Janubiy Afrika musiqasi - Music of South Africa

Ushbu maqolada bir nechta muammolar mavjud. Iltimos yordam bering uni yaxshilang yoki ushbu masalalarni muhokama qiling munozara sahifasi. (Ushbu shablon xabarlarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) Ushbu maqola umumiy ro'yxatini o'z ichiga oladi ma'lumotnomalar, lekin bu asosan tasdiqlanmagan bo'lib qolmoqda, chunki unga mos keladigan etishmayapti satrda keltirilgan. Iltimos yordam bering yaxshilash tomonidan ushbu maqola tanishtirish aniqroq iqtiboslar. (2014 yil fevral) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) Bu maqola kabi yozilgan shaxsiy mulohaza, shaxsiy insho yoki bahsli insho Vikipediya tahrirlovchisining shaxsiy his-tuyg'ularini bayon qiladigan yoki mavzu bo'yicha asl dalillarni keltiradigan. Iltimos uni yaxshilashga yordam bering uni qayta yozish orqali entsiklopedik uslub. (2010 yil fevral) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) Bu maqola uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Ma'lumot manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. Manbalarni toping: "Janubiy Afrika musiqasi"  – Yangiliklar  · gazetalar  · kitoblar  · olim  · JSTOR (2020 yil fevral) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Qismi bir qator ustida
Janubiy Afrika madaniyati
Tarix
Odamlar
Tillar Afrikaanslar Ingliz tili Ndebele Shimoliy Soto Sotho Svazi Tsvana Tsonga Venda Xosa Zulu
Oshxona
Bayramlar Davlat bayramlari
Din
San'at
Adabiyot Yozuvchilar Shoirlar
Musiqa va ijro san'ati Musiqa Musiqachilar
OAV Televizor Kino
Sport
Yodgorliklar Jahon merosi ob'ektlari
Belgilar Bayroq Gerb
Janubiy Afrika portali

The Janubiy Afrika musiqa sahna ikkalasini ham o'z ichiga oladi mashhur (jive) va xalq kabi shakllar Zulu isikatamiya ashula va garmonik mbaqanga. Janubiy Afrikada global ahamiyatga ega musiqa sanoati.

20-asrgacha bo'lgan tarix

Afrikaning janubiy qismida musiqaning dastlabki yozuvlari madaniy an'analarning birlashishini ko'rsatadi: Afrika, Evropa va Osiyo.^[1]

Zamonaviy mamlakatning dastlabki musiqachisi Enoch Sontonga deb yozgan Janubiy Afrika milliy madhiya Nkosi Sikelel 'iAfrika 1897 yilda. XIX asrning oxiriga kelib Janubiy Afrikaning shaharlari Keyptaun xorijiy musiqachilarni, ayniqsa amerikaliklarni jalb qilish uchun etarlicha katta edi latta futbolchilar. 1890-yillarda Orfey Makaduning yubiley qo'shiqchilari ommalashgan Afroamerikalik ma'naviy.

Marabi

Yigirmanchi asrning boshlarida qora tanlilarga hukumat tomonidan cheklovlar, shu jumladan tungi kunlar ko'paygan komendantlik soati tungi hayotni saqlab qolgan Yoxannesburg o'z shahri uchun nisbatan kichik (keyin janubdagi eng katta shahar) Sahara ). Marabi, dan uslubi Yoxannesburgning mahallalari, Janubiy Afrikaning shaharcha va shahar markazlarining dastlabki "mashhur musiqasi" edi.

Amaliyotchilar marabi o'ynashdi pianinolar tosh bilan to'ldirilgan qutilarning hamrohligida, ko'pincha shebeens, qora tanli odamlarga spirtli ichimliklarni noqonuniy ravishda etkazib beradigan muassasalar. 30-yillarga kelib, marabi yangi asboblarni o'zlashtirdi - gitara, kontsertlar va banjos - va marabining yangi uslublari paydo bo'ldi. Ular orasida marabi /belanchak Afrikalik jazz va jive deb nomlangan birlashma, har qanday mashhur marabi musiqa uslubining umumiy atamasi.

Urushgacha, 1930-yillarda, qachon Erik Gallo Brunsvik Gramofon uyi^[2] Londonga Singer Records-ga yozib olish uchun bir nechta Janubiy Afrikalik musiqachilarni yubordi. Gallo 1933 yildan boshlab Janubiy Afrikada musiqa ishlab chiqarishni boshladi. Uning kompaniyasi, Gallo Record kompaniyasi kabi taniqli san'atkorlarga ega bo'lgan Janubiy Afrikadagi eng katta va eng muvaffaqiyatli yorliq bo'lib qolmoqda Sulaymon Linda, Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Miriam Makeba, Mahlathini va Mahotella qirolichalari va yana ko'plari ovoz yozish studiyalari orqali o'tadi. 20-asrning 20-yillariga qadar kuzatiladigan klaviatura uslubi bo'lgan Marabi, asosan gitara va banjo kabi asboblar bilan jazzdan iborat.^[3]

Xushxabar

Yigirmanchi asrning boshlarida, Sionist nasroniy cherkovlar Janubiy Afrika bo'ylab tarqaldi. Ular o'zlarining sajdalariga afrikalik musiqiy elementlarni kiritdilar va shu tariqa bugungi kunda mamlakatdagi eng mashhur musiqa turlaridan biri bo'lib qolayotgan Janubiy Afrika xushxabar musiqasini ixtiro qildilar.

Klassik va badiiy musiqa

Janubiy Afrikadagi klassik va badiiy musiqa 20-asrning o'rtalarida mashhurlik avjiga chiqdi va asosan "Janubiy Afrika badiiy musiqasining otalari" nomi bilan tanilgan Afrikaner bastakorlarining triumvirati tomonidan yaratilgan.^[4] Ushbu bastakorlar edi Arnold van Vyk, Hubert du Plessis va Stefans Grove. Uchala bastakor ham edi Oq Janubiy Afrikaliklar, ammo har xil qarashlarga ega edi Aparteid, bu o'sha paytdagi davlat siyosati edi. Stefans Grove qora tanli afrikalik musiqani o'z tarkibiga qo'shgan birinchi oq tanli bastakorlardan biri bo'lgan va o'zining "g'arbiy san'ati va jismoniy, afrikalik makonini" birlashtirish uchun aparteid ideallarini ochiqdan-ochiq rad etgan. Arnold Van Vyk hukumat tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanishi bilan tanilgan millatparvar kompozitsiyalar, garchi u o'zi aparteid ma'muriyatini qo'llab-quvvatlashni xohlamasa ham. Boshqa tomondan, Hubert Du Plessis juda kuchli afrikalik millatchi edi va o'z merosining "o'sib borayotgan ongi" ni boshdan kechirdi, bu esa uni bunday asarlarni yaratishdan g'ururlantirdi. Du Plessisning asarlari kamerali musiqa, orkestr asarlari va pianino uchun ko'plab asarlarni o'z ichiga olgan.

Afrikaans musiqasi

Afrikaanslar musiqa birinchi navbatda ta'sir ko'rsatdi Golland bilan birgalikda xalq uslublari Frantsuz va Nemis ta'sirlar, yigirmanchi asrning boshlarida. Zideko - amerikaliklar singari kontsertina boshchiligidagi torli torlar mashhur edi kantri musiqasi, ayniqsa Jim Rivz. "Tiekie draai" afrikaans musiqasining eng samarali bastakorlari lirik edi Anton De Vaal qo'shiq mualliflari, pianinochi bilan ko'plab xit qo'shiqlarni yozgan Charlz Segal ("Hey Babariebab Se Ding Is Vim", "Kalkoenjie", "Sy Kom Van Kommetjie" va boshqalar) va akkordeonchi, Niko Karstens. Bushveld ga asoslangan musiqa Zulu kabi xonandalar tomonidan qayta talqin qilingan Marais va Miranda. Melodramatik va sentimental qo'shiqlar chaqirildi kran trekkerlari (tearjerkers) ayniqsa keng tarqalgan edi. 1973 yilda kantri musiqasi qo'shig'i havas qilgandek g'olib bo'ldi SARI mukofoti (Janubiy Afrika musiqa sanoati ) Yilning qo'shig'i uchun - "Mening bolalarim, mening xotinim" asari taniqli Janubiy Afrikalik bastakor tomonidan yozilgan Charlz Segal va lirik muallifi Artur Roos. 1979 yilda Janubiy Afrika musiqiy sahnasi Tranetrekkerlardan yanada shov-shuvli tovushlarga va bozorda yangi nomlarning paydo bo'lishiga o'xshaydi. Anton Guzen, Devid Kramer (qo'shiqchi), Koos du Plessis, Fani de Jager, Olovli g'alaba va Laurika Rauch. Afrikaans musiqasi hozirda Janubiy Afrika musiqiy sahnasida eng ommabop va eng ko'p sotiladigan sohalardan biridir. Waptrendz Afrikaans musiqasining katta to'plamidir.

