Inglizcha elektr kanberra - English Electric Canberra

Kanberra
Kanberra T 4 MOD 45144929 (kesilgan) .jpg
Kanberra T.4 WJ874 1999 yilda birinchi prototipni namoyish etish uchun bo'yalgan VN799, birinchi marta 1949 yilda uchgan.
RolBombardimonchi /Razvedka
Milliy kelib chiqishiBirlashgan Qirollik
Ishlab chiqaruvchiInglizcha elektr
Birinchi parvoz1949 yil 13-may
Kirish1951 yil 25-may
Pensiya23 iyun 2006 yil (RAF)
HolatXizmatdan nafaqaga chiqqan
Asosiy foydalanuvchilarQirollik havo kuchlari
Raqam qurilgan
  • 900 (Buyuk Britaniya)[1]
  • 49 (Avstraliya)[1]

403 (AQSh)[1]

Birlik narxi
£72,500 (1952) [2]
Ichiga ishlab chiqilganMartin B-57 Kanberra

The Inglizcha elektr kanberra - bu Britaniyaning birinchi avlod samolyotidir o'rta bombardimonchi. U tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Inglizcha elektr 1944 yilga javoban 1940-yillarning o'rtalaridan oxirigacha Havo vazirligi urush davri vorisi uchun talab de Havilland chivinlari tezkor bombardimonchi. Ushbu turdagi ishlash talablari orasida yuqori balandlikdagi bombardimon qilish qobiliyati va yuqori tezlikka bo'lgan talab mavjud edi. Ular qisman yangi ishlab chiqilgan reaktiv harakatlanish texnologiyasidan foydalangan holda amalga oshirildi. Kanberra bilan xizmat ko'rsatishni boshlaganida Qirollik havo kuchlari (RAF), ushbu turdagi birinchi operator, 1951 yil may oyida bu xizmatning birinchi reaktiv bombardimonchisiga aylandi.

1950-yillarning ko'p qismida Kanberra dunyodagi barcha boshqa samolyotlarga qaraganda balandroq balandlikda uchishi mumkin edi. 1957 yilda Kanberra a dunyo balandligi bo'yicha rekord 21330 metr (70310 fut). 1951 yil fevral oyida yana bir Kanberra to'xtovsiz amalga oshirgan birinchi reaktiv samolyot bo'lganida yana bir jahon rekordini o'rnatdi transatlantik parvoz. Erta qochish qobiliyati tufayli samolyot tutuvchi samolyot va uning zamon talablariga nisbatan sezilarli darajada o'sishi piston - bombardimonchi samolyotlar, Kanberra eksport bozorida ommabop samolyotga aylandi va ko'plab mamlakatlarning havo kuchlarida xizmat ko'rsatish uchun sotib olindi. Millatlar Hamdo'stligi. Turi ham edi litsenziya asosida ishlab chiqarilgan Avstraliyada Davlat aviatsiya zavodlari va AQShda Martin sifatida B-57 Kanberra. Ikkinchisi biroz o'zgartirilgan B-57A Kanberrani ham, sezilarli darajada yangilangan B-57B ni ham ishlab chiqardi.

Taktik bo'lishdan tashqari yadroviy zarba kabi samolyotlar, Kanberra juda moslashuvchan bo'lib, turli xil rollarda xizmat qildi taktik bombardimon va fotografik va elektron razvedka. Kanberras xizmat qilgan Suvaysh inqirozi, Vetnam urushi, Folklend urushi, Hindiston-Pokiston urushlari va ko'plab Afrika mojarolari. Bir nechta urushlarda, qarama-qarshi tomonlarning har biri havo kuchlarida Kanberralarga ega edi.

Kanberra uzoq umr ko'rdi, ba'zi operatorlar bilan 50 yildan ortiq xizmat qildi. 2006 yil iyun oyida RAF birinchi parvozidan 57 yil o'tib, Kanberrasining so'nggi qismini iste'foga chiqardi. Uchtasi Martin B-57 variant xizmatda qoladi, bajaradi meteorologik va kuzatuv ishlari uchun qayta kiring NASA, shuningdek elektron aloqani ta'minlash (Battlefield Havodagi aloqa tuguni yoki BACN) ga joylashtirish uchun sinov Afg'oniston.[3][4]

Rivojlanish

Fon

Kanberra PR.9 XH135

Davomida Ikkinchi jahon urushi, bombardimonchi samolyotlarga bo'lgan talab juda ko'p samolyotlarni ikkilamchi ishlab chiqaruvchilar orqali ishlab chiqarishga olib keldi litsenziyani ishlab chiqarish kelishuvlar. The Inglizcha elektr kompaniyasi minglab ommaviy ishlab chiqargan pistonli dvigatel kabi bombardimonchilar Xendli Peyj Xempden va Handley Page Halifax Shunday qilib, firma ichki dizayn tajribasiga ega bo'lmaganiga qaramay, taniqli britaniyalik samolyot ishlab chiqaruvchisi bo'ldi.[5] Ser Jorj Nelson, English Electric raisi, kompaniya biznesda qolishga va o'z dizaynlarini ishlab chiqarishga intilishiga qaror qildi. 1943 yil noyabr oyida kompaniya yangi ishlab chiqilgan imkoniyatlardan foydalanadigan istiqbolli bombardimonchi haqidagi munozaralarda ishtirok etishga taklif qilindi reaktiv harakatlanish texnologiya.[6]

1944 yilda, Westland Aircraft texnik direktor va bosh dizayner V. E. V. Petter ikkita samolyotga o'rnatilgan ikkita motorli bombardimonchi P.1056 uchun dizayn tadqiqotini tayyorlagan edi. Metrovick F.2 / 4 "Beril" dvigatellar. Samolyot nisbatan an'anaviy aerodinamik dizayndan foydalangan, Petter zarur bo'lgan samolyotni qabul qilmasdan erishish mumkinligini aniqlagan qanotlarini supurdi yoki supurilgan quyruq.[7] Hokimiyat uning tayyor bo'lmagan maydonlardan va past balandlikdagi operatsiyalarga yaroqliligiga shubha bilan qaradi, ammo uning potentsialini bombardimonchi dizayni sifatida ko'rdi; ko'plab ishlab chiqaruvchilar dizaynni qabul qilishdan bosh tortdilar.[8][9] Petter 1944 yil dekabrda Uelsdan "English Electric" kompaniyasiga qo'shilish uchun ketgan, u erda Nelson tomonidan dizayn guruhini tuzish uchun tayinlangan va uning dizaynini ishlab chiqishga da'vat etgan.[9] 1945 yilda English Electric ushbu dizaynni amalga oshirish uchun o'zining samolyotlarini loyihalashtirish guruhini rasmiylashtirdi.[5][6]

