Hammarskyldan Katanganing ajralib chiqishi Kongoning ichki masalasi edi va BMTning ushbu moddasining 2-moddasi bilan aralashishi taqiqlangan edi. Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Ustavi. BMT kuchlari qodir bo'lgan va qila olmaydigan narsalar bo'yicha kelishmovchiliklar uning joylashuvi davomida davom etdi.

ONUC uchun jami 3500 askar 1960 yil 20-iyulgacha Kongoga etib kelgan.^[26] Belgiya kuchlarining birinchi kontingenti 16 iyulda Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti qo'shinlari kelgandan keyin Leopoldvillni tark etishgan. Kuchlar kontingentlari etarlicha sonda etib kelishlariga ishonch bildirgandan so'ng Belgiya hukumati 23 iyulga qadar barcha kuchlarini Leopoldvil hududidan olib chiqishga rozi bo'ldi. Belgiyaning so'nggi qo'shinlari 23 iyulga qadar mamlakatni tark etishdi, chunki Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti kuchlari butun Kongo bo'ylab joylashishni davom ettirdilar. ONUCning qurilishi davom etdi, uning kuchi 25 iyulga qadar 8000 dan oshdi va 1960 yil 31 iyulgacha 11000 dan oshdi. Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti va Kongo hukumati o'rtasida Kuchlarning ishlashi to'g'risida asosiy kelishuv 27 iyulga qadar kelishib olindi. 9 avgustda, Albert Kalonji mustaqilligini e'lon qildi Janubiy Kasay.

1960 yilda ANC paradi

1960 yil iyul-avgust oylarining o'ta muhim davrida Mobutu "o'z" milliy armiyasini o'ziga sodiq bo'linmalarga chet el yordamini yo'naltirish, ishonchsiz bo'linmalarni chekka hududlarga surgun qilish va raqib qo'shinlarini singdirish yoki tarqatish orqali yaratdi. U lavozimini ko'tarilishini va ish haqi uchun pul oqimini nazorat qilib, alohida zobitlarni o'ziga bog'lab qo'ydi. 1990-yillarda ish olib borgan tadqiqotchilar AQSh tomonidan armiyaga pul to'g'ridan-to'g'ri olib kelgan degan xulosaga kelishdi. Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi, BMT va Belgiya.^[27][28] Shunga qaramay, 1960 yil sentyabrga kelib, mamlakatning to'rt tomonlama bo'linishidan so'ng, to'rtta alohida qurolli kuchlar mavjud edi: Mobotuning ANC-ning o'zi, soni 12000 ga yaqin edi. Janubiy Kasay Albert Kalonjiga sodiq so'zlashma (3000 yoki undan kam), Katanga jandarmeriyasi qismi bo'lgan Moise Tshombe rejimi (jami 10000 ga yaqin) va Stenlivil dissidenti ANCga sodiq Antuan Gizenga (ularning soni 8000 ga yaqin).^[29]

1960 yil avgustda, Janubiy Kasay va Katanga qo'zg'olonlarini bostirish uchun BMTdan yordam so'rab murojaatlarni rad etganligi sababli, Lumumba hukumati Sovet yordamini so'rashga qaror qildi. De Vitning yozishicha, "Leopoldvil Sovet Ittifoqidan samolyotlar, yuk mashinalari, qurol-yarog 'va uskunalar so'ragan ... Ko'p o'tmay, 22 yoki 23 avgust kunlari Kasayga 1000 ga yaqin askar jo'nab ketdi".^[30] 26-27 avgust kunlari ANC egallab oldi Bakvanga, Albert Kalonjining Janubiy Kasaydagi poytaxti, jiddiy qarshiliksiz va de Vitening so'zlariga ko'ra, "keyingi ikki kun ichida Kasayning ajralib chiqishiga vaqtincha chek qo'ydi".^[30]

Shu nuqtada Kongress kutubxonasi Kongo uchun mamlakat tadqiqotida aytilishicha, 1960 yil 5 sentyabrda:^[31]"Kasavubu Mobutini ham ANC rahbari etib tayinladi. Jozef Ileo yangi bosh vazir etib saylandi va yangi hukumat tuzishga harakat qila boshladi. Lumumba va uning vazirlar mahkamasi Kasa-Vubuni xoinlikda ayblab, uni ishdan bo'shatish uchun ovoz berishdi. Parlament Lumumba yoki Kasavubuning ishdan bo'shatilishini tasdiqlashdan bosh tortdi va ular o'rtasida yarashuv o'rnatishga intildi. Bir haftalik tanglikdan so'ng Mobutu 14 sentyabr kuni buni e'lon qildi u 1960 yil 31 dekabrgacha hokimiyatni o'z zimmasiga oldi Kasavubuni ham, Lumumbani ham "zararsizlantirish" uchun. "Mobutu Bosh komissarlar kolleji, universitet bitiruvchilarining texnokratik hukumati.

1961 yil yanvar boshida Lumumbaga sodiq bo'lgan ANC bo'linmalari Baluba qabilasi a'zolarining Tsxombe bo'linish rejimiga qarshi qo'zg'olonini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun Katanga shimoliy qismiga bostirib kirdilar.^[32] 1961 yil 23-yanvarda Kasa-Vubu Mobutuni general-mayor unvoniga sazovor qildi; De Vitening ta'kidlashicha, bu "armiyani mustahkamlash, prezidentning yagona yordami va Mobutuning armiyadagi mavqeini kuchaytirishga qaratilgan".^[33]

Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Xavfsizlik Kengashining 161-sonli qarori 1961 yil 21 fevralda Belgiya zobitlarini ANKdagi qo'mondonlik lavozimlaridan olib chiqishga va BMT yordami bilan yangi Kongo zobitlarini tayyorlashga chaqirdi. ONUC 1960 yil avgustidan 1963 yil iyunigacha ANCni qayta o'qitishga bir qator urinishlar qildi, ko'pincha siyosiy o'zgarishlar tufayli orqaga qaytarildi.^[34] 1963 yil mart oyiga kelib polkovnik Maykl Grinning tashrifidan so'ng Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi va natijada paydo bo'lgan "Yashil reja", yagona birlashgan harakatlar o'rniga har xil Kongo harbiy qismlariga ikki tomonlama kelishilgan harbiy yordam sxemasi allaqachon shakllanib kelmoqda edi.^[35]

Kongo askarlari qo'lga olingan isyonchilar propagandasi bilan 1964 yilda

1964 yil boshida yangi inqiroz boshlandi, chunki Kongo isyonchilari o'zlarini "Simba "(Suahilcha" Arslon "degan ma'noni anglatadi) hukumatga qarshi bosh ko'targan Per Myulle, Gaston Soumialot va Kristof Gbenye sobiq Gizenga a'zolari bo'lganlar Parti Solidaire Africain (PSA). Qo'zg'olon Kivu va Sharqiy (Sharq) provinsiyalariga ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Avgustga qadar ular Stenlivillni egallab olishdi va u erda isyonchilar hukumati tuzishdi. Qo'zg'olonchilar harakati tarqalishi bilan intizomni saqlash qiyinlashdi, zo'ravonlik va terror xatti-harakatlari ko'payib ketdi. Minglab Kongoliklar, jumladan hukumat amaldorlari, muxolifat partiyalarining siyosiy rahbarlari, viloyat va mahalliy politsiya, maktab o'qituvchilari va boshqalar g'arblashgan deb hisoblanganlar qatl etildi. Ko'pgina qatllar Stenlivildagi Lumumba yodgorligi oldida o'ta shafqatsizlik bilan amalga oshirildi.^[36] Tsxombe qo'zg'olonni bostirish uchun xorijiy yollanma askarlarni hamda ANCni ishlatishga qaror qildi. Mayk Xare ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan odamlarni yaratish uchun ishlatilgan 5 Komando ANC da Kamina Belgiya zobiti, polkovnik Frederik Vandervalle yordami bilan 6 Komando ANC frantsuz tilida so'zlashadigan va dastlab a qo'mondonligi ostida bo'lgan Belgiya armiyasi polkovnik, Lamuline.^[37] 1964 yil avgustga kelib, yollanma askarlar boshqa ANC qo'shinlari yordamida Simba qo'zg'oloniga qarshi yo'l oldilar. Mag'lub bo'lishdan qo'rqqan isyonchilar o'zlari nazorati ostidagi hududlarda mahalliy oq tanli aholini garovga olishni boshladilar. Ushbu garovga olinganlar Belgiya aeroportlarida qutqarildi (Dragon Rouge va Dragon Noir ) Stenlivil va Paulis AQSh samolyotlari tomonidan amalga oshirilgan. Operatsiya tez orada qo'lga kiritilgan Stenlivilga yollanma qismlar (aftidan shoshilinch ravishda tashkil etilgan 5-mexanizatsiyalashgan brigada) kelgan paytga to'g'ri keldi. Yil oxirigacha isyonning qolgan joylarini butunlay bostirish kerak edi.