Keyin Birinchi jahon urushi, Afrikaner millatchiligi kabi musiqachilar tarqaldi Yahudiy pianinochi va bastakor Charlz Segal va akkordeonist Niko Karstens mashhur edi.

1930-yillar

Kappella

1930-yillarning tarqalishini ko'rdi Zulu kapellani kuylamoqda dan Natal Janubiy Afrikaning katta qismiga to'g'ri keladi. Uslubning mashhurligi, nihoyat 1939 yilda katta yulduzni yaratdi Sulaymon Lindaning asl oqshom qushlari, kimning "Mbube "(" Arslon "), ehtimol 100 mingdan ortiq nusxada sotilgan birinchi afrikalik yozuv edi. Shuningdek, u Amerikaning yana ikkita pop-hitiga zamin yaratdi, To'quvchilar ' "Wimoweh "(1951) va Tokenlar ' "Arslon bu kecha uxlaydi "(1961). Linda musiqasi tanilgan uslubda edi mbube. 1940-yillarning oxiridan 1960-yillarga qadar qattiq, aniq shakl chaqirildi isikhwela jo mashhur bo'lgan, ammo milliy manfaatlar 1950 yillarga qadar susaygan Zulu radiosi Natalga translyatsiya qilishni boshladi, Transvaal va Orange Free State 1962 yilda (qarang 1950-yillar: Bantu Radio va pennywhistle batafsil ma'lumot uchun).

Shuningdek, bu davrda shakllangan Stellenbosch universiteti xori, qismi Stellenbosch universiteti, mamlakatdagi eng qadimgi xor va 1936 yilda tashkil topgan Uilyam Morris, shuningdek, Xorning birinchi dirijyori. Hozirgi dirijyor Andre van der Merve. Ular kapella musiqasiga ixtisoslashgan va talabalardan iborat Universitet.

1950-yillar

Bantu radiosi va musiqa sanoati

1950 yillarga kelib musiqa sanoati juda xilma-xil bo'lib, bir nechta asosiy yorliqlarni o'z ichiga oldi. Innovatsion musiqachi va bastakor, Charlz Segal 1950-yillardan boshlab qabilaviy ijrochilarni yozib olgan va chet elda Afrika musiqasini targ'ib qilgan mahalliy afrikaliklar bilan ishlagan birinchi oq tanli musiqachi edi. Charlz Segal shuningdek, mahalliy afrikalik uslubda yozgan va tijorat bozoriga Afrika musiqa janrini olib kirgan birinchi oq tanli musiqachi edi. Uning "Afrika" singari musiqasi 1960-yillarda turli xil Janubiy Afrika aholisi orasida xit bo'lgan va u Afrika va Jazz ta'sirlari aralashgan o'ziga xos Afrika musiqa uslubini ishlab chiqarishni, yozishni va o'qitishni davom ettirdi. Ushbu kompozitsiyalarga "Opus Africa", "African Fantasy", "Kootanda" va boshqa ko'plab narsalar kiradi. 1962 yilda Janubiy Afrika hukumati rivojlanish dasturini boshladi Bantu radiosi alohida rivojlanishni rivojlantirish va mustaqillikni rag'batlantirish maqsadida Bantustanlar. Hukumat Bantu radiosidan folklor musiqasini ijro etishini kutgan bo'lsa-da, Afrika musiqasi ko'plab pop janrlariga aylandi va yangi paydo bo'layotgan ovoz yozish studiyalari o'zlarining pop yulduzlarini surish uchun radiodan foydalandilar. Radioga bo'lgan yangi e'tibor hukumat tomonidan "jamoat uchun xavfli" deb hisoblangan qo'shiqlarni tsenzura qilish va so'zlarni tazyiq qilishga olib keldi.

Pennywhistle jive

Janubiy Afrikadagi mashhur musiqaning birinchi yirik uslubi paydo bo'ldi pennywhistle jive (keyinchalik nomi bilan tanilgan kvela ). Qora chorvadorlar azaldan uchta teshikli qamish nayini o'ynab, shaharlarga ko'chib kelganlarida oltita teshikli naychani o'zlashtirganlar. Willard Cele olti teshikli fleytani tishlari orasiga burchak ostida joylashtirib, pennywhistle yaratganligi uchun odatda. Cele taqlidchilar va muxlislar legionini tug'dirdi, ayniqsa 1951 yil filmida paydo bo'lgandan keyin Sehrli bog '(film).

1950 yillarda Janubiy Afrika shaharlari ko'chalarida flautistlar o'ynagan, ularning aksariyati oq tanli joylarda, politsiya ularni jamoat tartibini buzgani uchun hibsga olishgan. Ba'zi yosh oq tanlilar musiqaga qiziqib qolishdi va ular bilan mashhur bo'lishdi o'rdak quyruqlari. 1950-yillarda "rangli" guruhlar Janubiy Afrikaning duragaylari Quela yangi janrini rivojlantirdilar Kvadratchalar va zamonaviy samba.^[5] Pianist va bastakor kompozitsiyalarida yana bir bor oq, afrikaans musiqasi va Janubiy Afrikaning mahalliy musiqasi o'rtasidagi o'zaro bog'liqlikni ko'rmoqdamiz, Charlz Segal, "Kwela Kwela" va boshqalarni o'z ichiga olgan penni hushtagi bilan.

1960-yillar

1960-yillarda mbube-ning silliq shakli chaqirildi kotoza mfana tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan King Star Brothers, kim ixtiro qildi isikatamiya o'n yillikning oxiriga kelib uslubi.

1960 yillarga kelib jaks musiqasida saksofon keng tarqalgan bo'lib, uning ijrosi shaharchalarda cheklanib qolaverdi. Janr deb nomlangan sax jive va keyinroq mbaqanga. Mbaqanga so'zma-so'z ma'nosini anglatadi köfte lekin nazarda tutadi uy qurilishi va tomonidan yaratilgan Maykl Xaba, yangi uslubni yoqtirmagan jaz saksofonchisi.

1960-yillarning boshlarida basist kabi ijrochilar ham ko'rishgan Jozef Makvela va gitarist Markw Mankwane mbaqanga uslubiga elektr asboblari va marabi va kvela ta'sirini qo'shib, yanada kulgili va afrikalik ovozga olib keladi.

Mbaqanga 1960-yillarning boshlarida guruhlar tarkibiga kirganda vokal uyg'unligini rivojlantirdi Skylarks va Manxetten birodarlar asosan Amerika vokal guruhlarini nusxalashni boshladi doop wop. Biroq, afro-amerikalik to'rt qismli uyg'unlikdan ko'ra, Janubiy Afrikaning guruhlari beshta qismdan foydalangan. The Dark City singillari 1960 yillarning boshlarida o'zlarining shirin uslublari bilan tanilgan eng mashhur vokal guruhi edi. Aaron Jek Lerole Black Mambazo ayollarning uyg'unligiga oh-voh qiladigan erkak vokal qo'shib, keyinchalik ularning o'rnini egalladi Simon 'Mahlathini' Nkabinde, ehtimol yigirmanchi asrning eng nufuzli va taniqli janubiy afrikalik "nolasi" ga aylandi. Marks Mankvan va Jozef Makvelaning mbaqanga yangiliklari raqsga tushadigan darajaga ko'tarildi mgqashiyo ikkalasi Mahlathini va yangi ayol guruhi bilan kuchlarni birlashtirganda ovoz Mahotella Queens, Mankvanening yordamchi guruhida Makhona Tsohle guruhi (shuningdek Makwela va saksafonchi-prodyuser bilan birgalikda G'arbiy Nkosi, ritm gitarachisi Vivian Ngubane va barabanchi Baxtli Monama ). Mahlathini va Mahotella Queens / Makhona Tsole kiyimlari studiya birligi sifatida yozilgan. Gallo Record kompaniyasi, milliy miqyosda katta muvaffaqiyatga erishish uchun butun mamlakat bo'ylab mgqashiyo musiqasining kashshofi bo'lib, teng muvaffaqiyatga erishdi.

1967 yilda Miriam Makeba AQShning "Pata Pata" xitini chiqardi. 1967 yil,Izintombi Zesi Manje Manje, Mahotella Queens uchun kuchli raqobatni ta'minlagan mgqashiyo ayollar guruhi. Ikkala guruh ham jiv maydonida katta raqobatchilar edi, ammo odatda Queens birinchi o'ringa chiqib oldi.

Soul va jazz

1960 yillarning oxirlarida ko'tarilish kuzatildi ruhiy musiqa AQShdan. Uilson Pikket va Persi Sled janubiy afrikalik ijrochilarni organ, bas-davul ritmi bo'limi va elektro gitara bilan maydonga kirishga ayniqsa mashhur bo'lgan va ilhomlantirgan qo'shiqchilar orasida edi.