Kanberra o'zining rasmiy kelib chiqishini 1944 yilgi talabdan kelib chiqqan Havo vazirligi uchun voris uchun de Havilland chivinlari. Ushbu talab, dastlabki qayta ko'rib chiqish E.3 / 45, izlandi a balandlik, yuqori tezlik bombardimonchi mudofaa qurollari bilan jihozlanmasligi kerak edi. Aviatsiya tarixchilarining fikriga ko'ra Bill Gunston va Piter Gilxrist, Havo vazirligi rasmiylari taklif qilingan tur uchun nima qidirayotganlarini aniqlashda qiyinchiliklarga duch kelishgan, bu esa talabning bir necha bor qayta ko'rib chiqilishiga olib kelgan.[10] B.3 / 45 va B.5 / 47, shu jumladan qo'shimcha spetsifikatsiyalarni takomillashtirish, uch kishilik ekipaj va vizual bombardimon qilish qobiliyati kabi boshqa xususiyatlar haqida batafsil ma'lumot berdi. Britaniyaning bir nechta samolyot ishlab chiqaruvchilari ushbu talabni qondirish uchun takliflar yuborishdi, jumladan English Electric. Firma ushbu kompaniyalar orasida edi qisqa ro'yxatga olingan rivojlanish tadqiqotlarini davom ettirish.[5]

1945 yil iyun oyiga kelib, Kanberraga aylanishi kerak bo'lgan samolyot, yakka, markazga o'rnatilgan turbojetli dvigatel joylashtirilganiga qaramay, yakuniy dizayni bilan juda ko'p o'xshashliklarga ega bo'ldi; Petter bilan munozaralar o'tkazdi Rolls-Royce Ltd. ning kengaytirilgan lotinini ishlab chiqish mavzusida Nene dvigatel.[7] 1945 yil oxirida, dizayn yana o'zgartirildi, uning o'rniga dvigatellar juftligi qabul qilindi, dastlab qanotlarning ildizlariga o'rnatildi va keyinchalik o'rta qanot holatiga o'rnatildi; ushbu o'zgarish asosan tufayli amalga oshirildi tortishish markazi og'ir bomba va markazga o'rnatilgan bitta dvigatelning holati va og'irligi bilan bog'liq masalalar.[7][11] Dvigatelning yangi holati samolyotning og'irligini 13 foizga kamaytirdi va samolyotning tortishish markazini yaxshiladi, shuningdek dvigatellar va unga tegishli aksessuarlarga kirish imkoniyatini yaxshiladi, salbiy tomonlari uzoqroq bo'lgan reaktiv trubkalardagi yo'qotishlar biroz ko'tarildi yaw dvigatelni o'chirib qo'yish holatlarida.[7]

Loyihalashning dastlabki bosqichlarida samolyot pashsha bilan chambarchas bir xil o'lchamdan og'irligi ikki baravarga o'sdi.[7] Reaktiv dvigatel bilan ishlangan bo'lsa-da, Kanberra dizayn falsafasi Mosquito qolipida juda ko'p bo'lgan va bombaning katta yuklanishiga imkoniyat yaratgan, mavjud bo'lgan ikkita eng kuchli dvigatelni o'rnatgan va uni imkon qadar ixcham va aerodinamik paketga o'ragan. etakchi qirrasi o'tirgan holda akkordning 40 foiziga o'ralgan engil qotishma varag'idan hosil bo'lgan Redux - qovurg'alar o'tqazilgan mahkamlagichlar, panellar sozlanishi ko'z murvatlari bilan mahkamlanib, yuqori aniqlikdagi qanot profilini tashqi bo'g'inlarsiz va mahkamlashsiz etakchadan asosiy shpagacha ushlab turishga imkon beradi.[12] Shuningdek, chivinlar falsafasiga muvofiq, tarixiy jihatdan tengsizligini isbotlagan mudofaa qurollari bilan jihozlangan Kanberra dizayni bilan. qiruvchi samolyotlar - natijada ishlash samaradorligi Kanberraga havo-havo kurashidan butunlay qochishga imkon beradi.[13]

1946 yil 7-yanvar kuni Ta'minot vazirligi to'rtta English Electric A.1 samolyotlarini ishlab chiqish va ishlab chiqarish bo'yicha shartnoma tuzdi.[14] U nom berilgunga qadar u "English Electric A.1" nomi bilan tanilgan Kanberra 1950 yil yanvar oyida Avstraliya poytaxtidan keyin "English Electric" ning raisi Ser Jorj Nelson tomonidan Avstraliya samolyotning birinchi eksport xaridoriga aylangani sababli.[15]

Prototiplar va birinchi parvozlar

Birinchi Canberra B.2 prototipi, VX165.
Birinchi Canberra B.2 prototipi, VX165

Havo vazirligining B.3 / 45 spetsifikatsiyasi to'rtta prototipni ishlab chiqarishni talab qildi. 1946 yil 9-yanvarda English Electric kompaniyasi to'rtta prototipni ishlab chiqarish uchun shartnoma oldi Britaniya aerokosmik kompaniyalari jamiyati (SBAC) belgilash A.1; O'sha yili ushbu prototip samolyotlarni qurish bo'yicha ishlar boshlandi, ularning barchasi ishlab chiqarish maydonchalarida qurilgan edi.[7][16] Biroq, taraqqiyot bir necha omillarga bog'liq edi, masalan Avon dvigatelining uzoq vaqt davomida ishlab chiqarilishi, bu turni quvvat bilan ta'minladi; 1947 yil oktyabrda Rolls-Roysning qiyinchiliklariga javoban English Electric Avon o'rniga mavjud Nene dvigatelidan foydalanish uchun ikkinchi prototipni o'zgartirishga saylandi.[7] Urushdan keyingi harbiy qisqarishlarning amalga oshirilishi ham rivojlanishning sustlashishiga xizmat qildi.[17]

Rivojlanishga ta'sir ko'rsatgan yana bir tashqi muammo bu muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchragan Telekommunikatsiya tadqiqotlari tashkiloti ishlab chiqarish radar o'z vaqtida havo kemasini bombardimon qilish tizimi. Buning uchun 1947 yilda havo kemasining burunini o'zgartirib, bombani nishonga oluvchi tomonidan vizual bombardimon qilish uchun sirlangan uchi joylashtirilishi kerak edi, bu esa o'z navbatida kokpitni qo'shimcha ekipaj a'zosidan chiqarib yuborish tizimini osonlashtirish uchun qayta tuzilishini talab qildi.[18] 1948 yilda dizayn guruhi boshqa joyga ko'chib o'tdi Varton aerodromi, Lancashire, u erda parvozlarni sinovdan o'tkazish tashkiloti va yig'ish imkoniyatlarini yaratmoqda.[7]

Natijada, ushbu prototiplarning birinchisi, VN799 uni o'tkazdi birinchi parvoz 1949 yil 13-mayda.[17] Uchuvchi tomonidan Roland Beamont, samolyot yaxshi ishlagan deb da'vo qilinadi, bundan mustasno rul haddan tashqari muvozanat. Ushbu dastlabki parvoz Avon dvigatellari bilan amalga oshirildi, Avon bilan jihozlangan birinchi prototip yoki Nene bilan jihozlangan ikkinchi prototip bilan birinchi parvozni amalga oshirish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi, VN828, oldindan bir necha hafta oldin amalga oshirilmadi.[19] 1949 yil 9-noyabrda Nene dvigateli bilan birinchi bo'lib jihozlangan ikkinchi prototip VN828 birinchi parvozini amalga oshirdi. Uchinchi va to'rtinchisi keyingi sakkiz hafta ichida kuzatildi.[20]