Besh yillik notinchlikdan so'ng, 1965 yilda Mobutu ANC lavozimidan foydalangan Xodimlar boshlig'i hokimiyatni egallash 1965 yil Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi davlat to'ntarishi. Mobutu hokimiyatni egallashga muvaffaq bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, tez orada uning pozitsiyasi tahdid ostida qoldi Stenlivildagi g'alayonlar oxir-oqibat bostirilgan "yollanma askarlarning itoati" deb ham nomlanadi.^[38]

Umumiy qoida bo'yicha, o'sha paytdan beri qurolli kuchlar siyosat sifatida tanaga aralashgan emas, aksincha mamlakatni larzaga keltirgan ambitsiyali erkaklar silkitilgan. Aslida, siyosiy va etnik etakchilar tomonidan harbiylar va politsiyadan noto'g'ri foydalanish va ba'zan ularni suiiste'mol qilish katta muammo bo'lib qoldi.^[39]

1968 yil 16-mayda ikkita polkdan (har biri uchta batalondan) iborat parashyut brigadasi tuzildi va u oxir-oqibat to'liq bo'linishga qadar o'sishi kerak edi.^[40]

Zair 1971-1997

Mamlakat nomi o'zgartirildi Zair 1971 yilda va shu sababli armiya tayinlandi Armées Zaïroisesni majbur qiladi (FAZ). 1971 yilda armiya kuchlari at 1-guruhdan iborat edi Kananga, bitta qo'riqchi bataloni, ikkita piyoda batalyoni va jandarma batalyoni biriktirilgan va 2-guruh (Kinshasa ), 3-guruh (Kisangani ), 4-guruh (Lubumbashi ), 5-guruh (Bukavu ), 6-guruh (Mbandaka ) va 7-guruh (Boma ). Ularning har biri brigadaning kattaligiga teng edi va ularga harbiy ma'lumotga ega bo'lmagan va ko'pincha ijobiy tajribaga ega bo'lmagan, yoshi ulug 'generallar rahbarlik qilar edilar, chunki ular Belgiya Force Publique-da NKO bo'lganlar. "^[41] 1970-yillarning oxiriga kelib guruhlar soni to'qqiztaga etdi, har bir ma'muriy hududga bittadan.^[42] Parashyutlar bo'limi (Division des Troupes Aéroportées Renforcées de Choc, DITRAC) armiyaning qolgan qismidan yarim mustaqil ravishda ishladi.

1972 yil iyul oyida qo'mondonlik qilayotgan bir qator generallar guruhlar nafaqaga chiqqan. Général d'armée Lui Bobozo va Generaux de Corps d'Armée Nyamaseko Mata Bokongo, Nzoigba Yeu Ngoli, Muke Massaku, Ingila Grima, Itambo Kambala Va Mukina, Tsshinyama Mpemba va general-divizion Yossa Yi Ayira, oxirgi marta Kamina bazasining qo'mondoni bo'lgan. 1972 yil 25 iyulda nafaqaga chiqqan.^[43] Harbiy bosh qo'mondon lavozimini egallab, endi general-kapitan unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi, yangi general-diviziya lavozimiga ko'tarildi Bumba Moaso, parashyut diviziyasining sobiq qo'mondoni.

1970-yillarning boshlarida FAZni ko'plab mamlakatlar qo'llab-quvvatladilar. Uch yuz belgiyalik xodim Mudofaa vazirligi bo'ylab shtab ofitseri va maslahatchisi bo'lib xizmat qildi, italiyaliklar harbiy havo kuchlarini qo'llab-quvvatladilar, amerikaliklar transport va kommunikatsiyalarga yordam berishdi, isroilliklar havo-desant kuchlari bilan mashg'ulot olib borishdi va muhandislar bilan ingliz maslahatchilari bor edi.^[44] 1972 yilda davlat tomonidan homiylik qilingan siyosiy tashkilot Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution (MPR), partiya qurultoyida har bir harbiy qismda faol hujayralarni shakllantirish to'g'risida qaror qabul qildi. Ushbu qaror ofitserlar korpusini hayratda qoldirdi, chunki armiya mustaqillikka qadar siyosiy bo'lmagan (va hatto siyosiyga qarshi) edi.^[45]

1975 yil 11-iyunda bir qancha harbiy zobitlar hibsga olingan coup monté et manqué. Hibsga olinganlar orasida Générals Daniel Katsuva va Katsuvira, Qurolli kuchlar shtabi boshlig'i, Utshudi Vembolenga, 2-harbiy mintaqaning komendanti. Kalemie; Fallu Sumbu, Vashingtondagi Zaire harbiy attashesi, polkovnik Mudiayi va Mudiayi, Parijdagi Zaire harbiy attashesi, Bryusseldagi harbiy attashe, parakommando batalyoni qo'mondoni va boshqalar.^[46] Rejim bu zobitlarni va boshqalarni (shu jumladan Mobutuni) aybladi secrétaire particulier) Mobutuni o'ldirish, xiyonat qilish va harbiy sirlarni oshkor qilishni, boshqa huquqbuzarliklar qatorida rejalashtirgan. Gumon qilingan to'ntarish, o'sha paytda Jandarmeriya rahbari bo'lgan Boyenge Mosambay Singa boshchiligidagi inqilobiy komissiya tomonidan tekshirilgan. 1988 yilda yozgan Maykl Shatsbergning aytishicha, to'ntarishning to'liq tafsilotlari hali paydo bo'lgan emas.^[47] Meitho, ko'p yillar o'tgach, yozishicha, ofitserlar Mobutuni ko'tarishga urinishda ayblangan secrétaire particulier, Polkovnik Omba Pene Djunga, Kasaydan hokimiyat tepasiga.^[48]

Zairiya qo'shinlari Janubiy Shabada, 1977 yil aprel

1975 yil oxirida, Mobutu, pro-ni o'rnatish uchunKinshasa Angoladagi hukumat va uning oldini olish Marksistik Angolani ozod qilish uchun xalq harakati (MPLA) ning kuchga intilishi, FAZ zirhli mashinalari, parashyutchilar va uchta piyoda batalyonlarini Angolaga qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun Angolaning Milliy ozodlik fronti (FNLA).^[49]1975 yil 10-noyabrda anti-kommunistik kuch 1500 FNLA jangchilari, 100 portugal angolalik askarlari va ikkita FAZ batalyonlaridan iborat Kifangondo shahri yaqinidan faqat 30 kilometr (19 milya) shimoldan o'tib ketishdi. Luanda, 10 noyabr tongida. Janubiy Afrikaning samolyotlari va uchta 140 millimetrlik artilleriya tomonidan quvvatlangan kuch,^[50] bo'ylab bir qatorda yurish qildi Bengo daryosi daryo bo'ylab 800 kishilik kubalik kuchga duch kelish. Shunday qilib Quifangondo jangi boshlangan. Kubaliklar va MPLA jangchilari FNLAni minomyot va 122 millimetrli raketalar bilan bombardimon qilishdi, FNLAning aksariyat zirhli mashinalari va tankga qarshi raketalarni olib ketayotgan oltita Jip jangning birinchi soatlarida yo'q qilindi.^[51]

Mobutining FNLA siyosatini qo'llab-quvvatlashi Angolada MPLA g'alaba qozonganidan keyin o'z samarasini berdi. MPLA, keyin go'yo hech bo'lmaganda Kongo milliy ozodligi uchun front, Zairning janubi-sharqini egallagan Katanga viloyati 1977 yil mart oyida Shaba nomi bilan tanilgan, FAZning ozgina qarshiliklariga duch kelgan. Ushbu bosqinchilik ba'zan sifatida tanilgan Shaba I. Mobutu tomonidan yordam so'ralishi kerak edi Marokash MPLAni tor-mor etgan muntazam qo'shinlar shaklida va ularning Kuba Katanga tashqarisidagi maslahatchilar. Zairnikiga uchib ketgan misrlik uchuvchilar ham muhim edi Miraj 5 jangovar samolyotlar.^[52] Ushbu epizodning kamsitilishi 1978 yil boshida Zairda fuqarolar tartibsizligini keltirib chiqardi va FAZ uni qo'yishi kerak edi.^[53]