1960-yillarda jazz ikki sohaga bo'lingan. Kabi raqs guruhlari Elit svingchilar avangard jazz ijodidan ilhomlanib, mashhur bo'lgan Jon Koltreyn, Yolg'iz rohib va Sonni Rollins ham keng tarqalgan edi. Musiqachilarning so'nggi sohasiga taniqli faollar va mutafakkirlar, shu jumladan Xyu Masekela, Abdulloh Ibrohim (ilgari "Dollar brendi" nomi bilan tanilgan), Kippi Moeketsi, Satima Bea Benjamin, Kris Makgregor, Jonni Dyani va Jonas Gvangva. 1959 yilda amerikalik pianinochi Jon Mehegan ko'plab taniqli Janubiy Afrikalik jaz musiqachilaridan foydalangan holda ovoz yozish sessiyasini tashkil qildi, natijada dastlabki ikkita afrikalik jaz musiqasi LPlari paydo bo'ldi. Keyingi yil Sovuq qasr milliy jaz festivali Janubiy Afrika jazziga qo'shimcha e'tiborni jalb qildi. Sovuq qasr bir necha yil davomida har yili o'tkaziladigan tadbirga aylanib, ko'proq musiqachilarni jalb qildi, ayniqsa Dudu Pukvana, Gideon Nxumalo va Kris Makgregor. 1963 yilgi festival LP deb nomlangan Jazz Afrika ovozi, ammo hukumat zulmi tez orada jaz sahnasini tugatdi. Shunga qaramay, ko'plab musiqachilar Buyuk Britaniyada yoki boshqa mamlakatlarda ko'chib ketishgan yoki surgun qilingan.

1968 yilda Xyu Masekela "Grass in Gloving" ("Grazing in the Grass") katta xitini oldi va Billboard pop-chartida 1-o'ringa chiqdi. Yoxannesburgda Janubiy Afrikaning shimolidagi afrikalik jazz targ'ib qilinayotganda, Keyptaundagi musiqachilar jazz merosiga uyg'onishdi. Pianistchi Charlz Segal Pretoriyadan Keyptaunga ko'chib o'tgan AQShga bir necha bor sayohat qilganidan keyin jazzga bo'lgan ishtiyoqni keltirib, u erda uchrashgan va jaz-pianistning ta'sirida bo'lgan. Oskar Peterson. Port shahri dengizchilar bilan uzoq vaqt musiqiy aloqada bo'lgan. Coon karnavalining ko'tarilishi va Abdulloh Ibrohim (Dollar brendi) va uning saksovullarining ko'rgazmali iste'dodi Basil Coetzee va Robbi Yansen ga boshla Cape Jazz. Bu 20 yildan keyin Janubiy Afrikaning eng muhim jaz eksporti bo'ladigan Evropa va Amerika jazlariga musiqiy havola qilingan folklor qo'shiqlarining qo'lbola versiyasi edi.

1970-yillar

Mgqashiyo va Isicathamiya

O'tgan asrning 70-yillariga kelib, faqat bir nechta uzoq muddatli mgqashiyo guruhlari tanilgan edi, faqatgina yangi guruhlar erkaklar tarkibida muvaffaqiyat qozonishdi. Abafana Baseqxudeni va Boyoyo Boys bu davrning eng katta yangi yulduzlari bo'lishgan. Mahotella Queens a'zolari 1971 yilda raqib guruhlar safidan chiqib ketishni boshladilar. Hozirgacha Janubiy Afrikadagi eng yirik ovoz yozish kompaniyasi bo'lgan Gallo, Mahotella Queens-ning yangi tarkibini yaratib, ularni Abafana Baseqhudeni bilan yozib oldi. Rahbar Mahlathini allaqachon raqib EMI yorlig'iga o'tgan (1972 yil boshida), u erda "Ndlondlo Bashise" va "Mahlathini Girls" yangi ayol guruhi bilan muvaffaqiyatli rekordlar o'rnatgan. Galloda joylashgan "Mahotella Queens" ning yangi tarkibi, xuddi asl Kuinzlar singari omadga erishdi va Abafana Baseqhudeni vakili Robert Mbazo Mkhize singari yangi erkaklar bilan on-off yozuvlarini o'tkazdi.

Ladysmith Black Mambazo, ning shirin sopranosi boshchiligida Jozef Shabalala, 1960-yillarda paydo bo'lgan va ehtimol eng kattasi bo'lgan isikatamiya Janubiy Afrika tarixidagi yulduzlar. Ularning birinchi albomi 1973 yil edi Amabutho, bu shuningdek qora tanli musiqachilar tomonidan birinchi oltin yozuv edi; u 25000 dan ortiq nusxada sotilgan. Ladysmith Black Mambazo keyingi bir necha o'n yilliklar davomida, ayniqsa 1986 yildan keyin mashhur bo'lib qoldi Pol Simon, amerikalik musiqachi, Ladysmith Black Mambazo-ni juda mashhuriga qo'shdi Greseland albomi va uning 1987 yildagi keyingi safari.

Progresiv jaz hukumat tomonidan bostirilishiga to'sqinlik qilganligi sababli, marabi uslubidagi raqs guruhlari jaz dunyosida taniqli mavqega ega bo'ldi. Musiqa yanada murakkablashdi va mashhurligini saqlab qoldi, progressiv jaz esa faqat vaqti-vaqti bilan xitlar chiqardi, masalan Uinston Ngozi "Yakal Nkomo" va Abdulloh Ibrohimning "Mannenberg ".

Pank-rok

Davomida pank-rok 1970-yillarning oxiridagi bum, Buyuk Britaniya va Amerika pank-musiqasi Janubiy Afrikaning Wild Youth va Powerage kabi guruhlariga ta'sir ko'rsatdi va o'zlarining diqqat markazida bo'lgan kultga erishdilar. Durban va atrofida va atrofida Yoxannesburg. Kabi guruhlar Itlar guruhi va Radio kalamushlari va Young Dumb & Violent musiqa sahnasida ham shunga o'xshash izdoshlarga ega edi. Keyptaun Safari kostyumlari, Uy bekasi tanlovi, Lancaster guruhi, Yangiliklar va doimiy kuch (BOSS aralashuvidan keyin shaxsiy fayl), keyin tez orada The Rude Dementals, The Zero's, Fred Smith Smith Band, Red Army, Riot Squad, Shikastlanish Vaqt va Vipers. Keyptaunda "Scratch" Club-da (Gerri Dikson va Genri Kombes tomonidan boshqarilgan), 1886, UCT, Off The Road, ko'plab shahar binolari va boshqa mahalliy joylarda ko'plab konsertlar bo'lib o'tdi. Yuqorida aytib o'tilgan guruhlarning bir qismi gastrol safarlaridan o'tdi. 1979 yilning dekabrida bo'lib o'tgan "RIOT ROCK" safari davrning eng yuqori cho'qqisi bo'ldi.

Disko

1970-yillarning o'rtalarida Amerikaning diskotekasi Janubiy Afrikaga olib kelingan va ruhiy musiqaga diskoteka zarbalari qo'shilgan, bu esa mbaqanga singari mashhur guruhlarning faoliyatini to'xtatishga yordam bergan. Mahotella Queens. 1976 yilda Janubiy Afrikadagi bolalar aparteid va hukumat hokimiyatiga qarshi ommaviy ravishda isyon ko'tarishdi va musiqaning asosiy qismi bo'lgan jonli va yosh kontr-madaniyat yaratildi. Disko va qalbning birlashishi 1970-yillarga qadar bo'lgan uslublar keng tarqalgan deb hisoblanmagan va ular oq tanli zolimlar tomonidan qabul qilingan deb qabul qilingan. Ushbu davrda Janubiy Afrikadan kam guruhlar doimiy muvaffaqiyatga erishdilar, ammo bundan mustasno Ko'chib yuruvchilar, marabi elementlarini o'z qalbida ishlatgan. Ko'chib yuruvchilarni "Soul Brothers" va "Cannibals" instrumental guruhi ta'qib qildi, ular tez orada qo'shiqchi bilan ishlashni boshladi Jeykob "Mpharanyana" Radebe. Rangli (qora emas) tasma Olov shuningdek, o'z izdoshlariga ega bo'ldi va tez orada ikki a'zosiga yordam berdi (Blondi Chaplin va Riki Fataar ) Amerika guruhiga Plyaj bolalari. Harari ularning o'rnida paydo bo'ldi va oxir-oqibat deyarli butunlay rok-roll ovoziga o'tdi. Harare a'zolaridan biri, Sifo 'Hotstix' Mabuse 1980-yillarda super yulduzga aylandi.