Prototiplarni uchish sinovlari bepul bo'lib, bir nechta o'zgartirishlarni talab qildi. O'zgarishlar, rivojlanganligi sababli, bomba nishonga olish uchun sirlangan burunni o'rnatishni o'z ichiga olgan H2S Mk9 bombardimon radarini ishlab chiqarish imkoniyati yo'q, turbojet dvigatellari kuchliroq bilan almashtirildi Rolls-Royce Avon R.A.3s va ko'z yosh tomchilari shaklidagi o'ziga xos yonilg'i tanklari qanot uchlari ostiga o'rnatildi.[17] Rulda va lift holatlarini kamaytirish uchun bufet Shundan so'ng, Kanberra xuddi qiruvchi kabi muomala qilgani va bombardimonchi uchun atipik manevrga ega ekanligini isbotlagan.[21]

Loyiha 1940-yillarning oxirlarida hukumat tomonidan katta qo'llab-quvvatlandi. 1949 yil mart oyida birinchi prototipning birinchi parvozidan oldin English Electric ishlab chiqarishni boshlash bo'yicha ko'rsatma oldi.[20] Birinchi prototip uchgan vaqtga kelib, Havo vazirligi 132 ta ishlab chiqarish samolyotlariga buyurtmachilarni bombardimonchi, razvedka va o'quv variantlarida joylashtirdi. 1950 yil 21 aprelda birinchi ishlab chiqarish standarti samolyot, belgilangan Kanberra B.2 o'zining birinchi parvozini amalga oshirar ekan, Beamont tomonidan boshqarildi. Muammosiz ekanligimizni isbotlagan holda, ushbu birinchi parvoz deyarli darhol Canberras ishlab chiqarishining asosiy ishlab chiqarilishi bilan amalga oshirildi. 1951 yil may oyida Kanberra RAF eskadronlar xizmatiga kirdi, 101-sonli otryad turini birinchi bo'lib olgan.[14] Samolyotning benzin bilan ishlash xususiyatlaridan dalolat berib, Kanberraga o'tish dasturi atigi 20 soatdan iborat edi Meteor metrosi va uch soat davomida boshqariladigan Kanberra murabbiyida.[22]

Ishlab chiqarish va litsenziyalangan ishlab chiqarish

1949 yil iyulda, English Electric kompaniyasi ishlab chiqarishni yo'lga qo'yish jarayonida edi Samlesbury aerodromi, 132 ta Kanberraga qat'iy buyurtma berildi. Buyurtma 90 ta B.5 / 47 bombardimonchi samolyotidan, 34 ta PR.31 / 46 fotosurat samolyotidan va 8 ta T.2 / 49 ta murabbiy samolyotidan iborat edi.[20] 1950 yil 25-iyunda "." Deb nomlanadigan narsa Koreya urushi chiqib ketdi; Bu Kanberra va Buyuk Britaniya hukumati tomonidan urush davri ishlab chiqarishining ancha yuqori darajasini o'rnatishga kirishgan talabning kuchayishiga olib keldi. Bu Canberra B.2s buyurtmalarining ketma-ketligiga olib keldi, bombardimonchilarning dastlabki varianti Avro, Xendli sahifasi va Qisqa birodarlar; faqat ingliz ehtiyojlari uchun English Electric 196 B.2s, Avro va Handley Page har biri 75 dona, Short esa 60 ta samolyot ishlab chiqardi - Kanberraning B.2 varianti boshqa har qanday versiyada ishlab chiqarilgan raqamlardan oshib ketdi.[23] Boshqa xalqlar, xususan, Avstraliya va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari ham ko'plab Kanberralarga buyurtma berishdi.[20]

Martin EB-57B

Qo'shma Shtatlarda AQSh havo kuchlari eskirganlarni almashtirish zarurligini aniqlagan edi B-26 bosqinchi va o'sha paytda, uyda ishlab chiqarilgan samolyotlarning hech qanday dizayni Kanberra taklif qila oladigan narsaga yaqinlasha olmasligini aniqladilar. Kabi raqiblarga qarshi musobaqadan so'ng Martin XB-51, jami 403 ta Kanberraga buyurtma berishga qaror qilindi. Ushbu samolyotlar edi litsenziyaga asoslangan tomonidan Martin sifatida B-57 Kanberra. Martin samolyotning bir nechta versiyasini o'zi ishlab chiqaradi.[24] Birinchi misollar ingliz tili samolyotining asl nusxasi bilan bir xil edi, shundan so'ng ekipajning tandemli o'rindiqlari joriy qilindi, ammo keyinchalik B-57 modellari sezilarli darajada o'zgartirildi.

Avstraliya Kanberraga juda qiziqqan edi, bu esa samolyot Avstraliya poytaxti nomi bilan atalishiga olib keldi. Bir vaqtning o'zida potentsialga alohida qiziqish bildirilgan edi Rolls-Royce Tay samolyotning quvvatli versiyasi.[20] The Davlat aviatsiya zavodlari (GAF) mahalliy uchun 48 ta yig'ilgan Avstraliya qirollik havo kuchlari.[17][24] Ushbu samolyotlar umuman Britaniyaning B.2 samolyotiga o'xshash edi. O'zgarishlar qatoriga modifikatsiyalangan etakchi yo'nalishni qabul qilish, yoqilg'i hajmini oshirish va uch kishilik joy kiradi boshlang'ich lentalari, garchi amalda uchta kartrij ham ba'zida otilib chiqsa-da, bu uchtalik starter birliklari birma-bir yuklanishiga olib keladi.[25] Bundan tashqari, Avstraliyada qurilgan Kanberras Avstraliya va AQSh manbalaridan tarkibiy qismlarning yuqori qismini ishlatgan.[26]

Jami 901 Kanberra Buyuk Britaniyaning turli xil samolyot ishlab chiqaruvchilari tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan; chet el litsenziyasini ishlab chiqarish operatsiyalari bilan birlashganda, Canberras uchun umumiy global ishlab chiqarish 1352 samolyotni tashkil etdi.[24] Maksimal tezligi 470 tugun (870 km / soat; 540 milya), xizmat ko'rsatish balandligi 48000 fut (14,600 m) va 3,6 tonna (7,900 funt) foydali yuk ko'tarish imkoniyati bilan Kanberra o'zini ichki va eksport bozorlarida darhol muvaffaqiyat. U jami 35 ta RAF eskadrilyasini jihozlagan 27 ta versiyada qurilgan va 15 dan ortiq mamlakatlarga, shu jumladan Avstraliya, Argentina, Chili, Ekvador, Efiopiya, Frantsiya, Hindiston, Yangi Zelandiya, Pokiston, Peru, Rodeziya, Janubiy Afrika, Shvetsiya, Venesuela va G'arbiy Germaniya.[22]