Prezident Mobutu harbiy charchoqda, 1978 yil

Davomida Zair harbiylarining yomon ishlashi Shaba I surunkali zaif tomonlarini ko'rsatdi.^[31] Muammolardan biri shundaki, ushbu hududdagi ba'zi Zairiya askarlari uzoq vaqt davomida ish haqini olmagan. Katta zobitlar tez-tez askarlarga mo'ljallangan pulni saqlab qolishdi, odatda FAZdagi obro'siz va noaniq yuqori rahbariyatni ko'rsatib berishdi. Natijada ko'plab askarlar jang qilishdan ko'ra shunchaki tark etishdi. Boshqalar esa o'zlarining birliklarida qolishdi, ammo samarasiz edilar. Shaba bosqinidan keyingi bir necha oy ichida Mobutu armiyaning dahshatli ishiga hissa qo'shgan harbiy muammolarga echim izladi. U qo'mondonlik tuzilmasida keng qamrovli islohotlarni amalga oshirdi, shu jumladan yuqori martabali ofitserlarni ulgurji ishdan bo'shatish. U harbiy general shtabni o'zining prezident shtabi bilan birlashtirdi va o'zini mudofaa vaziri va oliy qo'mondon lavozimlaridan tashqari yana o'zini shtab boshlig'i etib tayinladi. Shuningdek, u o'z kuchlarini ilgari bo'lgani kabi Kinshasa yaqinida saqlash o'rniga butun mamlakat bo'ylab tarqatdi. The Kamanyola divizioni, o'sha paytda armiyaning eng yaxshi tuzilishi deb hisoblangan va prezidentning o'zi deb hisoblangan, doimiy ravishda tayinlangan Shaba. Ushbu o'zgarishlarga qo'shimcha ravishda armiya kuchi 25 foizga kamaydi. Shuningdek, Zairning ittifoqchilari katta miqdordagi harbiy texnika etkazib berishdi va Belgiya, Frantsiya va Amerikalik maslahatchilar kuchlarni tiklash va qayta tayyorlashda yordam berishdi.

Ushbu yaxshilanishlarga qaramay, sobiq Katangan jandarmeriyasining ikkinchi bosqini Shaba II 1978 yil may-iyun oylarida faqat frantsuzlarning jo'natilishi bilan tarqaldi 2-chet el parashyut polki va belgiyalik batalyon Parakommando polki. Kamanyola bo'linmasi deyarli zudlik bilan qulab tushdi. Frantsuz birliklari Kolvezi jangi shaharni FLNCdan qaytarib olish uchun. AQSh moddiy-texnik yordam ko'rsatdi.^[31]

1975 yil iyul oyida IISS Harbiy muvozanat, FAZ 14 ta piyoda batalyoni, "Guard" batalyonlari va "parashyut" deb har xil nomlangan ettita piyoda batalyonlaridan iborat edi (yoki ehtimol "komando"; ehtimol 1968 yilda tashkil topgan yangi parashyut brigadasining bo'linmalari) . Shuningdek, zirhli avtomobil polki va mexanizatsiyalashgan piyoda batalyoni mavjud edi. Tashkiliy jihatdan armiya etti brigada guruhi va bitta parashyut diviziyasidan iborat edi.^[54] Ushbu qismlarga qo'shimcha ravishda 1979 yilgacha tank batalyoni tuzilganligi haqida xabar berilgan.^[55]

1979 yil yanvar oyida General de Division Mosambaye Singa Boyenge Harbiy mintaqa qo'mondoni va Shaba uchun viloyat komissari sifatida tanilgan.^[56]

1984 yilda harbiylashtirilgan politsiya kuchlari Fuqaro muhofazasi tashkil topgan.^[57] Oxir-oqibat buyruq berildi Général d'armée Kpama Baramoto Kata.

Tomas Tyorner 1990-yillarning oxirida "[m] ajor zo'ravonlik harakatlari, masalan, 1978 yilda Bandundu viloyatida" Kasongo qo'zg'oloni "dan keyin sodir etilgan qotillar, 1979 yilda Kasay-Sharq mintaqasida olmos qazib oluvchilarning o'ldirilishi va boshqalar kabi. yaqinda, 1990 yilda Lubumbashida talabalarni qirg'in qilish, aholini qo'rqitishda davom etdi. "^[58]

Mualliflari Kongress kutubxonasi mamlakatni o'rganish Zairga 1992-93 yillarda quyidagicha izoh bergan:

"Inventarizatsiyadagi uskunalarga texnik xizmat ko'rsatish holati an'anaviy ravishda har xil bo'lib, ular jihozning ustuvorligiga va xorijiy maslahatchilar va texniklarning borligi yoki yo'qligiga bog'liq.^[31] Harbiy texnikaning katta qismi, birinchi navbatda ehtiyot qismlarning etishmasligi, sifatsiz texnik xizmat ko'rsatish va o'g'irlik natijasida ishlamayapti. Masalan, 1-zirhli brigadaning tanklari tez-tez operatsiyasiz ish stavkasini 70-80 foizga yaqinlashtiradi. 1985 yilda Xitoy texnik guruhining tashrifidan so'ng, tanklarning aksariyati ishladi, ammo bunday yaxshilangan maqom odatda mehmonlar jamoasining ketishidan uzoq davom etmadi. Zairian birliklarida texnik xizmat ko'rsatishni bir necha omillar murakkablashtiradi. Texnik-texnik xodimlar ko'pincha zamonaviy harbiy texnikani saqlash uchun zarur bo'lgan tayyorgarlikka ega emaslar. Bundan tashqari, turli xil harbiy texnika va uni saqlash uchun zarur bo'lgan juda ko'p ehtiyot qismlar nafaqat logistika tarmog'ini to'sib qo'yadi, balki qimmatga tushadi.

Ta'mirlashga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatadigan eng muhim omil - bu askarlarning kam va tartibsiz ish haqi olishlari, natijada ularning maoshlarini to'ldirish uchun ehtiyot qismlar va hatto asosiy jihozlarni o'g'irlash va sotish. Ehtiyot qismlar va jihozlarni o'g'irlamagan taqdirda, texnik xizmat ko'rsatuvchi xodimlar ko'pincha ish kunining eng yaxshi qismini foyda olishning boshqa usullarini qidirishga sarflashadi. Zairda ishlaydigan amerikalik texnik guruhlar ishchilarga bepul tushlik berish yaxshi, ba'zida yagona usul bo'lib, xodimlarni ish kunining kamida yarmini ishlashga undaydi.

Armiya logistika korpusiga [topshiriq berilgan] .. moddiy-texnik yordam ko'rsatish va FAZni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri, bilvosita va depo darajasida texnik xizmat ko'rsatish. Ammo Zair texnik xizmat ko'rsatishga va moddiy-texnik ta'minotga etarlicha ahamiyat bermaganligi, mablag 'etishmasligi va malakasi etarli bo'lmaganligi sababli korpus kam ish bilan ta'minlangan, jihozlanmagan va umuman o'z vazifasini bajara olmayapti. U tayinlangan uchta batalonda tashkil etilgan Mbandaka, Kisangani va Kamina, ammo faqatgina Kaminada batalon etarli darajada ishchilar bilan to'ldirilgan; boshqalari esa skelet "birliklaridan biroz ko'proq.

Kongo kuchlari intizomining yomon ahvoli 1990 yilda yana bir bor ayon bo'ldi. Zairga xorijiy harbiy yordam tugagandan so'ng to'xtadi. Sovuq urush va Mobutu qasddan harbiylarning ahvolini yomonlashishiga yo'l qo'ydi, chunki bu uning hokimiyatni ushlab turishiga tahdid solmasligi uchun.^[61] Maoshlarning kamligi va ish haqining etishmasligidan norozi bo'lib, desantchilar talon-taroj qilishni boshladilar Kinshasa 1991 yil sentyabrda frantsuz ("Baumier Operation") va Belgiya ("Blue Beam Operation") aralashuvidan so'ng to'xtatildi.^[62] kuchlar.

Kongo DR xaritasi

1993 yilda Kongressning mamlakatshunoslik kutubxonasi,^[31] 25 ming kishilik FAZ quruqlikdagi qo'shinlari bitta piyoda diviziyasidan iborat edi (uchta piyoda brigadasi bilan); bitta havo-desant brigadasi (uchta parashyut batalyoni va bitta tayanch batalyoni bilan); bitta maxsus kuch (komando / qarshi qo'zg'olon) brigadasi; The Maxsus prezident bo'limi; bitta mustaqil zirhli brigada; va ikkita mustaqil piyoda brigadasi (har birida uchta piyoda batalyoni, bittadan tayanch batalyoni). Ushbu bo'linmalar Shaba mintaqasida asosiy kuchlar bilan (butun kuchning taxminan yarmi) butun mamlakat bo'ylab joylashtirilgan. Kamanyola diviziyasi uchta piyoda brigadasidan iborat bo'lib, odatda g'arbiy Shaba viloyatida ishlagan; 21-piyoda brigadasi joylashgan edi Lubumbashi; 13-piyoda brigadasi Sharqiy Shaba bo'ylab joylashtirilgan; va 31-desant brigadasining kamida bitta batalyoni turgan Kamina. Kuchlarning boshqa asosiy kontsentratsiyasi Kinshasa va uning atrofida bo'lgan: 31-desant brigada joylashtirilgan N'djili aeroporti poytaxtning chekkasida; The Maxsus prezident bo'limi (DSP) prezident qarorgohi yonida istiqomat qilgan; va 1-zirhli brigada edi Mbanza-Ngungu (ichida.) Bas-Kongo, Kinshasa shahridan taxminan 120 kilometr (75 milya) janubi-g'arbda). Nihoyat 41-komando brigadasi joylashgan edi Kisangani.