Tosh

Ko'pincha oq, gullab-yashnagan edi rok musiqasi sahna Keyptaun 1970-yillarda. Albom McCully Workshop Inc. dan psixedel toshi guruh Makkulli ustaxonasi Trutone Records-dagi janrga yaxshi misoldir. Trutone yorlig'i Janubiy Afrika kompaniyasiga tegishli edi Gallo (Afrika) cheklangan xalqaro miqyosda tan olingan musiqa prodyuseri.

1980-yillar

Muqobil rock va afrikaans

1980-yillarning boshlari ommabop e'tiborni tortdi muqobil tosh kabi guruhlar Odatiy va Skuterlar ittifoqi. Yoxannesburg va uning atrofida mustaqil musiqa sahnasining o'sishi nafaqat katta nomlardan (nisbatan gapirganda) guruhlarning ko'payishiga olib keldi. Qabiladan keyingi qabila, Dynamic, Softies va Specters kichikroq umidvorlarga qanday ranglar, kunlar oldin va chiqmasdan, balki "Paladyum" va "Ko'p sahifalarga ko'p sahifalar" nomli ikkita jonli DIY fanzine sahnasining o'sishiga ham yordam beradi.

Janubiy Afrikadagi muqobil rok ikki etakchi guruh bilan tobora kengayib bordi, Boshpana bolalari Yoxannesburgdan va Shaftoli Durbandan jadvalda muvaffaqiyat qozongan va taniqli albomlarni chiqargan. Yoxannesburg atrofida rivojlanib borayotgan musiqiy sahna Buyuk Britaniyaning DIY pank etikasi bilan ilhomlangan va xabardor bo'lgan kichik guruhlarning ko'payishini ko'rdi, ular Metalbeat, Bluebeat, Club King, DV8 va Dirtbox kabi klublardan tobora ko'payib borayotgan joylarda o'z faoliyatini boshladilar. GR Bozzoli Hall va undan keyin Erkin odamlar kontserti kabi talabalar tomonidan boshqariladigan joylar Witwatersrand universiteti talabalar shaharchasi.

Ushbu davrga tegishli o'ziga xos notalardan biri bo'lgan Jeyms Fillips bir nechta nufuzli va muhim guruhlar bilan ishtirok etgan Jismoniy jazo; Cherry Faced Lurchers; va uning afrikaliklari egolarni o'zgartiradi Bernoldus Nemand (taxminan Bernard Hech kim deb tarjima qilingan). Bernoldus Nemand xarakteri bilan Jeyms tillar bo'linmasidan o'tib, afrikaans tilida so'zlashadigan musiqachilarning bir qatoriga o'ziga ilhom bergan pank axloqi ta'siriga kirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi va afrikaanslarning muhim muqobil rok sahnasi bu ta'sirdan o'sdi.

Ushbu davrda asosiy mashhurlikka erishgan yagona afrikaliklar rok-qo'shiq muallifi Anton Guzen va Bles Bridges, Amerika taqlidchisi dam olish xonasi ashulachi Ueyn Nyuton.

Gotik tosh

1983 yilda Dog Detachment Post-Punk musiqasini Gothic rock elementlari bilan birlashtirgan dastlabki guruhlardan biri edi. Janubiy Afrikaning birinchi Gotik tosh guruh edi Garrining do'stlari yo'q, 1980 yillarning o'rtalarida tashkil topgan. 1980-yillarning ikkinchi yarmidagi boshqa taniqli guruhlar - bu Gathering (Gollandiyalik metall guruhi bilan aralashmaslik kerak), No-cypherning o'lim gullari, Lidice, Attic Muse, Kuzgi marosim, Elephant Celebes va qullikdagi pingvinlar.

1995 yilda, Uyg'onish vokalchi, gitarachi va prodyuser tomonidan tashkil etilgan Eshton Nayt. Guruh yirik milliy matbuotda "Janubiy Afrikadagi eng muvaffaqiyatli gotik rok aktyori va uzoqroq alternativa sahnasidagi eng yaxshi guruhlardan biri" sifatida tan olingan.^[6] va Janubiy Afrikadagi yirik milliy festivallarning sarlavhalari, shu jumladan, mamlakatning eng yirik musiqa festivali Woodstock, qo'shimcha ravishda Oppikoppi^[7] va RAMFest.^[8] 1998 yildan 2007 yilgacha o'ndan ziyod eng yaxshi o'nlab milliy singllar bilan, Uyg'onish Janubiy Afrikada katta muvaffaqiyatga erishgan birinchi goth uslubidagi harakat edi.

Yana bir taniqli goth rassomi "Mangu bob" deb nomlangan bo'lib, u "Mana bu odam keladi" muqovasi bilan xit bosgan, dastlab Boom Boom xonasi.

Pop

P J kuchlari 1986 yilda Janubiy Afrika uchun qo'shiq tanlovida g'olib chiqdi,^[9] birinchisi SABC tomonidan boshqariladi. Bu targ'ib qilishni maqsad qilgan Janubiy Afrika musiqasi. G'olib qo'shiq bo'ldi Don Klark "s Sanbonani. Yakuniy bosqich milliy telekanalda namoyish etildi, P J Powers uning guruhi - "Ishonch telefoni" tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi. Sanbonani xususiyatli P J vakolatlari va ishonch telefoni eng zo'r xitlar 1991 yilda albom.^[10]

Xalqaro e'tibor

Asl nusxa Mahotella Queens mgqashiyo va mbaqanga muxlislarining kutilmagan talabi tufayli 1983 yilda Mahlathini va Makgona Tsohle Band bilan birlashdi. Ladysmith Black Mambazo orqali xalqaro maydonga birinchi qadamini qo'ydi Pol Simon uning Greseland 1986 yilda albom, bu erda AQSh yorlig'i bilan bir qator qayta nashr etilgan albomlar Shanachie juda yaxshi sotilgan. Mambazo dunyo sayohatchilariga aylandi, dunyoni aylanib chiqdi va turli xil G'arb musiqachilari bilan katta muvaffaqiyatlarga erishdi. "Graceland" ko'plab mukofotlarga sazovor bo'ldi, shu jumladan "Yilning eng yaxshi albomi" uchun Grammy mukofoti. Bir yil o'tgach, Simon Black Mambazo-ning AQShdagi birinchi versiyasi Shaka Zuluni tayyorladi, u 1988 yilda Grammy mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi, u eng yaxshi an'anaviy folklor albomi uchun. O'shandan beri va umuman olganda, guruh o'n besh Grammy mukofotiga nominatsiya va uchta Grammy mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi, shu jumladan bitta 2009 yilda.^[11] The Greseland albom nafaqat Mambazoni diqqat markaziga olib chiqdi, balki boshqa Janubiy Afrikadagi harakatlarga yo'l ochdi (shu jumladan Mahlathini va Queens, Amaswazi Emvelo, Muso Mchunu, Ray Phiri va Stimela, Mighty Soul mag'lubiyatga uchragan va boshqalar) butun dunyoga taniqli bo'lish uchun.

Dunyo ittifoqi, The Ladysmith Black Mambazo rekord feat. P J kuchlari, 1995 yilda xalqaro xitlar rekordiga aylandi. Bu Buyuk Britaniyada qayd etilgan (singllar jadvalida 47-o'rinda emas).^[12]

Johnny Clegg 1970-yillarda Zulu-an'anaviy musiqa bilan o'ynashni boshlagan Sifo Mchunu va an'anaviy qora musiqani ijro etuvchi yagona oq tanli musiqachi sifatida taniqli bo'lib, Frantsiyada "Le Zouuu Blanc" (Oq zulu). 1980-yillarda ular orasida rok-roll guruhlari qayta tiklangan Vertolyotlar, Petit Cheval, Sterling va Tellinger.

Mango yivi yillar davomida ko'plab yutuqlarni qo'lga kiritdi va o'zini Janubiy Afrikaning eng taniqli va sevimli musiqa ikonalaridan biri sifatida mustahkam o'rnashtirdi. Guruh 1989 yilda o'zining 10 karra Platinum debyut albomi chiqarilishi bilan milliy ongda portladi. SA musiqasini dunyoga targ'ib qilish: Boshqa narsalar qatorida, bunga Mango Groove 1997 yilda Gonkongni topshirishda taklif qilingan yagona Janubiy Afrikalik aktyor bo'lgan. Kongodan Xitoyga, Freddy Mercury Tribute kontsertida namoyish qilingan yagona Janubiy Afrikalik aktyor (milliarddan ziyod odamga translyatsiya qilingan), Parijdagi SOS Racisme kontsertida 200 000 kishi oldida chiqish qilgan va Montrieux Jazz Festivalida 3 ta konsert olgan.