Suratga olish va ixtisoslashtirilgan rollar

Ikkinchi Jahon Urushining oxirgi qismida RAF tomonidan bajarilgan strategik razvedka missiyalari de Havilland Mosquito tomonidan bajarilgan. 1946 yilda Havo vazirligi PR.31 / 46 spetsifikatsiyasini chivin bilan almashtiriladigan qidiruvni chiqardi.[27] Talabni qondirish uchun B.2 dizayni ettita kamerani joylashtirish uchun kokpit orqasida qanot oldiga 14 dyuym (36 sm) bo'shliqni qo'shib o'zgartirildi.[27] Bomba joyining old qismida qo'shimcha yonilg'i idishi bor edi va unga faqat ikki kishilik ekipaj kerak edi.[28] PR.3 deb nomlangan prototip birinchi bo'lib 1950 yil 19 martda, so'ngra 1952 yil 31 iyulda 35 ta ishlab chiqaruvchi samolyotdan birinchisi parvoz qildi.[27] 1952 yil dekabrda PR.3 RAF xizmatiga kirdi, shu vaqtning o'zida 540-sonli eskadron RAF Mosquito PR.34 kuchidan konvertatsiya qilishni boshladi.[27] Canberra PR.3 RAF uchun faqatgina foto razvedka vazifalarini bajarish uchun mo'ljallangan birinchi samolyot edi.[14]

Kanberra TT Mk.18 ning Qirollik floti qo'nish RNAS Yeovilton, 1985

Dastlabki Canberra PR.3 modeli qisqa vaqt ichida takomillashtirilgan PR.7 variantiga erishildi. PR.7-da qanotlarni saqlash vositasi, Avon dvigatelining kuchliroq RA.7 modeli va Maxaret qulflashga qarshi tormoz tizimi.[29] Kanberra PR.9 fotosuratlarning so'nggi versiyasi edi; ushbu samolyot yangi ekipaj xonasi, ichki qanot qismi qayta ishlangan qismi va juda kuchli RA.24 Avon dvigateli bilan jihozlangan.[29] Keyinchalik xizmatda Kanberraning bombardimonchi modellari ko'pincha kameralar va razvedka maqsadlariga mos keladigan boshqa uskunalar bilan almashtirildi.[30]

Ekipajlarga Kanberrada uchishga o'tishni ta'minlash uchun Havo vazirligi T.2 / 49 spetsifikatsiyasiga javob beradigan trener versiyasi ishlab chiqildi.[31] 1951 yil 12-iyunda T.4 deb nomlangan prototip birinchi parvozni amalga oshirdi.[32] Bu uchuvchi va o'qituvchi uchun yonma-yon o'tirishni kiritish va sirlangan burunni qattiq burun bilan almashtirishdan tashqari, B.2 bilan bir xil asosiy dizayn edi.[32] Birinchi ishlab chiqarish T.4 1953 yil 20 sentyabrda uchib ketdi va variant xizmatga o'tdi 231-sonli operatsion konversiya bo'limi RAF 1954 yil boshida.[15][33] Operativ konversiya bo'linmasiga tayinlanganlardan tashqari, B.2 bilan jihozlangan barcha bombardimonchi otryadlar o'quv maqsadida kamida bitta T.4 olgan.[33]

RAF-dan tashqari, boshqa foydalanuvchilar Kanberrani murabbiy sifatida qabul qilishdi. Hindiston havo kuchlari (IAF) konversion mashg'ulotlar uchun bir qator T.4 samolyotlarini ekspluatatsiya qildi.[34] RAAF Avstraliyada ishlab chiqarilgan Kanberra T.21 modelini qabul qildi, bu T.4 ga umuman o'xshash edi.[35] Argentina 1970-yillarda bir nechta T.64 murabbiylarini sotib oldi.[36]

1960-yillardan boshlab, bombardimonchi samolyotga yo'naltirilgan Kanberralar soni ortib borayotgan deb hisoblandi, chunki yangi, tezroq erga hujum qiladigan samolyotlar ishga tushirildi; bu bunday samolyotlar turli xil alternativ rollarda xizmat qilish uchun qayta tiklanishiga olib keldi, shu jumladan pilotsiz maqsadli samolyotlar, radar murabbiylari, maqsadli römorklar, radar kalibrlash samolyotlari va elektron qarshi choralar murabbiylar.[29] Bundan tashqari, dastlab balandlikdagi bombardimonchi missiyasi uchun ishlab chiqarilgan ba'zi Kanberralar past balandlikdagi quruqlik hujumi vazifalari uchun qayta jihozlangan.[37]

Dizayn

Kanberra B.2 WD940, 1951

English Electric Canberra - bu ikkita reaktiv dvigatel bilan ishlaydigan va balandlikda parvoz qila oladigan bombardimonchi samolyot. Rolls-Royce tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan dastlabki prototip muntazam ravishda 63000 futgacha uchib borishi mumkin edi, bu erda foydalanish mumkin bo'lgan tezlik oralig'i (tobut burchagi ) Avon dvigatelining sinov parvozlari paytida atigi 25 knot edi.[38] Umumiy dizayni oddiy tabiat bilan tavsiflangan bo'lib, u miqyosi kengaytirilgan Glitter Meteor qiruvchisiga o'xshaydi, faqat uning ishlatilishidan tashqari o'rta qanot.[39] Kanberra avvalgi pistonli dvigatellardan urush paytidagi bombardimonchilardan, asosan, egizak Rolls-Royce Avon-dan foydalanganligi bilan ajralib turardi. turbojet dvigatellar.[19] Fyuzelyaj ko'ndalang kesimida dumaloq, ikkala uchida ham toraygan va kokpit bir chetga, umuman chiqishlarsiz; katta, pasttomonlar nisbati qanotlari faqat quvurli dvigatel tomonidan buzilgan natsellar.[39] Kanberrada qirg'in uslubidagi kabinada ikki kishilik ekipaj bor edi, lekin katta shamollatilgan soyabon bilan, lekin mo'ljallangan avtomatik radarni ishlab chiqarishni kechiktirdi bomba ko'rish burun ichiga joylashtirilgan bomba nishonchasi pozitsiyasining qo'shilishiga olib keldi.[21] Uchuvchi va navigator a tandem tartibga solish Martin-Beyker chiqarish joylari.[40]

Qanot samolyotning fyuzelyajidan o'tadigan bitta shpal konstruktsiyadan iborat. Kanberraning qanotlari va umumiy uzunligi deyarli 20 fut atrofida bir xil. Dvigatel tashqarisida natsellar, qanotda a etakchi chekka 4 ° supurgi va -14 ° orqadagi chekka. Hammasi parvozlarni boshqarish qo'lda, kabellardan emas, balki itarish majmuasidan foydalaniladi, ammo aks holda odatiy hisoblanadi. Ular samolyotni boshqaradi parvozni boshqarish sirtlari shu jumladan kafanlangan burun aileronlar, to'rt qismli an'anaviy split tip qopqoq va atipik havo tormozlari 40 ni o'z ichiga oladi gidravlik ko'tarilgan qanotlarning yuqori va pastki yuzalarida joylashgan barmoqlar.[19][41] Ko'chirilgan qanotlar ko'rib chiqildi, ammo qabul qilinmadi, chunki kutilgan operatsion tezliklar ularga kafolat bermadi va ular yangi aerodinamik muammolarni RAF o'rniga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri almashtirish deb kutilgan narsalarga olib kelishi mumkin edi. Hawker tayfuni va Westland Whirlwind qiruvchi-bombardimonchilar.[11]