Ushbu yuzaki ta'sirchan bo'linmalar ro'yxati o'sha paytdagi qurolli kuchlarning haqiqiy qobiliyatini oshirib yuborgan. Prezident bo'limi va 31-havo-desant brigadasi kabi imtiyozli tuzilmalardan tashqari, aksariyat bo'linmalar yomon o'qitilgan, bo'linib ketgan va shu qadar yomon maosh olganki, ular muntazam ravishda talon-taroj qilishni boshlaganlar. Kuchlarni siyosiylashtirish, qabilalarni ajratish va kuchlarni taqsimlash natijasida qurolli kuchlar qanday operatsion qobiliyatlarni asta-sekin yo'q qildilar, shu qatorda Mobuti bo'linib, hukmronlik qilishlariga imkon berish uchun xayrixoh guruhlarni tozalashni o'z ichiga oldi.^[63] Bularning barchasi kleptokratik Mobutu rejimi ostidagi davlat tuzilmalarining tobora yomonlashib borishi fonida yuz berdi.

Mobutuni ag'darish va undan keyin

Yaqinda hozirgi Kongo Demokratik Respublikasida yuz bergan mojaroning kelib chiqish sabablarining aksariyati quyidagidan keyingi notinchlikdan kelib chiqadi. Ruanda genotsidi 1994 yilga kelib, keyinchalik Buyuk ko'llar qochqinlar inqirozi. Boshlangan eng katta qochqinlar lagerlari ichida Goma Nord-Kivu shahrida Ruanda bo'lgan Xutu oxir-oqibat uyushgan jangchilar Rassemblement Démocratique pour le Ruanda, Ruandaga takroriy hujumlar uyushtirgan. Oxir-oqibat Ruanda qo'llab-quvvatladi Loran-Déziré Kabila va u tezda tashkil etilgan Kongoni ozod qilish uchun demokratik kuchlar ittifoqi (AFDL) Mobutu hukumatini ag'darish jarayonida Ruandaga qarshi hujumlarni to'xtatish maqsadida Zairni bosib olishda. Militsalar isyon ko'targanlarida, Ruanda tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan FAZ, yuqorida aytib o'tilganidek zaiflashdi, vaziyatni o'zlashtirishga va oldini olishga qodir emasligini isbotladi. Mobutuni ag'darish 1997 yilda.^[64] Mobutga sodiq FAZ elementlari Kongoning shimoliy qismiga, u erdan orqaga chekinishga muvaffaq bo'ldi Sudan AFDLdan qochishga urinayotganda. Urushayotgan Sudan hukumati bilan ittifoq qilish o'zining fuqarolik urushi o'sha paytda, bu FAZ qo'shinlari tomonidan vayron qilingan Sudan Xalq ozodlik armiyasi davomida Thunderbolt operatsiyasi yaqin Yei 1997 yil mart oyida.^[65]

1997 yilda Kabila hokimiyatni qo'lga kiritgach, mamlakat Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi deb o'zgartirildi va shu sababli milliy armiya nomi yana bir bor o'zgardi. Armées kongollari (FAC). Tanzaniya 1997 yil may oyida Kabilaning yangi armiyasini tayyorlash uchun olti yuzta harbiy maslahatchi yubordi. (Prunierning aytishicha, o'qituvchilar hali ham Kitona qachon asos Ikkinchi Kongo urushi chiqib ketdi va tezda Tanzaniyaga qaytarilishi kerak edi. Prunierning aytishicha, "Janubiy Afrika aviatsiyasi evakuatsiyani Prezident Mkapa va hali prezident bo'lmagan Tabo Mbeki o'rtasidagi shaxsiy suhbatdan so'ng amalga oshirdi.^[66][67] Kabila hukmronligining dastlabki bir necha oylarida qurolli kuchlarga qo'mondonlik noaniq edi. Jerar Prunier "Mudofaa vaziri, shtab boshlig'i va martabalari yo'q edi; barcha ofitserlar" Ignace "," Bosco ", Jonathan" yoki "James" deb nomlangan kubalik uslubdagi "qo'mondonlar" edi, deb yozadi. da Intercontinental mehmonxonasi va prezidentlarning ro'yxatidagi uyali telefon raqamlari bo'lgan. Hech kim frantsuz yoki lingala tillarida gaplashmasdi, ammo barchasi kinoyadvanda, suaxilida va ko'pincha ingliz tilida gaplashar edilar. "Belgiyalik jurnalist so'raganida Kolet Braekman O'zidan tashqari armiya qo'mondonligining haqiqiy tuzilishi nima edi, deb javob berdi Kabila: "Biz o'zimizni fosh qilmaymiz va o'zimizni ochiq ko'rsatib, yo'q bo'lib ketish xavfi bor ...". Biz armiyaning haqiqiy ustalari noma'lum bo'lishi uchun ehtiyot bo'lamiz. Bu strategik. Iltimos, masalani ko'rib chiqaylik.^[68][69] Kabilaning yangi Armées kongollari ichki ziddiyatlar bilan o'ralgan. Yangi FACda edi Banyamulenge Janubiy Kivu jangchilari, kadogo Tierri Nindaga, Safari Rwekoze va boshqalar kabi turli xil sharqiy qabilalardan bo'lgan bolalar askarlari ... [asosan] Lunda Avvalgi Katangese yo'lbarslari FNLC, va sobiq FAZ xodimlari.^[70] Ushbu xilma-xil va ilgari urushib kelgan elementlarni bir-biriga aralashtirish isyonga olib keldi. 1998 yil 23 fevralda asosan Banyamulenge bo'limi Bukavuda zobitlari askarlarni turli xil bo'linmalarga tarqatishga urinib ko'rganidan keyin g'iybat uyushtirishdi.^[70][71] 1998 yil o'rtalariga kelib, kasallik paydo bo'lishi Ikkinchi Kongo urushi bosh qarorgohi Lagerda joylashgan Tanzaniya tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan 50-brigada tarkibiga kirdi Kokolo yilda Kinshasa,^[72] va 10-brigada - armiyaning eng yaxshi va eng yirik qismlaridan biri - Gomada joylashgan, shuningdek Bukavudagi 12-brigada. 10-brigada komandiri, sobiq DSP xodimi deklaratsiyasi Jan-Per Ondekane, 1998 yil 2 avgustda u Kabilani shtat prezidenti deb tan olmaganligi boshlanishining omillaridan biri bo'lgan Ikkinchi Kongo urushi.^[73]

Ga binoan Jeynniki, FAC Ikkinchi Kongo urushi davomida yomon natija ko'rsatdi va "oz mahoratini yoki taniqli harbiy doktrinasini namoyish etdi".^[74] Urush boshlanganda 1998 yilda armiya samarasiz edi va DRC hukumati yordamga ishonishga majbur bo'ldi Angola, Chad, Namibiya va Zimbabve. Ta'minlash bilan bir qatorda ekspeditsiya kuchlari, ushbu mamlakatlar DRC armiyasini qayta tayyorlashga muvaffaq bo'lmadi. Shimoliy Koreya va Tanzaniya ham treninglarda yordam ko'rsatdi. Urushning birinchi yilida ittifoqchi kuchlar Ruanda tushgan kuch Bas-Kongo va isyonchi kuchlar Kinshasadan janubi-g'arbiy qismida va oxir-oqibat isyonchi va Ruandaning KXDR sharqidagi hujumlarini to'xtatdilar. Ushbu yutuqlar Lusaka shahrida otashkesim to'g'risidagi bitim 1999 yil iyul oyida imzolangan.^[75] Lusaka kelishuvidan so'ng, 1999 yil avgust oyining o'rtalarida Prezident Kabila mamlakatni sakkizta harbiy mintaqaga ajratish to'g'risida farmon chiqardi. Kongo davlat televideniyesi xabariga ko'ra birinchi harbiy mintaqa ikkitadan iborat bo'ladi Kivu viloyatlar, Orientale viloyati ikkinchi mintaqani tashkil qiladi va Maniema va Kasay-sharqona viloyatlar uchinchi. Katanga va Ekvator to'rtinchi va beshinchi mintaqalarga tegishlidir, ammo Kasay-g'alati va Bandundu oltinchi mintaqani tashkil qiladi. Kinshasa va Bas-Kongo navbati bilan ettinchi va sakkizinchi mintaqalarni tashkil qiladi.^[76] 1999 yil noyabr oyida Hukumat Xalq Mudofaasi kuchlarini tayinlagan 20 ming kishilik harbiylashtirilgan kuchlarni tuzishga urindi. Ushbu kuch FAC va milliy politsiyani qo'llab-quvvatlashga qaratilgan edi, ammo hech qachon samarali bo'lmadi.^[77]

1999 yil - hozirgi kunga qadar

Lusaka sulhini to'xtatish to'g'risidagi bitim urushni tugatishda muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi va 1999 yil sentyabr oyida janglar qayta boshlandi. FAC faoliyati yomonligicha davom etdi va hukumatning 2000 yilda boshlagan eng yirik hujumlari ham qimmat mag'lubiyat bilan tugadi.^[78] Prezident Kabilaning noto'g'ri boshqaruvi FACning past ko'rsatkichlari ortida muhim omil bo'lgan, chunki askarlar tez-tez maoshsiz va ishsiz yurishgan, hukumat esa ishlatib bo'lmaydigan va saqlab bo'lmaydigan ilg'or qurollarni sotib olgan. 2000 yildagi mag'lubiyatlar Prezident Kabilaning 2001 yil yanvar oyida o'ldirilishiga sabab bo'lgan deb hisoblashadi.^[77] Suiqasddan so'ng, Jozef Kabila prezidentlik lavozimini egallagan va 2002-2003 yillarda urushni tugatish bo'yicha muzokaralarda muvaffaqiyatli bo'lgan.