Reggae

Biroq, eng uzoq muddatli o'zgarish import bo'lishi mumkin reggae Yamaykadan. Xalqaro super yulduzdan keyin Bob Marley 1980 yilda Zimbabve mustaqilligini nishonlaydigan kontsert, reggi Afrika bo'ylab o'tkazildi. Lucky Dube birinchi yirik Janubiy Afrikalik rassomlar edi; uning uslubi eng yaqin tarzda modellashtirilgan Piter Tosh. 1990-yillarda Lucky Dube Janubiy Afrika tarixidagi eng ko'p sotilgan rassomlardan biri edi, ayniqsa uning 1990 yilgi albomi Qul. 1990-yillarda Yamayka musiqasi tomon harakatlanayotganini ham ko'rishdi ragga, ko'proq ta'sir ko'rsatgan elektron uslub kvayto (Janubiy Afrika hip hop musiqasi ) reggaega qaraganda. Ozod shtatdan guruh chaqirdi Oyaba bu davrda ham paydo bo'ldi. Ularning eng yaxshi tanilgan xit qo'shiqlari Ertaga millat, Jannat va telbani sev. Reggae juda mashhur bo'lib ketdi va u erda qo'shiqchi ham bor edi KwaZulu-Natal, Sifo Jonson Jambo nomi bilan tanilgan.

Saqich

Saqich 1980-yillarning o'rtalarida paydo bo'lgan sof Janubiy Afrika pop musiqasining bir-biridan ajralib turadigan chaqiriq-javob vokaliga ega bo'lgan vokalga asoslangan. Elektron klaviatura va sintezatorlar odatiy edi. Dan Tshanda guruhning Splash birinchi yirik qabariq yulduzi, keyin esa Chicco Twala. Twala ba'zi siyosiy yo'naltirilgan so'zlarni taqdim etdi, masalan, "Biz seni sog'inamiz Manelo" (kodlangan hurmat) Nelson Mandela ) bilan hamkorlikda "Papa urushni to'xtating" Mzvaxe Mbuli.

1983 yilda Janubiy Afrikaning eng yangi yangi yulduzi Brenda Fassi dunyoga keldi. Uning singlisi "Weekend Special" uni Janubiy Afrikadagi o'z avlodining taniqli ayol vokalisti deb e'lon qildi. U 2004 yilda bevaqt o'limigacha mashhurlik va iste'dod bilan tengsiz bo'lib qoldi.

1980 yillarning oxirlarida ko'tarilish kuzatildi Yvonne Chaka Chaka, 1984 yilda uning "Men DJga oshiqman" xitidan boshlab, bu bubblegum uchun birinchi yirik xit edi. Uning mashhurligi 1990-yillarda, ayniqsa Afrikaning qolgan qismida va Evropada ko'tarildi. Jabu Xanyile "s Bayete va o'spirinning yurak urishi Ringo ham juda mashhur bo'lib ketgan.

Voëlvry harakati

Afrikaanslar - Til musiqasi 1980-yillarda qayta tiklanganini ko'rdi Ovoz berish ("qush kabi erkin" yoki "noqonuniy") harakati afrikaliklarning yangi badiiy qarshi madaniyatini aks ettirdi Milliy partiya va konservativ Afrikanerdom. Qo'shiq muallifi boshchiligida Yoxannes Kerkorrel va uning Gereformeerde Blues Band, harakatga (Kerkorrelning 1989 yilgi mintaqaviy safari nomi berilgan) musiqachilar ham kirgan Bernoldus Nemand (aka Jeyms Fillips) va Koos Kombuis. Voelvry, afro-afrikalik ma'ruzachilar orasida aparteid tizimidan tobora ortib borayotgan norozilikka duch keldi va shu tariqa Voelvry oppozitsiyaning adabiyot va san'at bilan parallel bo'lgan musiqiy tarmog'ini anglatadi.^[13]

1990-yillar

Yangi ritmlar

1994 yilda Janubiy Afrika ommaviy axborot vositalari erkinlashtirildi va yangi musiqiy uslublar paydo bo'ldi. Da Siti payg'ambarlari premer sifatida tanildi Hip Hop ekipaj, garchi Janubiy Afrikalik xip-xop uslubi sifatida tanilgan bo'lsa ham kvayto tez orada haqiqiy o'rnini egalladi Hip Hop guruhlar. Kvaytoda sintezatorlar va boshqa elektron asboblar keng tarqalgan bo'lib, sekin murabbolardan qabul qilinadi Chikago uyi musiqachilar yoqadi Barmoqlar, Toni Xemfri va Robert Ouen shuningdek, standartdir. Kveto yulduzlariga kiradi Trompies, Bongo Maffin, TKZee, Mandoza va Boom Shaka. Guruh Daraxt 63 birinchi bo'lib "Million Lights" ("Million Lights") singli singari bilan tanilgan va keyinchalik Mett Redmanning "Blessed Be Your Name" ("Muborak bo'ling ismingiz") versiyasi bilan yanada ommalashgan.

Xushxabar

1990 yilgi xushxabarning eng katta yulduzi edi Rebekka Malope, uning 1995 yilgi albomi Shvele Baba juda mashhur edi. Malope kabi ijrochilarga qo'shimcha ravishda yozishni davom ettirmoqda Lusanda ma'naviy guruhi, Barorisi Ba Morena, Amadodana Ase Wesile, Vuyo Mokoena va Xalqaro Pentakoastal cherkov xori, Rayreed Soul Beat, Lundi, Quvnoq bayram va Yuqoridan hid Botsvanada vaqti-vaqti bilan chiqish qilganlar. 2000-yillarda Vuyo Mooena Xushxabarning eng ko'p sotilgan rassomi bo'ldi. Uning albomlari mamlakatda sotiladigan Top 5 ro'yxatiga kiritilganligi tekshirildi. O'zining albomida u Venda, Shangaan, Soto, Zulu va Xosa singari barcha Janubiy Afrika tillarida qo'shiq kuyladi. Ushbu sohaga Xlengiwe Mhlaba (afenduli mashhur) va Solly Moholo singari qo'shildi. Shuningdek, Oleseng Shuping singari yangi qo'shiqchilar mashhur bo'lib, u xushxabar qiroli mukofotiga sazovor bo'lganini ko'ramiz.

Afrikaans musiqasi

Prof Piet de Villiers Boerneef kompozitsiyalari bilan 1994 yilgacha birinchi o'rinni egallagan.

1994 yildan keyingi davrda afrikaans musiqasining mashhurligi keskin o'sdi. Ko'plab yangi afrikalik yosh qo'shiqchilar (solistlar va guruhlar) CD va DVD disklarini chiqardilar va "kunstefeeste" (san'at festivallarida) kabi katta auditoriyani jalb qildilar.Klein Karoo Nasionale Kunstefees - KKNK "Oudtshoornda",Aardklop "Potchefstroomda va Nelspruitda" Innibos ".

Afrikaans musiqa bozoriga kiritilgan o'nlab yangi qo'shiqlardan tashqari, zamonaviy yosh san'atkorlar uchun afrikaliklarning eski qo'shiqlarini sahnada yoki pabda kuylash ommalashib ketdi, olomon yosh muxlislar qo'shiq kuylashdi. Afrikaans musiqasining mashhurligining keskin o'sishining sababi haqida taxmin qilish mumkin. Bir nazariya shundan iboratki, 1994 yilda Apartheidning tugashi ham afrikaliklar madaniyati Janubiy Afrikada bo'lgan imtiyozli mavqeining tugashini anglatadi. Davlat tomonidan til va madaniyatni imtiyozli himoya qilish va targ'ib qilishdan mahrum bo'lganidan so'ng, afrikaliklar so'zlashadigan jamoat o'z-o'zidan o'z tili va madaniyatini qabul qilishga va rivojlantirishga kirishganga o'xshaydi. Bunga Stiv Xofmeyr kabi pop-rassomlar sabab bo'lgan, Nadine, Kurt Darren va Nikolis Loular Afrikaans musiqasida yangi va yangi ovozni taqdim etishmoqda. Ushbu san'atkorlar tomonidan aytilgan va / yoki yozilgan ko'plab qo'shiqlar ovoz jihatidan Evro raqs musiqasiga o'xshashdir. Tanqidchilar aytishicha, qo'shiq ommabop bo'lishi uchun afrikalik pop ijrochisining barchasi jozibali ohang va oson ritmdir. Bu "langarm" yoki "sokkie" deb nomlangan juftlik raqsining ommaviyligi bilan bog'liq. Bu erda bo'lib o'tadigan raqs zallarini tungi klublar deb hisoblash mumkin, ammo ular deyarli faqat afrikaans pop musiqasini ijro etishadi. Shuning uchun afrikaans pop musiqa bozori yangi materialga katta talab tug'diradi.