Kanberra kokpitining asboblar paneli, 2006 yil

Kanberraning fyuzelyaji yarimmonokok bosimli burun bo'lagi bilan qurilish. Fyuzelyajning butun pastki qismini gidravlika bilan boshqariladigan bir juft eshikli katta bomba uyasi egallaydi.[21] Kanberraning yurish qismida oddiy tartib, asosiy ishlatilgan shassi tashqi g'ildirak bilan jihozlangan bitta g'ildirak va burun g'ildiragi g'ildirak g'ildiragi bilan jihozlangan.[21] DTD683 yangi qotishmasidan foydalanganligi sababli, yo'l osti qismi korroziyaning yorilishidan aziyat chekdi. Yoriqlar faqat bir necha yil ichida paydo bo'ladi.[42] Yerga tushish paytida transport vositasining qulashi natijasida yuzaga keladigan xavf RAFni birinchi navbatda foydalanib, muntazam tekshiruvlar o'tkazishga majbur qildi rentgenografiya yanada samarali va ishonchli tomonga o'tishdan oldin ultratovush texnologiya.[43] Kanberra konstruktsiyasi asosan metall bo'lib, faqat dumaloq finning oldinga qismi yog'ochdan yasalgan.[44]

Bosim 6,700 funt (30 kN) bo'lgan eksenel oqim Rolls-Royce Avon turbojetli dvigatellari tomonidan ta'minlandi. Ular qanotlarning o'rta qismida trubkali trusslar va asosiy tog'lar va qanotning qo'shni etakchi qirrasi orasidagi bog'lanishlar yordamida o'rnatildi.[19] Har bir dvigatel 28 V samolyot uchun 6 kVt quvvatga ega generatorni boshqargan DC elektr tizimi, samolyot gidravlikasi uchun gidravlik nasos va qon oqadi uchun tizim idishni bosimi. Yoqilg'i ichki qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan ikkita idishda olib borildi o'z-o'zidan yopiladigan yonilg'i tanklari va yuqori fyuzelyajda dantelli qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan sumka.[19] Ishlab chiqaruvchi Dvigatelni ishga tushirish uchun Coffman dvigatellarini ishga tushirish vositalaridan foydalanish kerakligini ko'rsatdi. Siqilgan havodan foydalangan holda yasalgan usul Rolls-Royce tomonidan rad etildi, ammo ba'zi operatorlar havodan muvaffaqiyatli foydalanishni boshladilar, bu esa kartridjlardan foydalanishda katta xarajatlarni tejashga olib keladi.[45]

Kanberrada turli xil avionikalar o'rnatildi, ularning aksariyati Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida kelib chiqishi bilan. Ular kiritilgan Gee-H navigatsiyasi, Rebekka mayoq-so'roq qilish masofani o'lchash uskunalari, juda yuqori chastota (VHF) radiosi, radio kompas, radar balandligi, identifikator do'sti yoki dushmani (IFF) va Apelsin moyi radar ogohlantiruvchi qabul qiluvchisi.[21] Ehtimol, missiya tizimlarining eng muhim qismi bu edi H2S burunga o'rnatilgan avtomatik radar bombasi; Kanberra uchun mo'ljallangan H2S rivojlanishining kechikishi erta samolyotlarga T.2 o'rnatilishiga olib keldi optik ko'rish vizual bombardimon qilish uchun. Optik ko'rinish balandlikdan foydalanilganda radiolokatsion yo'nalishdan ancha past edi.[18]

"Kanberra tajribasining qiymatini ortiqcha baholab bo'lmaydi. Bu RAF va boshqa ko'plab boshqa havo kuchlari bilan xizmat ko'rsatadigan yagona zamonaviy taktik zarba va razvedka samolyotidir. Ko'proq Kanberra samolyotlari xorijiy mamlakatlarda" Viskont "ga qaraganda ko'proq xizmat qilmoqda. Britaniya fuqarolik samolyotlari uchun rekord. Bu Kanberraning operatsion rollari va ishlashidagi moslashuvchanligi bilan bog'liq ... "

Ishlab chiqaruvchining risolasi, 1957 yil.[46]

Kanberra ko'plab an'anaviy qurollarni joylashtirishi mumkin edi, odatda 250 funt, 500 funt va 1000 funtlik bombalar ishlatilgan.[47] umumiy bomba yuki 10 000 funt (4500 kg) gacha ko'tarilishi mumkin.[48] Ikkita bomba uyasi fyuzelyajga joylashtirilgan bo'lib, ular odatda an'anaviy qopqoqli eshiklar bilan o'ralgan; Martin tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan B-57 Canberras-da aylanadigan eshik o'rnini egalladi. 900 kilogrammgacha bo'lgan qo'shimcha do'konlarni pastki ustunlar ustiga olib o'tish mumkin edi.[49] Operatorlar ko'pincha o'zlarining o'q-dorilarini ishlab chiqardilar va o'rnatdilar, masalan, Rodeziyaning piyodalarga qarshi bombalari, Alfa bombasi. Dunyo bo'ylab Kanberra flotida turli xil o'q-dorilar ishlatilgan.[50] Xodimlarga qarshi flechette bomba Kanberadan Rodeziya tomonidan muvaffaqiyatli sinovdan o'tkazildi, ammo xalqaro kelishuvlar tufayli operativ ishlatilmadi.[51]

Qisman atigi 2000 mil (3200 km) masofani cheklashi va erta, katta hajmdagi yadroviy bombalarni tashiy olmasligi sababli, Kanberra odatda strategik bombardimondan farqli o'laroq taktik bombardimonchi rolida ishlatilgan.[52][N 1] Britaniya xizmatida, chet elda joylashgan Kanberralarning aksariyati 1957 yil oxirigacha yadro qurolini etkazib berish uchun o'zgartirilmagan.[54]

Operatsion tarixi

Qirollik havo kuchlari

1950-yillarda shakllangan uch RAF Canberra B.2 samolyotining parvozi

Kanberra B.21 harbiy xizmatga 1951 yil yanvarda kira boshladi, 101 ta otryad may oyigacha to'liq jihozlandi va boshqa otryad, № 9 otryad yil oxiriga qadar jihozlash. Koreya urushi boshlanishi natijasida Kanberraning ishlab chiqarilishi tezlashdi, samolyotlarga buyurtmalar ko'paytirildi va ishlab chiqarish quvvatlaridan oshib ketdi,[55] chunki samolyot a sifatida belgilangan edi "o'ta ustuvor".[56] 1952 yil oxiriga qadar yana beshta otryadni Kanberra bilan jihozlash imkoniyati paydo bo'ldi;[56] ammo, 1951-52 yillarda ishlab chiqarish malakali ishchi kuchi, materiallar va mos dastgohlar etishmasligi sababli rejalashtirilgan darajaning atigi yarmini tashkil etgan.[57]