2002 yil dekabrdagi global va hamma narsani qamrab olgan bitim VII bobni qurolli kuchlarga bag'ishladi.^[79] Unda qurolli kuchlar shtabi boshlig'i va armiya, havo kuchlari va dengiz flotining boshliqlari bir xil urushayotgan guruhdan bo'lmasligi shart edi. The new "national, restructured and integrated" army would be made up from Kabila's government forces (the FAC), the RCD, and the MLC. Also stipulated in VII(b) was that the RCD -N, RCD-ML, and the Mai-Mai would become part of the new armed forces. An intermediate mechanism for physical identification of the soldiers, and their origin, date of enrolment, and unit was also called for (VII(c)). It also provided for the creation of a Conseil Superieur de la Defense (Superior Defence Council) which would declare states of siege or war and give advice on security sector reform, disarmament/demobilization, and national defence policy.

A decision on which factions were to name chiefs of staff and military regional commanders was announced on 19 August 2003 as the first move in military reform, superimposed on top of the various groups of fighters, government and former rebels.^[80] Kabila was able to name the armed forces chief of staff, Lieutenant General Liwanga Mata, who previously served as navy chief of staff under Laurent Kabila. Kabila was able to name the air force commander (Jon Numbi ), the RCD-Goma received the Land Force commander's position (Sylvain Buki) and the MLC the navy (Dieudonne Amuli Bahigva ). Three military regional commanders were nominated by the former Kinshasa government, two commanders each by the RCD-Goma and the MLC, and one region commander each by the RCD-K/ML and RCD-N. However these appointments were announced for Kabila's Forces armées congolaises (FAC), not the later FARDC. Another report however says that the military region commanders were only nominated in January 2004, and that the troop deployment on the ground did not change substantially until the year afterward.

Congolese troops raise the Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi bayrog'i 2010 yilda

On 24 January 2004, a decree created the Structure Militaire d'Intégration (SMI, Military Integration Structure). Together with the SMI, CONADER also was designated to manage the combined tronc commun DDR element and military reform programme. The first post-Sun City military law appears to have been passed on 12 November 2004, which formally created the new national Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo (FARDC). Included in this law was article 45, which recognised the incorporation of a number of armed groups into the FARDC, including the former government army Forces Armées Congolaises (FAC), ex-FAZ personnel also known as former President Mobutu's 'les tigres', the RCD-Goma, RCD-ML, RCD-N, MLC, the Mai-Mai, as well as other government-determined military and paramilitary groups.

Turner writes that the two most prominent opponents of military integration (brassage) were Colonel Jyul Mutebusi, a Munyamulenge from South Kivu, and Loran Nkunda, a Rwandaphone Tutsi who Turner says was allegedly from Rutshuru in North Kivu. In May–June 2004 Mutebusi led a revolt against his superiors from Kinshasa in South Kivu.^[81] Nkunda began his long series of revolts against central authority by helping Mutebusi in May–June 2004. In November 2004 a Rwandan government force entered North Kivu to attack the FDLR, and, it seems, reinforced and resupplied RCD-Goma (ANC) at the same time. Kabila despatched 10,000 government troops to the east in response, launching an attack that was called "Operation Bima".^[82] In the midst of this tension, Nkunda's men launched attacks in North Kivu in December 2004.

There was another major personnel reshuffle on 12 June 2007. FARDC chief General Kisempia Sungilanga Lombe was replaced with General Dieudonne Kayembe Mbandankulu.^[83] Umumiy Gabriel Amisi Kumba retained his post as Land Forces commander. John Numbi, a trusted member of Kabila's inner circle, was shifted from air force commander to Police Inspector General. U.S. diplomats reported that the former Naval Forces Commander Maj. General Amuli Bahigua (ex-MLC) became the FARDC's Chief of Operations; former FARDC Intelligence Chief General Didier Etumba (ex-FAC) was promoted to vice admiral and appointed Commander of Naval Forces; Maj. General Rigobert Massamba (ex-FAC), a former commander of the Kitona air base, was appointed as Air Forces Commander; and Brig. General Jean-Claude Kifwa, commander of the Republican Guard, was appointed as a regional military commander.^[84]

FARDC soldiers near Goma in May 2013

Due to significant delays in the DDR and integration process, of the eighteen brigades, only seventeen have been declared operational, over two and a half years after the initial target date. Responding to the situation, the Congolese Minister of Defence presented a new defence reform master plan to the international community in February 2008. Essentially the three force tiers all had their readiness dates pushed back: the first, territorial forces, to 2008–12, the mobile force to 2008–10, and the main defence force to 2015.

Much of the east of the country remains insecure, however. In the far northeast this is due primarily to the Ituri mojarosi. Atrofdagi hududda Kivu ko'li, birinchi navbatda Shimoliy Kivu, fighting continues orasida Ruandani ozod qilish uchun demokratik kuchlar and between the government FARDC and Loran Nkunda 's troops, with all groups greatly exacerbating the issues of internal refugees in the area of Goma, the consequent food shortages, and loss of infrastructure from the years of conflict.^[85] In 2009, several United Nations officials stated that the army is a major problem, largely due to corruption that results in food and pay meant for soldiers being diverted and a military structure top-heavy with colonels, many of whom are former warlords.^[86] In a 2009 report itemizing FARDC abuses, Human Rights Watch tashkiloti urged the UN to stop supporting government offensives against eastern rebels until the abuses ceased.^[87]

Caty Clement wrote in 2009:^[88]

"One of the most notable [FARDC corruption] schemes was known as 'Opération Retour' (Operation Return). Senior officers ordered the soldiers' pay to be sent from Kinshasa to the commanders in the field, who took their cut and returned the remainder to their commander in Kinshasa instead of paying the soldiers. To ensure that foot soldiers would be paid their due, in late 2005, EUSEC suggested separating the chain of command from the chain of payment. The former remained within Congolese hands, while the EU mission delivered salaries directly to the newly 'integrated' brigades. Although efficient in the short term, this solution raises the question of sustainability and ownership in the long term. Once soldiers' pay could no longer be siphoned off via 'Opération Retour', however, two other budgetary lines, the 'fonds de ménage' and logistical support to the brigades, were soon diverted."

In 2010, thirty FARDC officers were given scholarships to study in Russian military academies. This is part of a greater effort by Russia to help improve the FARDC. A new military attaché and other advisers from Russia visited the DRC.^[89]

On 22 November 2012, Gabriel Amisi Kumba was suspended from his position in the Forces Terrestres by president Jozef Kabila due to an inquiry into his alleged role in the sale of arms to various rebel groups in the eastern part of the country, which may have implicated the rebel group M23.^[90] In December 2012 it was reported that members of Army units in the north east of the country are often not paid due to corruption, and these units rarely counter attacks made against villages by the Lordning qarshilik ko'rsatish armiyasi.^[91]

The FARDC deployed 850 soldiers and 150 PNC police officers as part of an international force in the Markaziy Afrika Respublikasi, which the DRC borders to the north. The country had been in a state of civil war since 2012, when the president was ousted by rebel groups. The DRC was urged by Frantsuzcha Prezident Fransua Olland to keep its troops in CAR.^[92]

In July 2014, the Congolese army carried out a joint operation with UN troops in the Masisi va Valikale hududlari of the North Kivu province. In the process, they liberated over 20 villages and a mine from the control of two rebel groups, the Mai Mai Cheka and the Alliance for the Sovereign and Patriotic Congo.^[93]

The UN published a report in October 2017 announcing that the FARDC no longer employed child soldiers but was still listed under militaries that committed sexual violations against children.^[94]

Troops operating with MONUSCO in North Kivu were attacked by likely rebels from the Ittifoqdosh demokratik kuchlar on 8 December 2017. After a protracted firefight the troops suffered 5 dead along with 14 dead among the UN force.^[95]

Amaldagi tashkilot

Gén. Kisempia Sungilanga, former Chief of Staff of the FARDC, in December 2006.