Shu bilan bir qatorda

1990-yillarni Janubiy Afrikada jonli muqobil musiqiy sahnaning genezisi deb hisoblash mumkin edi. The Voëlvry harakati sahnani o'rnatishda katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi, ammo mavzu materiallari sezilarli darajada o'zgarib ketdi norozilik mavhumroq va shaxsiyroq. Kabi yirik festivallar Oppikoppi va Woodstock asosan oq tanli universitet talabalari yangi intellektual kashfiyotlar ostida o'z o'rnini qat'iy ravishda mustahkamlab, barqaror ravishda o'sib bordi va o'sdi. mustaqillik qulaganidan keyin aparteid. Har qanday katta tan olinishga erishgan birinchi guruh bu edi Springbok yalang'och qizlar 1994 yilda tashkil etilgan bo'lib, uning taniqli qo'shig'i taniqli qo'shiqchisi bilan "Ko'k ko'zlar" balladasi Arno Karstens. Ushbu o'n yillikda o'rnatilgan boshqa diqqatga sazovor harakatlar The Outsiders (1991 y.), Nine (1992 y.), Fetish, Ajablanarlisi (taxminan 1996), Boo! (taxminan 1997), Uyg'onish (taxminan 1996), Genri Ate, Faqat Jinger (taxminan 1996), Fuzigish va Batareya 9.

Metall

1980-yillarning boshlarida va o'rtalarida Black Rose, Stretch, Razor, Lynx, Pentagon, Montreaux, Unchained va Osiris kabi guruhlar mavjud edi. So'ngra Janubiy Afrikaning birinchi trash metal guruhi Ragnärok deb nomlangan Janubiy Afrika metalining yangi zoti paydo bo'ldi. Din G Smit Janubiy Afrikaning Metallica deb nomlangan va o'sha paytda diniy izdoshlarga ega bo'lgan yagona metall guruh. Ular 1986 yilda Janubiy Yoxannesburgda bir muncha vaqt muqovalarni ijro etib, keyin faqat asl musiqaga o'tdilar. 1980-yillarning oxiri va 1990-yillarning boshlarida Janubiy Afrikada yaxshi qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan metall sahna paydo bo'ldi, bu Yoxannesburgda joylashgan "Odisseya" ning o'z nomli albomi 1991 yilda chiqarilishi bilan ajralib turdi. Yirik markazlarda rivojlanayotgan krossover punk / metall sahnasi bor edi, Keyptaunning "Yo'q qilish ovozi" va Yoxannesburgda joylashgan Shahar hujumi 1980-yillarning oxirlarida. Yoxannesburg 1992 yilda ekstremal metall sahnani ishlab chiqardi: Grindcore / death metal act Retribution Redded, Boksburg asoslangan macabre / death metal act Debauchery, undan keyin Pretoria doom metal band of Funeral, Christian metal act of Abhorrence and Isurrection, Metalmorphosis, Sacrifist and Agro, the latest two aktlar bugungi kunda ham bajarilmoqda. Keyptaun metall sahnasi 1990-yillarning o'rtalarida, asosan Pothole va Sakraphyx tomonidan boshqarilgan yuqori darajada bo'lgan. Pothole Janubiy Afrikaning eng muvaffaqiyatli pank / metal yorlig'i Way-Cool Records-da taniqli ikki taniqli albomni chiqarishi mumkin edi - ularning birinchi debyuti "Force-Fed nafrat" hali ham Janubiy Afrikaning metall albomlari orasida eng ko'p sotilgan. Aksariyat harakatlar CD-disklarni sotish bo'yicha tijorat muvaffaqiyatlarini topa olmagan bo'lsada, milliy va mahalliy metall guruhlarga ergashgan dindorlar ko'p o'tmay milliy gastrol turlarini boshqa janrlarga qaraganda yuqori darajada ochdilar. Bundan tashqari, xalqaro rassomlar aparteid yo'q qilingandan so'ng darhol mamlakat bo'ylab sayohat qilishni jalb qildilar, chunki eng obro'li xalqaro rassomlar ushbu mamlakatga tashrif buyurishni ma'qul ko'rdilar.

Techno

Birinchi janubiy afrikalik jonli texno guruhlar edi Kraftreaktor va Kivi tajribasi. "Kraftreaktor" va "Kiwi Experience" dan Jey Sonton va Ruediger Keller bir nechta ravenlarda chiqish qildilar, asosan elektron tana musiqalarini ijro etishdi. Ularning musiqasi asosan evropalik rassomlarning ta'sirida bo'lgan, ammo o'ziga xos Janubiy Afrikada teginishni o'z ichiga olgan. Ularning ovozini mahalliylashtirish uchun asosan Afrika namunalarini birlashtirdilar.

2000-yillar

Blyuz-Rok

Blues Rock sahnasi Janubiy Afrikada keskin ravishda paydo bo'ldi. Albert Frost, Dan Patlanskiy, Qora mushuk suyaklari, Jerald Klark, Crimson House Blues, Ko'klar Broers va Boulevard Blues guruh - Janubiy Afrikadagi eng taniqli blyuz aktlari. Shunga o'xshash raqamlar Piet Botha va Valiant Svart asosan Janubiy Afrika ko'klariga yordam bergan va Rok sahnasi.

Kvayto

Kvayto asoslangan uy musiqasi urishadi, lekin odatda sekinroq tempda va musiqiy va perkussion afrikalik namunalarni o'z ichiga oladi, ular halqalangan, chuqur bass-liniyalar va ko'pincha vokallar, odatda erkaklar, qo'shiq aytish yoki rapplash o'rniga emas. Ko'pchilik buni ko'rib chiqadi Janubiy Afrika ning noyob amalga oshirilishi Hip Hop.

Afrikaanslar

Ba'zilar tomonidan erkinlik bilan bog'liq bo'lgan qayta tiklanishda (ozgina faollik, mashhurlik yoki hodisalar davridan keyin o'sish yoki jonlanish) Aparteid Aybdorlik, afrikaans musiqasida 2000 yildan keyin yangi ijodkorlar, albomlarning chiqarilishi va sotilishi keskin ko'tarildi. 2004 yilda afrikaans albomi (balladeer tomonidan) Stiv Xofmeyr ) yilning eng ko'p sotilgan albomi deb topildi.^[14] Ning katta xarid qobiliyati Afrikaner ozchilik bu uchun qisman minnatdorchilik bildiradi.

2007 yilda afrikaanscha qo'shiq Boer urushi umumiy Koos de la Rey Bok van Blerk tomonidan Afrikaner hukmronligini tiklash uchun qurol chaqiruvi yoki shunchaki madaniy nostalji bildirilganmi degan munozaralar avjiga chiqdi.^[15]

Afrikalik pop-industriyadagi o'sish o'tgan o'n yillardan beri san'at festivallari va raqs zallarining ommaviyligi bilan davom etgan bo'lsa-da, boshqa ming yillik afrikalik musiqa janrlari yangi mingyilda turlarning jonlanishiga duch keldi. "Voëlvry" gastrol safari va muqobil harakatdan so'ng rok va muqobil afrikaans musiqasi biroz to'xtab qoldi. Uyg'otish belgilarini kelishi bilan topish mumkin edi Karen Zoid uning muqobil ovozi tufayli musiqa sahnasida.

Ko'p o'tmay, yosh rokchilar guruhi "Fokofpolisiekar "afrikaans tilida muqobil tosh yaratgan birinchi guruh bo'ldi. Ularning munozarali ismi (Fuckoffpolicecar deb tarjima qilingan), bayonotlari va o'zini tutishi afrikaans roklarini qayta tiklash harakatining ramziga aylanib, jamoatchilik e'tiborini tortdi. Bosh qo'shiqchi Francois Van Coke va qo'shiq muallifi Ovchi Kennedi ilgari afrikaliklarda mashhur bo'lmagan musiqaning boshqa janrlarini o'rganishga kirishdilar va ko'proq savdo yo'nalishlariga bordilar.

Ushbu va boshqa rok-aktlar paydo bo'lganidan ko'p o'tmay, birinchi Afrikaans televizion musiqa kanali (MK89 ) asosan rok musiqasiga bag'ishlangan ochildi. O'shandan beri afrikaans (va ingliz) rok va muqobil musiqa sahnasi jadal rivojlanmoqda. Kabi guruhlar Batareya 9, Terminatrix, NuL, K.O.B.U.S. va Thys Nywerheid afrikaans muqobil musiqasini qayta kashf etishda davom eting Jek Parov Cape afrikaanscha repni kashshoflardan rivojlantirishni davom ettirdi Brasse vannie Kaap, Gollandiyagacha muvaffaqiyat qozonish, 2009 yildagi "Cooler as Ekke" qo'shig'i bilan.

2009 Breakthrough Experimentalism

From 2009 into 2010, two unique and eclectic but thoroughly South African groups in particular received high acclaim from international music media, and both groups challenged traditional genre descriptions. They significantly increased global recognition of contemporary South African music culture.

BLK JKS ' experimental Afro-rock took inspiration from Mars Volta to blend their Zulu heritage and township origins with modern sounds and equipment and an approach to music-making that seems entirely devoid of boundaries, while maintaining the sweet melodies and rhythmic qualities of South Africa's traditional music. They received an important boost after performing in Opening Ceremony of 2010 FIFA Jahon chempionati.