Kanberra Mosquitos o'rnini egalladi, Linkolns va Yuvish moslamalari oldingi darajadagi bombardimonchilar sifatida keskin yaxshilangan ish faoliyatini namoyish etib, havo hujumidan mudofaa mashg'ulotlari paytida samolyot kelguniga qadar tutilishdan samarali immunitetni isbotladi Hawker Hunter.[56] Shuningdek, Kanberra RAF-ning Mosquitosini razvedka rolida almashtirdi, 1952 yil dekabrda Kanberra PR.3 xizmatga kirdi.[58] Yaxshilangan Canberra B.6 dvigatellari va yonilg'i quvvati kattaroq bo'lib, 1954 yil iyunidan boshlab Bombardlar qo'mondonligining Buyuk Britaniyada joylashgan eskadrilyalari tarkibidagi B.2-larni to'ldirishni boshladi, ular 101 ta eskadron B.2-larni almashtirdilar. Bu eski B.2-larni ozod qilib, Kanberra otryadlarining chet elda tarkib topishiga imkon berdi, bombardimonchi va razvedkachi Kanberra qanotlari paydo bo'ldi. RAF Germaniya va boshqalar Kipr Uzoq Sharqqa otryadlar ham yuborilgan.[59]

Kanberra PR.3 ning 540-sonli eskadron RAF 1953 yil iyun oyida London Xitroudda

Avon 109 dvigatellari bilan jihozlangan Kanberraning PR.7 varianti 1953 yilda Sovet raketasini uchirish va ishlab chiqarish joyi ustida razvedka parvozini amalga oshirdi. Kapustin Yar, garchi Buyuk Britaniya hukumati hech qachon bunday parvoz mavjudligini tan olmagan. Sovet hukumati radar yoki Britaniya hukumati ichidagi agentlari tomonidan ogohlantirilib, bitta samolyotga ozgina zarar etkazdi.[60][61] 1954 yilda Sovet Ittifoqi chegaralari bo'ylab keyinchalik razvedka parvozlari amalga oshirilganligi taxmin qilinmoqda kod nomi Robin loyihasi, Kanberra B.2 dan foydalangan holda WH726. USAF shuningdek, razvedka parvozlari uchun Kanberradan foydalangan.[62] 1956 yil iyunidan so'ng, AQShning kiritilishidan keyin samolyotga ehtiyoj qolmadi Lockheed U-2 maxsus ishlab chiqarilgan razvedka samolyoti; Robin loyihasi keyin bekor qilindi.[63] Ushbu RAF Kanberra reyslari keyinchalik 1994 yilgi BBC-da namoyish etilgan Soat soati epizod; "Osmondagi ayg'oqchilar" va ba'zi sovetlarning intervyularini o'z ichiga olgan MiG-15 ularni ushlashga uringan uchuvchilar.[64]

Kanberra parvoz qilgan g'olib samolyot edi Oxirgi buyuk havo poygasi Londondan Christchurch 1953 yilda uchuvchi leytenant tomonidan boshqarilgan Roland (Monti) Berton, havoda 23 soat 51 daqiqadan so'ng, eng yaqin raqibidan 41 daqiqa oldin Christchurchga tegdi; shu kungacha hech qachon rekord yangilanmagan.[65]

Britaniya hukumati Kanberra va uning NATOga qo'shgan hissasi to'g'risida ommaviy axborot filmi

The Vikers Valiant 1955 yilda xizmatga kirdi,[66] juda og'ir qurol yuklarini ko'tarishga qodir (shu jumladan Moviy Dunay Kanberraga qaraganda uzoqroq masofada. Bu yuqori darajadagi an'anaviy bombardimon qilish uchun jihozlangan Kanberrasning Bomber qo'mondonligi kuchini asta-sekin yo'q qilishga olib keldi. Bu Kanberraning oldingi chiziq xizmatida tugashini anglatmadi, chunki u past darajadagi zarba va quruqlikdagi hujum roliga mos keldi va ushbu rolga bag'ishlangan versiyalari xizmatga keltirildi.[67] Vaqtinchalik B (I) .6, to'rtta to'plam uchun zaxira qo'shib, B.6 dan aylantirildi Hispano Orqa bomba maydonchasida 20 mm to'p va bombalar va raketalar uchun tirgaklar 1955 yilda ishga tushirildi, aniq, yangi B (I) .8 tuzilishi bilan uchuvchi uchun qiruvchi uslubidagi soyabon bilan oldinga ko'tarilgan tanasi qo'shildi, 1956 yil yanvar oyida xizmatga kirish.[67]

Dan foydalangan holda taktik yadroviy zarba yangi past darajadagi kuch uchun muhim rol o'ynadi Past balandlikdagi bombardimon qilish tizimi (LABS) bombardimonchi qurolning portlashidan qochib qutulish imkoniyatini yaratib, yadro bombasini past darajadan etkazib berishga imkon berish. RAF Germaniyasining B (I) .6 va B (I) .8 bilan jihozlangan to'rtta otryaddan iborat kuchi AQShga tegishli bo'lishi mumkin. 7 ta yadroviy bombani belgilang 1960 yildan boshlab ular bilan almashtirildi B43 yadro bombalari 1965 yildan boshlab AQShga ham tegishli edi. Kiprga asoslangan uchta va Singapurdagi bitta otryad Angliyaga tegishli edi Qizil soqol yadro qurollari.[68][69]

Bomberlar qo'mondonligi 1961 yil 11-sentabrda Kanberrasidagi so'nggi xizmatni tugatdi,[70] ammo Germaniya, Kipr va Singapurda joylashgan eskadronlar yadro zarbasi rolida davom etishdi. 1969 yilda Kiprda joylashgan va RAF Germaniya eskadrilyalaridan biri tarqatib yuborildi, undan keyin Singapurda joylashgan bo'linma 1970 yilda paydo bo'ldi. RAF Germaniyasining qolgan uchta bo'linmasi, ular hozirgi kunga kelib Mark 7 bombalarini yangilariga almashtirishgan (ammo baribir AQSh - egalik qilgan) B43 yadroviy bombalari, 1972 yilgacha faoliyat yuritgan, RAF xizmatidagi so'nggi Kanberra bombardimonchilari.[71]

45-sonli otryadning RAF Kanberra B.15 guruhi RAF Tengah, Singapur, 1963 yil

RAF 1972 yildan keyin Kanberrani ishlashni davom ettirdi va uni razvedka uchun ishlatdi (PR.7 va PR.9 bilan jihozlangan otryadlar joylashgan RAF Vayton Buyuk Britaniyada va RAF Luqa Maltada). PR.9-lar Lockheed U-2 tomonidan ishlatilgan kameralarga asoslangan maxsus LOROP (Long-Range Optic Photography) kameralari bilan jihozlangan bo'lib, ular Sharqiy Evropaga chuqur uchish paytida maqsadlarning balandligini ta'minlashga imkon berdi. Germaniyaning ichki chegarasi, shu qatorda; shu bilan birga infraqizil chiziqlar past darajadagi tungi razvedka uchun kameralar.[72][N 2] RAF Canberras-dan foydalanib, yashirin qurol tashlangan joylarni qidirib topdi soxta rangli fotosurat davomida Motorman operatsiyasi 1972 yil iyulda, Britaniya armiyasi Irlandiyaning respublikasini qayta qabul qilganida, "hududlar taqiqlangan" Belfast va Derri.[74] Kanberralar razvedka davomida ishlatilgan Bosniya urushi 1990-yillarda, ular ommaviy qabrlarni topish uchun ishlatilgan va Kosovo urushi 1999 yilda. Ular ham operatsiya qilingan Uganda davomida Birinchi Kongo urushi, qaerda ular qochqinlarni qidirishda foydalanilgan.[75] Kichik miqdordagi maxsus jihozlangan Kanberralardan ham foydalanilgan razvedka signallari tomonidan boshqariladi 192 otryad undan keyin 51 otryad 1953 yildan 1976 yilgacha.[76]