Prezident Feliks Tshisekedi Qurolli Kuchlarning Bosh qo'mondoni. The Mudofaa vaziri, formally Ministers of Defence and Veterans (Ancien Combattants) is Crispin Atama Tabe.

The Polkovnik Tshatshi harbiy lager ichida Kinshasa shahar atrofi Ngaliema hosts the defence department and the Chiefs of Staff central command headquarters of the FARDC. Jane's data from 2002 appears inaccurate; there is at least one ammunition plant in Katanga.^[96]

Below the Chief of Staff, the current organisation of the FARDC is not fully clear. There is known to be a Military Intelligence branch – Service du Renseignement militaire (SRM), the former DEMIAP. The FARDC is known to be broken up into the Land Forces (Terrestres kuchlari), Navy and Air Force. The Land Forces are distributed around ten military regions, up from the previous eight, following the ten provinces of the country. There is also a training command, the Groupement des Écoles Supérieurs Militaires (GESM) or Group of Higher Military Schools, which, in January 2010, was under the command of Major General Marcellin Lukama.^[97] The Navy and Air Forces are composed of various groupments (pastga qarang). There is also a central logistics base.

It should be made clear also that Jozef Kabila does not trust the military; the Republican Guard is the only component he trusts. General-mayor Jon Numbi, former Air Force chief, now inspector general of police, ran a parallel chain of command in the east to direct the 2009 yil Sharqiy Kongo hujumi, Operation Umoja Wetu; the regular chain of command was by-passed. Previously Numbi negotiated the agreement to carry out the mixage bilan ishlash Loran Nkunda.^[98] Commenting on a proposed vote of no confidence in the Minister of Defence in September 2012, Baoudin Amba Wetshi of lecongolais.cd described Ntolo as a "scapegoat". Wetshi said that all key military and security questions were handled in total secrecy by the President and other civil and military personalities trusted by him, such as Jon Numbi, Gabriel Amisi Kumba ('Tango Four'), Delphin Kahimbi, and others such as Kalev Mutond and Pierre Lumbi Okongo.^[99]

Arms and Inter-forces Services

• Signallar
• Muhandislik
• Sog'liqni saqlash xizmati
• Jismoniy tarbiya va sport
• Harbiy ruhoniylar
• Harbiy adolat
• Ma'muriyat
• Logistika
• Razvedka va xavfsizlik
• Harbiy orkestr
• Veterinary and Agricultural Service
• Harbiy politsiya
• Civic, Patriotic Education and Social Actions
• Aloqa va ma'lumot

General Secretariat for Defense and Veterans Affairs

The General Secretariat for Defense: is headed by a General Officer (Secretary General for Defense). He oversees the following departments:

• Kadrlar bo'limi
• Directorate of Studies, Planning and Military Cooperation
• Budget and Finance Department
• Directorate of Penitentiary Administration
• Directorate of General Services
• AT bo'limi

Harbiy adolat

Military Justice is an independent institution under the judiciary, responsible for upholding the law and strengthening order and discipline within the Armed Forces.

Bosh inspektsiya

The General Inspectorate includes the following people:

• Bosh inspektor
• Two Assistant Inspectors General
• College of Inspectors
• College of Advisers
• Administrative Secretariat
• Administrative, logistics and services unit

Armed Forces Chiefs of Staff

The available information on armed forces' Chiefs of Staff is incomplete and sometimes contradictory. Qurolli kuchlar shtabi boshliqlaridan tashqari, 1966 yilda podpolkovnik Ferdinand Malila armiya shtabi boshlig'i ro'yxatiga kiritilgan.^[100]

Command structure in January 2005

Virtually all officers have now changed positions, but this list gives an outline of the structure in January 2005.^[101] Despite the planned subdivision of the country into more numerous provinces, the actual splitting of the former provinces has not taken place.

• FARDC chief of staff: Major General Sungilanga Kisempia (PPRD)
• FARDC land forces chief of staff: General Sylvain Buki (RCD-G).^[102] General-mayor Gabriel Amisi Kumba appears to have been appointed to the position in August 2006, and retained this position during the personnel reshuffle of 12 June 2007. In November 2012 he was succeeded by Fransua Olenga.^[103]
• FARDC navy chief of staff: General Major Dieudonne Amuli Bahigva (MLC) (Commander of the Kimia II operation in 2009)^[104]
• FARDC air force chief of staff: Brigadier General Jean Bitanihirwa Kamara (MLC). Military training at the Ekolani shakllantirish ishlari (EFO), Kananga, and other courses while in the FAZ. Brigade commander in the MLC, then named in August 2003 "chef d'etat-major en second" of the FARDC air force.^[105]
• 1st Military Region/Bandundu: Brigada generali Moustapha Mukiza (MLC)^[106]
• 2nd Military Region/Bas-Kongo: Unknown. General Jean Mankoma 2009.
• 3rd Military Region/Ekvator: Brigadier-General Mulubi Bin Muhemedi (PPRD)
• 4th Military Region/Kasai-Occidental: Brigadier-General Sindani Kasereka (RCD-K/ML)
• 5th Military Region/Kasai Oriental: General Rwabisira Obeid (RCD)
• 6th Military Region/Katanga: Brigadier-General Nzambe Alengbia (MLC) – 62nd, 63rd, and 67th Brigades in Katanga have committed numerous acts of sexual violence against women.^[107]
• 7th Military Region/Maniema: Brigadier-General Widi Mbulu Divioka (RCD-N)
• 8th Military Region/Shimoliy Kivu: General Gabriel Amisi Kumba (RCD). General Amisi, a.k.a. "Tango Fort" now appears to be Chief of Staff of the Land Forces. Brig. Gen. Vainqueur Mayala was Commander 8th MR in September 2008^[108]
• 9th Military Region/Orientale viloyati: Major-General Bulenda Padiri (Mayi–Mayi)
• 10th Military Region/Janubiy Kivu: Major Mbuja Mabe (PPRD). General Pacifique Masunzu, in 2010. Region included 112th Brigade on Minembwe plateuxes. This grouping was "an almost exclusively Banyamulenge brigade under the direct command of the 10th Military Region, [which] consider[ed] General Masunzu as its leader."^[109]

Updates to command structure in 2014

In September 2014, President Kabila reshuffled the command structure and in addition to military regions created three new 'defense zones' which would be subordinated directly to the general staff. The defense zones essentially created a new layer between the general staff and the provincial commanders. The military regions themselves were reorganized and do not correspond with the ones that existed prior to the reshuffle.^[110][111] New commanders of branches were also appointed:^[112] A Congolese military analyst based in Brussels, Jean-Jacques Wondo, provided an outline of the updated command structure of the FARDC following the shake up of the high command:^{[113][114][115]}

• Chief of General Staff: Army Gen. Didier Etumba
• Deputy chief of staff for operations and intelligence: Lt. Gen. Bayiba Dieudonné Amuli
• Deputy chief of staff for administration and logistics: Maj. Gen. Celestin Mbala Munsense
• Chief of operations: Maj. Gen. Prosper Nabiola
• Chief of intelligence: Brig. Gen. Tage Tage
• Chief of administration: Constantin Claude Ilunga Kabangu
• Chief of logistics: Brig. Gen. Lutuna Charles Shabani
• Land Forces Chief of Staff: Gen. Dieudonné Banze
• Land Forces deputy chief of staff for operations and intelligence: Maj. Gen. Kiama Vainqueur Mayala
• Land Forces deputy chief of staff for administration and logistics: Maj. Gen. Muyumb Obed Wibatira
• Navy Chief of Staff: Vice Adm. Rombault Mbuayama
• Navy deputy chief of staff for operations and intelligence: Rear Adm. Jean-Marie Valentin Linguma Mata Linguma (Vice Adm. from 2018)^[116]
• Navy deputy chief of staff for administration and logistics: Rear Adm. Bruno Mayanga Muena
• Air Force Chief of Staff: Brig. General Numbi Ngoie (Maj. Gen. from 2018)^[116]
• Air Force deputy chief of staff for operations and intelligence: Brig. Gen. Maurice René Diasuka Diakiyana (Maj. Gen. from 2018)^[116]
• Air Force deputy chief of staff for administration and logistics: Brig. Gen. Jean-Paul Nganguele Mutali (Maj. Gen. from 2018)^[116]

Regional commanders:

• 1st Defense Zone (Bas Congo, Bandundu, Equatuer, and Kinshasa): Brig. General Gabriel Amisi Kumba
  • 11th Military Region (Bandundu Province): Brig Gen. Dieudonné Kiamata Mutupeke
  • 12th Military Region (Bas-Congo Province): Brig Gen. Jonas Padiri Muhizi (Maj. Gen. from 2018)^[116]
  • 13th Military Region (Equatuer Province): Brig. Gen. Luboya Kashama Johnny (Maj. Gen. from 2018)^[116]
  • 14th Military Region (Kinshasa): Brig. Gen. Camille Bombele Luwala
• 2nd Defense Zone (Kasai and Katanga): General-mayor Jan Klod Kifva
  • 21st Military Region (Kasai-Oriental and Kasai Occidental Provinces): Brig. Gen. Fall Jikabwe
  • 22nd Military Region (Katanga Province): Brig. Gen. Philémon Yav (Maj. Gen. from 2018)^[116]
• 3rd Defense Zone (Kivu, Maneima, and Katanga): General-mayor Leon Mush ale Tsipamba
  • 31st Military Region (Bas-Uele va Tshopo Districts): Brig. Gen. Bertin Baseka Kamangala
  • 32nd Military Region (Xaut-Uele va Ituri Districts): Brig. Gen. Jean-Pierre Bongwangela
  • 33rd Military Region (Maneima and South Kivu Provinces): Brig. Gen. Gaetan Kakudji Bobo
  • 34th Military Region (North Kivu Province): Maj. Gen. Emmanuel Lombe

Reshuffle in 2018

The following changes were announced in July 2018.^[116]

• Chief of the General Staff: Lt. Gen. Celestin Mbala Munsense (Army Gen. from 2019)^[117]
• Deputy Chief of Staff for operations and intelligence: Lt. Gen. Gabriel Amisi Kumba
• Deputy Chief of Staff for administration and logistics: Maj. Gen. Jean-Pierre Bongwangela
• Chief of operations: Maj. Gen. Daniel Kashale
• Chief of intelligence: Maj. Gen. Delphin Kahimbi Kasabwe
• Chief of administration: Maj. Gen. Jean-Luc Yav
• Chief of logistics: Brig. Gen. Kalala Kilumba

Quruqlik kuchlari

A Congolese rebel photographed near the Rwandan border in 2001.

The land forces are made up of about 14 integrated brigadalar of fighters from all the former warring factions who have gone through a brassage integration process (see next paragraph) and a not-publicly known number of non-integrated brigades that remain solely made up of single factions (the Kongoning Demokratiya uchun mitingi (RCD)'s Armée national congolaise, the ex-government former Congolese Armed Forces (FAC), the ex-RCD KML, sobiqKongoni ozod qilish harakati, the armed groups of the Ituri mojarosi (the Mouvement des Révolutionnaires Congolais (MRC), Forces de Résistance Patriotique d'Ituri (FRPI), and the Front Nationaliste Intégrationniste (FNI)), and the May-May ).

It appears that about the same time that Presidential Decree 03/042 of 18 December 2003 established the National Commission for Demobilisation and Reinsertion (CONADER), "..all ex-combatants were officially declared as FARDC soldiers and the then FARDC brigades [were to] rest deployed until the order to leave for brassage."^[118]

FARDC soldiers on patrol during the Ituri mojarosi 2015 yilda

The reform plan adopted in 2005 envisaged the formation of eighteen integrated brigades through the brassage process as its first of three stages.^[119] The process consists firstly of regroupment, where fighters are disarmed. Then they are sent to orientation centres, run by CONADER, where fighters take the choice of either returning to civilian society or remaining in the armed forces. Combatants who choose demobilisation receive an initial cash payment of US$110. Those who choose to stay within the FARDC are then transferred to one of six integration centres for a 45-day training course, which aims to build integrated formations out of factional fighters previously heavily divided along ethnic, political and regional lines. The centres are spread out around the country at Kitona, Kamina, Kisangani, Rumangabo and Nyaleke (within the Virunga milliy bog'i ) ichida Nord-Kivu va Luberizi (on the border with Burundi) in South Kivu. The process has suffered severe difficulties due to construction delays, administration errors, and the amount of travel former combatants have to do, as the three stages' centres are widely separated. Following the first 18 integrated brigades, the second goal is the formation of a ready reaction force of two to three brigades, and finally, by 2010 when MONUC is anticipated to have withdrawn, the creation of a Main Defence Force of three divisions.

In February 2008, then Defence Minister Chikez Diemu described the reform plan at the time as:^[120]

"The short term, 2008–2010, will see the setting in place of a Rapid Reaction Force; the medium term, 2008–2015, with a Covering Force; and finally the long term, 2015–2020, with a Principal Defence Force." Diemu added that the reform plan rests on a programme of synergy based on the four pillars of dissuasion, production, reconstruction and excellence. "The Rapid Reaction Force is expected to focus on dissuasion, through a Rapid Reaction Force of 12 battalions, capable of aiding MONUC to secure the east of the country and to realise constitutional missions."

Amid the other difficulties in building new armed forces for the DRC, in early 2007 the integration and training process was distorted as the DRC government under Kabila attempted to use it to gain more control over the dissident general Loran Nkunda. A hastily negotiated verbal agreement in Rwanda saw three government FAC brigades integrated with Nkunda's former ANC 81st and 83rd Brigades in what was called mixage. Mixage brought multiple factions into composite brigades, but without the 45-day retraining provided by brassage, and it seems that actually, the process was limited to exchanging batalyonlar between the FAC and Nkunda brigades in North Kivu, without further integration. Due to Nkunda's troops having greater cohesion, Nkunda effectively gained control of all five brigades, which was not the intention of the DRC central government.^{[121][sahifa kerak ]} However, after Nkunda used the mixage brigades to fight the FDLR, strains arose between the FARDC and Nkunda-loyalist troops within the brigades and they fell apart in the last days of August 2007. The International Crisis Group says that "by 30 August [2007] Nkunda's troops had left the mixed brigades and controlled a large part of the Masisi va Rutshuru territories" (of Shimoliy Kivu ).^[122]

Both formally integrated brigades and the non-integrated units continue to conduct arbitrary arrests, rapes, robbery, and other crimes^[123] and these human rights violations are "regularly" committed by both officers and members of the rank and file. Members of the Army also often strike deals to gain access to resources with the militias they are meant to be fighting.^[124]

Female soldiers of the FARDC on parade in 2012

The various brigades and other formations and units number at least 100,000 troops.^[125] The status of these brigadalar has been described as "pretty chaotic."^[126] A 2007 disarmament and repatriation study said "army units that have not yet gone through the process of brassage are usually much smaller than what they ought to be. Some non-integrated brigades have only 500 men (and are thus nothing more than a small battalion) whereas some battalions may not even have the size of a normal company (over a 100 men)."^[127]

A number of outside donor countries are also carrying out separate training programmes for various parts of the Forces du Terrestres (Land Forces). The People's Republic of China has trained Congolese troops at Kamina yilda Katanga from at least 2004 to 2009,^[128] and the Belgian government is training at least one "rapid reaction" battalion. When Kabila visited U.S. President Jorj V.Bush in Washington D.C., he also asked the U.S. Government to train a battalion, and as a result, a private contractor, Protection Strategies Incorporated, started training a FARDC battalion at Camp Base, Kisangani, in February 2010.^[129] The company was supervised by United States Special Operations Command Africa. Three years later, the battalion broke and ran in the face of M23, raping women and young girls, looting, and carrying out arbitrary executions.^[130] The various international training programmes are not well integrated.

Uskunalar

Attempting to list the equipment available to the DRC's land forces is difficult; most figures are unreliable estimates based on known items delivered in the past.^[131] The figures below are from the IISS Military Balance 2014.^[132] Much of the Army's equipment is non-operational due to insufficient maintenance—in 2002 only 20 percent of the Army's armoured vehicles were estimated as being serviceable.^[133]

• Asosiy jangovar tanklar: 12–17 x 59 kiriting (dropped from 30 listed in 2007), 32 x T-55, 100 x T 72. Thirty T-55s and 100 T-72 were listed in 2007, thus little new information has reached the IISS in the intervening seven years.
• Light tanks: 10 PT-76; 30 62-toifa (serviceability in doubt). "40+" Type 62s were listed by the Harbiy balans 2007 yilda.
• Reconnaissance vehicles: Up to 17 Panhard AML-60, 14 AML-90 armoured cars, 19 EE-9 Cascavel; 2 RAM-V-2.
• Infantry Fighting Vehicles: 20 BMP-1 (number reported unchanged since 2007).
• Zirhli xodimlar tashuvchilari: IISS reports tracked vehicles include 3 BTR-50, 6 MT-LB, wheeled vehicles including 30-70 BTR-60; 58 Panhard M3 (serviceability in doubt), 7 TH 390 Fahd.
• Artilleriya: 16 2S1 and 2S3 self-propelled; 119 towed field guns, including 77 122 mm howitzer 2A18 130 mm D-30/M-1938/Type-60; 57 MRL, including 24 81-toifa; 528+ mortars, 81 mm, 82 mm, 107 mm, 120 mm.