Die Antwoord has challenged conventions of hip-hop through its blend of English, Afrikaans, and local slang,^[16] and sparse House-influenced production, reflecting the new 'Zef' counter-culture in its cheap-and-dirty values. The band achieved worldwide attention with their self-published debut thanks to two striking and humorous YouTube music videos released in 2010 that rapidly reached viral proportions. The highly polarised international response to their music helped them secure an album deal with Cherrytree Records, izi Interterskop. They also famously triggered a feud with American pop singer ledi Gaga, who offered them the chance to open for her on her Born This Way Tour, which they blatantly refused.

In 2016, singer Refentse Morake made waves for releasing his debut album solely in Afrikaanslar, becoming the first black singer to do so.

Baraban va bas

Janubiy Afrika baraban va bas scene began in the mid nineties. In 2000, events such as Uyda o'sgan^[17] became a prominent fixture in Keyptaun and a launching platform for international and local artists such as Counter Strike, SFR, Niskerone, Tasha Baxter, Anti Alias and Rudeone. Other regular events include It Came From The Jungle^[18] yilda Keyptaun and Science Friksun^[19] yilda Yoxannesburg.

A weekly Sublime drum and bass radio show is hosted by Hyphen on Bush radiosi.^[20]

Psychedelic trans

South African psytrance is a form of darker psixedel trans music that started and is produced mostly in Janubiy Afrika. Unlike the Russian dark psytrance, South African psytrance is more rhythmic, melodic and danceable, yet keeps the 'nasty-like' attitude. Notable record labels include Timecode Records, Mind Manipulation Device and Nano Records.

Zamonaviy kun

The South African music scene has continued to flourish in the 2000s. The decade has seen the rise of Xhosa singer Simphiwe Dana, whose success has seen her hailed as the "new Miriam Makeba ", with her unique combination of jazz, pop, and traditional music. Another similar young singer is Thandiswa Mazwai, originally a kwaito singer with Bongo Maffin. Thandiswa combined local hip-hop rhythms with traditional Xhosa sounds, creating a rich textured style. 2006 saw the rise of Shwi Nomtekhala, a duo combining mbaqanga ritmlar va maskandi tovushlar. The duo has become one of the most influential new acts on the music scene today, outselling even kwaito artists. Ularning birinchi albomi Wangisiza Baba was a major hit in the country. Keyptaun -based female artist Verity has been recognised internationally for innovation in the music industry for selling 2000 copies of her album Sayohat before it was actually recorded. Rap group "2 and a Half Secondz" has found recognition in Cape Town suburb, Delft since 2009. Cape Town based band Crimson House Blues has made waves throughout the live circuit being hailed as one of the greatest live acts in the country. Bunga qo'chimcha Willim Welsyn, qismi Afrikaanslar rock band Willim Welsyn en die Sunrise Toffies was nominated and won multiple awards in the Afrikaans Alternative categories.

Nianell, South African superstar, is also another internationally recognised artist in modern South African music, combing Folk, Classical, Pop, Country, and Celtic music that make her own unique sound. She has released seven albums with songs that switch back and forth between Afrikaans and English. Her first platinum hit that sold more than 2 million copies was "Who Painted The Moon" that was also covered by international superstar Xeyli Vestenra. In early 2011, she made her initial debut in the U.S. with her compilation album Who Painted The Moon.

Ladysmith Black Mambazo remain one of the world's most popular choral groups and still retain popularity in South Africa, with their latest offering being the highly praised Ilembe (2007/2008). The legendary group boasts three grammy wins. The Mahotella Queens also remain high-selling, and – with the death of long-time groaner Mahlathini in 1999 – have recorded several new albums, including their 2007 release Siyadumisa (maqtov qo'shiqlari). 2008 has also seen the return of a former singer with the Mahotella Queens, Irene Mawela. Mawela appeared on thousands of mbaqanga and mgqashiyo recording sessions well throughout the 1960s and the 1970s, recording mainly for Gallo Record Company, often as part of the line-ups of the Mahotella Queens, the Mgababa Queens, Izintombi Zomgqashiyo, and also under her own name (though sometimes as Irene & The Sweet Melodians, or Irene & The Zebra Queens). In 1983 she left the company to record as a solo artist, with a successful Venda-traditional release Khanani Yanga. Mawela left the music business in the late 1980s, but returned in November 2007 with a brand-new album called Tlhokomela Sera, which combines modern contemporary sounds with pure gospel music, making what Mawela calls "gospel jive".

The music scene in South Africa is focused around four major areas, Yoxannesburg, Keyptaun, Durban va Bloemfontein. One of the characteristics of the scene is the strong sense of community which sees artist, promoters and venues all actively involved in developing the local talent. Bloemfontein's music focus is centred predominantly around the metal and Afrikaans genres. Yoxannesburg, Keyptaun and Durban are far more wide-ranging in the genres of music covered by bands and artists. Cape Town is a hotbed for the underground music scene, generally held to be more experimental than the music produced in the other centres. Potchefstroom seems to be the newest development ground for Afrikaans rock music, with various bands like Straatligkinders making their start here.

Ning kiritilishi Janubiy Afrika musiqiy mukofotlari (SAMA), intended to recognise accomplishment in the South African recording industry has raised the awareness of local artists and bands. The awards are given in various categories, including album of the year, best newcomer, best artists (male and female) and the best duo or group. South African Music Award winners include Karen Zoid, Yangi maydon, Tasha Baxter and Birgalikda.

Uniquely African music aside, the South African music scene has, to a large extent, been characterised by bands seeking to emulate popular genres abroad. However, recent years have seen South African music begin to develop a truly original sound.

South Africa has several annual music festivals including Woodstock South Africa, MotherFudd, Oppikoppi, Rocking the Daisies va Splashy Fen. The music festivals cater to different genres and styles of music. Motherfudd is an exclusively metal festival held early in the year. The 2008 Motherfudd festival had a line-up of 30 bands with 2 stages and took place near Hartebeespoort. The Oppikoppi festival started in 1994 and is held in the Limpopo Viloyati Janubiy Afrika, near the mining town of Northam. Originally a rock festival, Oppikoppi has expanded to include other genres. Splashy Fen is an annual Easter festival held on a farm near Underberg in KwaZulu-Natal, with a focus on rock and reggae music. 2016 yildan beri, Afsona stage at Splashy, convened by Don Clarke and Dicky Roberts has brought well known local legends back to the festival, including P J Powers in 2019. Rocking the Daisies is an annual music festival which is held outside Cape Town in Darling on the Cloof wine estate. It was established in 2005 with a focus upon rock music and is a "green" festival for which it has garnered awards.

Skouspel is a very popular televised annual concert sponsored by the Afrikaans family-magazine Xussgenoot, da joylashtirilgan Sun City kurort. Skouspel (translates as "spectacle") focuses primarily on Afrikaans music and regularly features some of the biggest names in the Afrikaans music scene along with new artists.

In 2019 the South African music scene see a new genre of music called Amapiano Music storm and take over the scene for the year, by statistics this genre seems to be most dominant in the music industry for the year.

There is also a young movement of community rap called Tzaneen Rap, producing up-and-coming rappers that are already coming up and keeping up with the rap game. It is a good combination of vernacular Xitsonga, Sepedi, Xosa, Zulu, Sesoto va Ingliz tili lyricism. It was formed in the 1990s and only became popular around 2015. There are vernacular rappers like DNP, Dj Snake and English lyrics from Ironik, Savanna and Gratitude Moruti. It all began in Limpopo, Tsaneen. South Africa has experienced a new wave of artists over the last few years, some artists include Yomon S, Timo ODV, AKA, YoungstaCPT, K.O, Anatii, and Maloon The Boom.

Several charts have now been introduced to monitor the progress of the industry. Even though it appears foreign music still sells more than the current local music. There's a chart by TINA Magazine that currently monitors top songs in South Africa haftalik.

Although the local music scene has continued to grow exponentially since the 2000s, a lot of South Africans still consume foreign music contents over local contents.

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Neo-traditional styles

Traditionally styled music is generally appellated as "Sotho-traditional" or "Zulu-traditional", and has been an important part of the South African music business since the 1930s. Vocal and concertina records were released with a call-and-response style and a concertina used as a counterpoint to the lead vocal. Following World War 1, cheap imported concertinas arrived in South Africa, especially the Italian brand bafstari.

Sotho-traditional

The Sotho musician Tshwatlano Makala was the first traditional musician to achieve widespread commercial success. He helped to set the stage for the subsequent rise of Letsema Mat'sela guruhi, Basotho Dihoba, which used styles from his native Lesoto to develop a genre called mohobelo.

By the 1970s, the concertina of Sotho-traditional music was replaced with an accordion and an electric backing band. This wave of neo-traditional performers was led by Tau Ea Mat'sekha.