Folklend urushi paytida, Chili harbiy-havo kuchlariga ikkita PR.9 etkazib berish va ularni RAF ekipajlari bilan yashirin ravishda urush zonasida boshqarish rejasi siyosiy sabablarga ko'ra bekor qilindi. Samolyot uzoqlashdi Beliz operatsiya bekor qilinishidan oldin.[77][78] PR.9 versiyasi xizmatda qoldi № 39 (1 PRU) otryad 2006 yil iyul oyiga qadar strategik razvedka va fotografik xaritalash uchun xizmatni ko'rish 2003 yil Iroqqa bostirib kirish va 2006 yil iyungacha, yilda Afg'oniston. 39 ta (1 ta PRU) otryadning turganligini nishonlash marosimi paytida RAF Marham 2006 yil 28 iyulda Kanberra PR.9 tomonidan so'nggi marotaba parvoz o'tkazildi.[79]

Avstraliya qirollik havo kuchlari

Ikkinchi Jahon urushi tugaganidan ko'p o'tmay, Avstraliya hukumati qurolli kuchlarni keng miqyosda qayta tashkil etish tashabbusi bilan chiqdi. Ushbu jarayon doirasida Avstraliyaning Qirollik havo kuchlari (RAAF) rivojlandi Reja D uning urushdan keyingi tuzilishi uchun asos sifatida; D rejasi etakchi ilg'or texnologiyalarni qo'llaydigan son jihatdan kichikroq, ammo epchil havo qo'li kontseptsiyasi atrofida qurilgan.[80] 1940-yillarning oxirida RAAF Kanberrani Avro Linkolnning o'rnini bosuvchi yoki to'ldiruvchi sifatida sotib olishga qaror qildi.[N 3] yangi dizayn ayniqsa rivojlanmaganligidan qo'rqishdi.[81] Avstraliya hech qachon yadroviy qurolni xizmatga kiritmagan bo'lsa-da, Kanberraning bunday foydali yukni ko'tarishi uni sotib olishda muhim omil bo'lgan;[82] Avstraliyaning rejalangan 48 ta Kanberradan iborat yadro quroliga ega bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan kuchi, RAAFning 254 ta og'ir bombardimonchilarning urush davridagi barcha kuchlariga qaraganda ancha kuchli va potentsial raqiblarini to'xtatib turardi.[83][N 4]

RAAF Kanberra, texnik xizmat ko'rsatish paytida, taxminan 1967 yil

Avstraliya hukumati RAAF ning Kanberralarini Buyuk Britaniyada ishlab chiqarilganidan farqli o'laroq, Hukumat aviatsiya zavodlari (GAF) tomonidan mamlakat ichida qurilishi to'g'risida qaror qabul qildi.[20] 1953 yil 29-mayda Avstraliyada qurilgan birinchi Kanberra o'zining birinchi parvozini amalga oshirdi Avalon aeroporti, Viktoriya; bir necha hafta o'tgach, ushbu samolyot xizmat sinovlari uchun RAAFga etkazib berildi.[15] 1953 yil dekabrda Kanberra rasmiy ravishda Avstraliya xizmatiga kirdi.[85]

RAAF Kanberra B.20 № 2 otryadning zarbasi paytida Phan Rang aviabazasi, Vetnam, 1970 yil mart

1950 yil iyuldan 1960 yil iyulgacha, davomida Malayan favqulodda holati, Avstraliyadan, Yangi Zelandiyadan va Buyuk Britaniyadan Kanberras Malayziyaga kommunistlarga qarshi kurashish uchun joylashtirildi partizanlar.[86] 1967 yilda RAAF Vetnam urushiga sakkizta Kanberrani yubordi. Birlik, № 2 otryad, keyinchalik Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari tomonidan bajarilishi uchun maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi.[87] Kanberralar odatda past darajadagi bombardimon rolini o'ynab, Janubiy Vetnamning janubiy harbiy mintaqalari, III va IV mintaqalari uchun mas'uliyatni o'z zimmalariga olgan va USAF bombardimonchilariga o'z samolyotlarini joylashtirishga ruxsat bergan. Xoshimin izi. USAF Canberras jihozlangan bo'lsa-da .50 kalibrli avtomatlar yoki 20 mm qurol tayyorlash uchun Avstraliyaning Kanberralari qurolsiz Janubiy Vetnamga joylashtirildi, shu sababli qat'iyan past darajadagi bombardimon missiyalari uchun joylashtirildi.[88][89][N 5] 1971 yilda Vetnamdan qayta joylashtirilgandan so'ng, 2-sonli otryad taxminan 12000 marta parvoz qilgan va 76389 ta bomba tashlagan va urush paytida ikkita samolyotni raketalar va yerdan o'q uzish natijasida yo'qotgan.[85][91][92]

1954 yildayoq Avstraliya Kanberraning eskirganligini tan oldi va bunday samolyotlarni baholadi Avro Vulkan va Xendli-Peyj Viktor potentsial o'rnini bosuvchi sifatida.[93] Kanberra etarli darajada qamrab olishga qodir emas edi Indoneziya avstraliyalik bazalardan va agar u zamonaviy jangchilarga duch kelsa, omon qolish ehtimoli "juda past" deb baholandi. MiG-17.[94] Kanberraning o'rnini bosish uchun siyosiy bosim 1962 yilda ko'tarilgan.[95] Avstraliya baho berdi BAC TSR-2, Dassault Mirage IV, McDonnell Duglas F-4 Phantom II va Shimoliy Amerika A-5 Vigilante, va dastlab TSR-2 ni qo'llab-quvvatladi, ammo sotib olishni tanladi General Dynamics F-111C 1963 yil oktyabrda.[96][97] Qisman F-111C samolyotlarini etkazib berishni kechiktirishi sababli, Kanberra 1982 yil iyun oyida nafaqaga chiqqunga qadar Avstraliya tomonidan jami 29 yil davomida foydalanishda davom etdi.[81][85][95]

Hindiston havo kuchlari

English Electric Canberra T.4

Kanberra umurtqa pog'onasi bo'lgan Hindiston havo kuchlari (IAF) o'nlab yillar davomida bombardimon qilingan reydlar va foto razvedka uchun. Eskirganning o'rnini bosuvchi sifatida Kanberrani sotib olish bo'yicha muzokaralar Konsolidatsiyalangan B-24 Liberator keyinchalik Hindiston tomonidan ishlatilgan bombardimonchilar 1954 yilda boshlangan.[34] Angliya va Hindiston o'rtasidagi kengaytirilgan muzokaralar chog'ida Sovet Ittifoqi o'zining reaktiv bombardimonchi samolyotini taklif qilgan Ilyushin Il-28, Kanberra uchun so'ralganidan ancha past narxda;[34] 1956 yil aprelga kelib, Hindiston hukumati sotib olish tarafdori edi. In January 1957 India placed a large order for the Canberra; a total of 54 B(I).58 bombers, eight PR.57 photo-reconnaissance aircraft, and six T.4 training aircraft were ordered, deliveries began in the summer of that same year.[34] A total of 12 more Canberras were ordered in September 1957, as many as 30 more may have also been purchased by 1962.[34]