In addition to these 2014 figures, in March 2010, it was reported that the DRC's land forces had ordered US$80 million worth of military equipment from Ukraine which included 20 T-72 main battle tanks, 100 trucks and various small arms.^[134] Tanks have been used in the Kivus in the 2005–09 period.

In February 2014, Ukraine revealed that it had achieved the first export order for the T-64 tank to the DRC Land Forces for 50 T-64BV-1s.^[135]

In June 2015 it was reported that Georgia had sold 12 of its Didgori-2 to the DRC for $4 million. The vehicles were specifically designed for reconnaissance and special operations. Two of the vehicles are a recently developed conversion to serve for medical field evacuation.^[136][137]

The United Nations confirmed in 2011, both from sources in the Congolese military and from officials of the Commission nationale de contrôle des armes légères et de petit calibre et de réduction de la violence armée, that the ammunition plant called Afridex in Likasi, Katanga Province, manufactures ammunition for small arms and light weapons.^[4]

Respublika gvardiyasi

In addition to the other land forces, President Jozef Kabila also has a Respublika gvardiyasi presidential force (Garde Republikayn or GR), formerly known as the Special Presidential Security Group (GSSP). FARDC military officials state that the Garde Républicaine is not the responsibility of FARDC, but of the Head of State.^[138] Apart from Article 140 of the Law on the Army and Defence, no legal stipulation on the DRC's Armed Forces makes provision for the GR as a distinct unit within the national army. In February 2005 President Joseph Kabila passed a decree which appointed the GR's commanding officer and "repealed any previous provisions contrary" to that decree. The GR, more than 10,000 strong (the ICG said 10,000 to 15,000 in January 2007), has better working conditions and is paid regularly, but still commits rapes and robberies in the vicinity of its bases.

In an effort to extend his personal control across the country, Joseph Kabila has deployed the GR at key airports, ostensibly in preparation for an impending presidential visit.^[139] 2007 yil boshida^[yangilash] there were Guards deployed in the central prison of Kinshasa, N'djili aeroporti, Bukavu, Kisangani, Kindu, Lubumbashi, Matadi va Moanda, where they appear to answer to no local commander and have caused trouble with MONUC u erdagi qo'shinlar.^[138]

The GR is also supposed to undergo the integration process, but in January 2007, only one battalion had been announced as having been integrated. Formed at a brassage centre in the Kinshasa suburb of Kibomango, the battalion included 800 men, half from the former GSSP and half from the MLC and RCD Goma.^[138]

Up until June 2016, the GR comprised three brigades, the 10th Brigade at Camp Tshatshi and the 11th at Camp Kimbembe, both in Kinshasa, and the 13th Brigade at Camp Simi Simi in Kisangani.^[140] It was reorganised on the basis of eight fighting regiments, the 14th Security and Honor Regiment, an artillery regiment, and a command brigade/regiment from that time.

Other forces active in the country

Locations of MONUC units as at December 2009

There are currently large numbers of United Nations troops stationed in the DRC. The Kongo Demokratik Respublikasidagi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining barqarorlashtirish bo'yicha missiyasi (MONUSCO) on 31 March 2017 had a strength of over 18,316 peacekeepers (including 16,215 military personnel) and is tasked with assisting Congolese authorities to maintain security.^[141] The UN and foreign military aid missions, the most prominent being EUSEC RD Congo,^[142] are attempting to assist the Congolese in rebuilding the armed forces, with major efforts being made in trying to assure regular payment of salaries to armed forces personnel and also in military justice. Retired Canadian General-leytenant Marc Caron also served for a time as Security Sector Reform advisor to the head of MONUC.^[143]

Groups of anti-Rwandan government rebels like the FDLR, and other foreign fighters remain inside the DRC.^[8] The FDLR which is the greatest concern, was some 6,000 strong, in July 2007. By late 2010 the FDLR's strength however was estimated at 2,500.^[144] The other groups are smaller: the Ugandan Lordning qarshilik ko'rsatish armiyasi, the Ugandan rebel group the Ittifoqdosh demokratik kuchlar in the remote area of Mt Rwenzori, and the Burundian Parti pour la Libération du Peuple Hutu—Forces Nationales de Liberation (PALIPEHUTU-FNL).

Finally there is a government paramilitary force, created in 1997 under President Laurent Kabila. The National Service is tasked with providing the army with food and with training the youth in a range of reconstruction and developmental activities.^[145] There is not much further information available, and no internet-accessible source details the relationship of the National Service to other armed forces bodies; it is not listed in the constitution. President Kabila, in one of the few comments available, says National Service will provide a gainful activity for street children. Obligatory civil service administered through the armed forces was also proposed under the Mobutu regime during the "radicalisation" programme of December 1974 – January 1975; the FAZ was opposed to the measure and the plan "took several months to die."^[146]

Havo kuchlari

A DRC Air Force Mil Mi-8 helicopter in 2011

All military aircraft in the DRC are operated by the Air Force. Jane's World Air Forces states that the Air Force has an estimated strength of 1,800 personnel and is organised into two Air Groups. These Groups command five qanotlar va to'qqiz otryadlar, of which not all are operational. 1 Air Group is located at Kinshasa and consists of Liaison Wing, Training Wing and Logistical Wing and has a strength of five squadrons. 2 Tactical Air Group is located at Kaminia and consists of Pursuit and Attack Wing and Tactical Transport Wing and has a strength of four squadrons. Chet el xususiy harbiy kompaniyalar have reportedly been contracted to provide the DRC's aerial reconnaissance capability using small propeller aircraft fitted with sophisticated equipment. Jane's states that Angola milliy havo kuchlari fighter aircraft would be made available to defend Kinshasa if it came under attack.^[147]

Like the other services, the Congolese Air Force is not capable of carrying out its responsibilities. Few of the Air Force's aircraft are currently flyable or capable of being restored to service and it is unclear whether the Air Force is capable of maintaining even unsophisticated aircraft. Moreover, Jane's states that the Air Force's Ecole de Pilotage is 'in near total disarray' though Belgium has offered to restart the Air Force's pilot training program.^[148]

Dengiz kuchlari

Army patrol on Kivu ko'li 2012 yilda

Before the downfall of Mobutu, a small navy operated on the Kongo daryosi. One of its installations was at the village of N'dangi near the presidential residence in Gbadolit. The port at N'dangi was the base for several patrol boats, helicopters and the presidential yacht.^[149] 2002 yilgi nashr Jane's Sentinel described the Navy as being "in a state of near total disarray" and stated that it did not conduct any training or have operating procedures.^[150] The Navy shares the same discipline problems as the other services. It was initially placed under command of the MLC when the transition began, so the current situation is uncertain.

2007 yilgi nashr Jeynning jangovar kemalari states that the Navy is organised into four commands, based at Matadi, near the coast; the capital Kinshasa, further up the Congo river; Kalemie, kuni Tanganyika ko'li; va Goma, kuni Kivu ko'li.^[151] The Xalqaro strategik tadqiqotlar instituti, in its 2007 edition of the Harbiy balans, confirms the bases listed in Jeynniki and adds a fifth base at Boma, a coastal city near Matadi. Various sources also refer to numbered Naval Regions. Operations of the 1st Naval Region have been reported in Kalemie,^[152] the 4th near the northern city of Mbandaka,^[153] and the 5th at Goma.^[154]

The IISS lists the Navy at 1,000 personnel and a total of eight patrol craft, of which only one is operational, a Shanghai II 062 sinf qurolli qayiq designated "102". There are five other 062s as well as two Swiftships which are not currently operational, though some may be restored to service in the future. Ga binoan Jeynniki, the Navy also operates barges and small craft armed with machine guns.^[155]

As of 2012, the Navy on paper consisted of about 6,700 personnel and up to 23 patrol craft. In reality there was probably around 1,000 service members, and only 8 of the boats were 50 ft in length or larger, the sole operational vessel being a Shanghai II Type 062 class gunboat. The service maintains bases in Kinshasa, Boma, Matadi, Boma, and on Lake Tanganyika.^[156]

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

Qo'shimcha o'qish

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• Oldinroq Tierri, "Kénshasa-défilé militaire", yilda Reydlar jurnal, yo'q. 294, 2010 yil noyabr, 46-47 betlar (ISSN  0769-4814 )
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• Meitho, Kisukula Abeli, 'La desintegration de l'armée congolaise de Mobutu a Kabila', L'Harmattan, Parij / Monreal, 2001, ISBN  2-7384-8693-2
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Tashqi havolalar

• Loi Organique FARDC 2013
• Germaniya tashqi ishlar vazirligi. "Kongo uchun pul yig'ish yordami". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009 yil 20 fevralda. Olingan 17 oktyabr 2020.