Zulu

The Zulu people adopted the gitara following its introduction by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century, and guitars were locally and cheaply made by the 1930s. John Bhengu was the first major Zulu guitarist, earning a reputation in 1950s Durban for his unique ukupika style of picking (as opposed to traditional strumming). Bhengu's song format, which includes an instrumental introduction (izihlabo), a melody and spoken praise (ukubonga) for a clan or family, was widely used for a long time in Zulu-traditional music. Bhengu, however, switched to the electric guitar in the late 1960s and began recording as "Phuzushukela" (Sugar Drinker). His popularity exploded, and Zulu-traditional music entered a boom.

Since the 1970s, the concertina has returned to Zulu-traditional music, while diverse influences from pop music and drum and bass were added. Vusi Ximba "s Siyakudamisa (1992) was perhaps the most memorable Zulu-traditional album of the later twentieth century, and drew controversy for racy, comedic lyrics.

Tsonga-traditional

Tsonga traditional music was first recorded in the 1950s by Francisco Baloyi for Gallo, and showed a largely African style influenced by Latin rhythms. Mozambiquan musicians Fani Pfumo va Alexander Jafete became prominent studio performers in the 1950s and into the next decade. In 1975, however, Mozambique became independent and a radio station was opened by Radio Bantu, leading to the abandonment of Portuguese elements from this style.

More modern Tsonga bands, such as General MD Shirinda & the Gaza Sisters play a style called Tsonga disco, featuring a male lead vocalist backed by female singers, a guitar, keyboard or synth and disco rhythms. Thomas Chauke & the Shinyori Sisters (Tusk Records ) have become probably the best-selling band of any neo-traditional style. George Maluleke na Van'wanati Sisters have also been instrumental in modernizing the music by experimenting with a faster tempo and native instruments. The most popular Tsonga musicians, however, has arguably been either Thomas Chauke, the pop singer Peta Teanet or the equally successful Penny Penny, Joe Shirimani. Paul Ndlovu is another artist who has contributed a lot in this genre, with his popular hits, Hi ta famba moyeni va Tsakane.

The modern sound of traditional Xitsonga music comprises more of the earlier native sounds that had initially been abandoned in favor of the Portuguese electronic guitars, namely the xylophone and bass marimba. Bands such as Thomas Chauke and the Xinyori Sisters and George Maluleke predominantly used guitars; however the modern sound replaces these with the xylophone or bass marimba. The Tsonga xalqi 's preference for the xylophone and marimba type of sound is inherited from the timbila musiqasi Chopi odamlari, which has been entered into the YuNESKO heritage archives as a Insoniyatning og'zaki va nomoddiy merosining durdonasi.^[22]

Pedi-traditional

Pedi-traditional music asosan harepa va ga asoslangan arfa. Nemis autoharp arrived in South Africa in the nineteenth century, brought by Lutheran ministers proselytising among the Pedi. Harepa has not achieved much mainstream success in South Africa, though there was a brief boom in the 1970s, led by Johannes Mohlala va Sediya dipela Mokgwadi.

Venda-traditional

Venda -traditional music was also recorded when black music in South Africa was being recognised. The late 1960s (and, more significantly the late 1970s) saw a boom in Venda-speaking artists. This was mainly influenced by the launch of a Venda radio station.

Irene Mawela (who had been singing in the 1960s and 1970s with groups like Mahotella Queens, Sweet Sixteens va Dark City Sisters ) significantly impacted traditional and contemporary Venda music, despite vocal recordings in Zulu, Sotho and Xhosa languages. Mawela's 1983 release, Khanani Yanga, was one of the most successful Venda-traditional music albums of that year. After some lean years, Mawela returned to the South African music scene with Tlhokomela Sera, released in December 2007. Mawela's recent numbers like Mme Anga Khotsi Anga va Nnditsheni juda mashhur. Solomon Matase is known for his hits Ntshavheni va Vho i fara Phele.

Alpheus Ramavhea, Mundalamo, Eric Mukhese, and Adziambei Band are also famous for their contributions to Venda music. The latter band still continues to produce music with great success, including a recent album release, Mutula Gole, in February 2012. Colbert Mukwevho has been involved with Venda music for over 20 years, starting with 1980s hits like "Kha tambe na thanga dzawe," "i do nera rothe" and "saga-saga." In 2006 his comeback album Mulovha namusi na matshelo, included hit songs "ndo takala hani and zwa mutani wavho" which remain popular with Venda and Pedi's. He grew up in a family of music. His father Christopher Mukwevho, then leader of the popular band Thrilling Artist, used to feature him at young age.Rudzani Shurflus Ragimana of shurflus was well known for 'muthu wanga a thi mulitshi, shango lo vhifha muvhilini known for venda reggae music together with Khakhathi and friends Tshganzha, Ntshenge. Reggae music is well played by a lot of artists for tshivenda.

Others performers include: Makhadzi Fizzy, Prifix, Bhamba, Komrade Li, SubZro, TAKZIT, Humbulani Ramagwedzha, Jahman Chiganja, Khakhathi and Friends, Maduvha Madima, Takalani Mudau, Rapson Mbilummbi Rambuwani, TMan Gavini,Clean-G, Mizo Phyll, Killah Gee, Jininka, Paul Mulaudzi, Malondo Ramulongo, Burning Doctor, Just ice, Lufuno Dagada and Tshidino Ndou.

Another singer making a name for himself in the South African music market is Tshidino Ndou, a reggae artist who is also owner of Vhadino Entertainment music company. Tshidino was born and bred in Tshakhuma, a rural village in South Africa in the Limpopo Province. So far he has two albums, Ndi do fa na inwi (2009) (Till death do us part) and Nne Ndi Nne (2010) (I am what I am). His song "Ni songo nyadza" (meaning "do not undermine other people's religions"), featuring a Venda reggae icon Humbulani Ramagwedzha of thivhulungiwi fame, is gaining extensive media exposure through Phalaphala FM, Soweto TV, Makhado FM and Univen radio.

Tshidino entered the music scene as a founder member of Vhadino House Grooves group which he established alongside his brother, Arthur Ndou in 2008. They released their debut hot album titled Ro Swika meaning we have arrived. The album contains a controversial song "Ri ya groova", widely known as "Ndo Fara Mudifho". He has just released a hot single, "Ri khou phusha life", which has already made a mark on radfios and newspapers. The full album was planned for release in 2012, featuring two other giants: Takalani Mudau of "baby fusheani" fame and the Burning Doctor of "A lu na mutwe" fame. Tshidino is not just a musician but also a prominent film producer who is more popular in the Vendawood film industry in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. He plays the character of Vho-Mulingo in Vho-Mulingo comedy. Other movies he produced include Mathaithai, Hu do dzula nnyi, Mphemphe i a netisa va Hu bvuma na fhasi.

Xhosa-traditional

Perhaps the best known neo-traditional South African music, internationally anyway, is the music of Amampondo and the solo work of their leader and founder, Dizu Plaatjies. He and his group took traditional Xosa musiqasi from the hills of Pondoland and the Eastern Cape and put it on stage worldwide. The success of the genre was how the exponents combined their music with their stage performances and dance.

Shuningdek qarang

• Afrikalik qo'shiqchilar ro'yxati
• Janubiy Afrikadagi radiostansiyalar ro'yxati
• Janubiy Afrika musiqachilari ro'yxati
• Namibiya musiqasi
• Janubiy Afrikaning yozuvlar sanoati
• Janubiy Afrika musiqiy mukofotlari
• Aparteidga qarshi harakatdagi musiqa
• Botsvana

Bibliografiya

• Allingham, Rob. "Nation of Voice". 2000. Broughton, Simon va Ellinghamda Mark McConnachie, James va Duane bilan birga, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp. 638–657. Rough Guides Ltd, Pingvin kitoblari. ISBN  1-85828-636-0
• Mthembu-Salter, Gregory. "Spirit of Africa". 2000. Broughton, Simon va Ellinghamda Mark McConnachie, James va Duane bilan birga, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp. 658–659. Rough Guides Ltd, Pingvin kitoblari. ISBN  1-85828-636-0
• Allingham, Rob. "Hip Kings, Hip Queens". 2000. Broughton, Simon va Ellinghamda Mark McConnachie, James va Duane bilan birga, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp. 660–668. Rough Guides Ltd, Pingvin kitoblari. ISBN  1-85828-636-0

Adabiyotlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Xulu, M.K., "The Re-emergence of Amahubo Songs, Styles and Ideas in Modern Zulu Musical Styles." Nomzodlik dissertatsiyasi, Natal universiteti 1992.

Tashqi havolalar

• BBC Radio 3 Audio (120 minutes): South Africa 1995. (Sony Radio Award Winner, 1995.) Accessed 25 November 2010.
• Field recordings of traditional and neo-traditional music mainly from KwaZulu-Natal, recorded by composer Kevin Volans