First used in combat by the IAF in 1962, the Canberra was employed during the UN campaign against the breakaway Republic of Katanga Afrikada.[98] Davomida Hindiston-Pokiston urushlari of the 1960s and 1970s, the Canberra was used by both sides. The most audacious use of the bomber was in the "Raid on Badin" davomida 1965 yildagi Hind-Pokiston urushi, when the Indian Air Force sent in the Canberra to attack a critical Pakistani radar post in G'arbiy Pokiston. The raid was a complete success, the radars in Badin having been badly damaged by the bombing and put out of commission.[99] A later raid by the IAF was attempted on Peshawar Air base with the aim of destroying, amongst other targets, several Pakistani B-57 bombers, American-built Canberras. Due to poor visibility, a road outside of the base was bombed, instead of the runway where PAF B-57 bombers were parked.[100]

Davomida 1971 yildagi Hindiston-Pokiston urushi, Indian Canberras flew a strategically important sortie against the Karachi oil tanks, this had the effect of helping the Hindiston dengiz floti in their own operations, a series of missile boat attacks against the Pakistani coast.[99] On 21 May 1999, prior to the commencement of the Kargil urushi, the Indian Air Force Air HQ assigned a Canberra PR.57 aircraft on a photographic mission near the Boshqarish liniyasi, where it took a severe blow from a FIM-92 Stinger infraqizil homing missile on the starboard engine; the Canberra successfully returned to base using the other engine.

The entire Indian Air Force Canberra fleet was grounded and then retired following the crash of an IAF Canberra in December 2005. After 50 years of service, the Canberra was finally retired by the IAF on 11 May 2007.[101]

Yaqin Sharq va Afrika

SAAF Canberra B.12 with inertial navigation and special sensors package over Transvaal

Davomida Suvaysh inqirozi the RAF employed around 100 Canberras, flying conventional bombing and reconnaissance missions from airfields in Maltada and Cyprus.[1] A total of 278 Canberra sorties were flown, dropping 1,439 1000 lb (450 kg) bombs;[102] however low-level strikes by smaller fighters were judged to be more effective than the night time bombing operations performed by both the Canberra and the Vickers Valiant.[103] In addition, many of the bombs, intended to hit Egyptian airfields, missed their targets, failing to inflict much damage to the Egyptian Air Force or to badly demoralise the enemy.[104] While interception of the Canberra was within the capabilities of Egypt's MiG-15s and MiG-17s, as shown by the interception of Canberras by MiG-15s prior to the Anglo-French invasion, these did not result in any losses. The only Canberra shot down during the Suez campaign was a PR.7 shot down by a Syrian Gloster Meteor fighter on 6 November 1956, the last day of the war.[105][106]

The Rodeziya va Nyasaland federatsiyasi considered the Canberra an important objective to holding greater diplomatic sway in the African continent, and ongoing negotiations over the Baghdad treaty, and a step towards dekolonizatsiya.[107] The Suez Crisis caused a delay in the sale, but in August 1957 18 Canberras had been earmarked to be refurbished and transferred from the RAF to the Rodeziya qirollik havo kuchlari (RRAF).[107] Both Rhodesia and South Africa used Canberras in their respective Bush Wars; numerous aircraft were lost in the conflicts.[108] Rhodesian B.2 Canberras together with South African B(I).12 Canberras carried out attacks on insurgents in Mozambik, usually armed with 'Alpha' cluster bombs,[109] several raids on Zambiya, and attacks upon multiple insurgent bases in Angola.[110] Ethiopian Canberras were used against Eritreya and again against Somali 1970 yillar davomida.

Shvetsiya

The Shvetsiya havo kuchlari purchased two Canberras from the RAF in 1960 and had these modified to T.11s by Boulton Pol. The aircraft were secretly modified in Sweden as espionage aircraft for eavesdropping on primarily Soviet, Polish and East German military radio transmissions, although this was not publicly admitted until 10 years later. The Canberras were given the designation Tp 52, and taken into service as "testing aircraft", until they were replaced by two Tp 85 Karavellar 1971 yilda.[111]

Janubiy Amerika

Venesuela

On 20 April 1960, the Venesuela havo kuchlari used its Canberra B.2 and B(I).8s to bomb the airport at San-Kristobal, Tachira, which had been seized by rebels, led by General Jose Maria Castro León. The rebels surrendered shortly afterward.[112] On 26 June 1961, Venezuela's Canberras were used against rebelling Army forces in Barselona, ​​Venesuela.[113]

Peru

Peru havo kuchlari Canberras flew combat sorties against Ecuadorian positions during the Cenepa urushi in 1995. On 6 February 1995, a Canberra B.68 disappeared over the operations zone; the aircraft had apparently struck a hill in poor weather conditions. Peru retired its Canberras in June 2008.

Argentina

Canberra B-108 lost in the 1982 Folklend urushi

The Argentina havo kuchlari received ten B.62 bombers and two T.64 trainers at the beginning of the 1970s,[36] replacing the Avro Lincoln in the bomber role. Argentina retired its last Canberras in April 2000.[iqtibos kerak ]

Davomida Folklend urushi in 1982, eight of them were deployed to Trelew, 670 mi (1,080 km) from the islands, to avoid congestion on the closer southern airfields. Although within operating range of the British task force, the Canberra was judged to be a limited threat due to its poor manoeuvrability compared with the British Dengiz hariyerlari.[114]

From 1 May to 14 June 1982, Argentine Canberras made 54 sorties; 36 of them bombing missions, of which 22 were at night against ground troops.[115] Two aircraft were lost in combat, the first to a Sea Harrier's AIM-9L yon tomoni "havo-havo" raketasi on 1 May 1982.[115] On 13 June 1982, a second Canberra B.62 of Grupo de Bombardeo 2, B-108 was shot down at 39,000 ft (12,000 m) when it was struck by a Dengiz darti missile fired from HMSKardiff.[116] The pilot ejected safely but the navigator was killed.[117] It was the last Argentine aircraft to be lost in combat during the Falklands War, with Argentine forces surrendering the next day.[118]

Yangi Zelandiya Qirollik harbiy-havo kuchlari

The Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) leased 17 Canberra B.2s and 3 T.4s from the RAF from 1958 to 1962 pending delivery of their own Canberras. The leased Canberras were operated by 75-sonli otryad RNZAF tashqarida RAF Tengah, Singapore and were used in operations during the Malayan Emergency. One aircraft was destroyed during this period.[119][120]

The RNZAF took delivery of 11 B(I).12s and two T.13 trainers between 1959 and 1961 and these were operated by № 14 otryad RNZAF. In 1964 No. 14 Squadron was deployed to RAF Tengah and participated in the Indoneziya - Malayziya to'qnashuvi before returning to New Zealand in November 1966. Three of the B(I).12s were destroyed in accidents. The Canberra was replaced by the A-4K Skyhawk in 1970 and the eight surviving B(I).12s and the two T.13s were sold to India.[119][120]

Development and trials aircraft

Reaktiv samolyotlarning keng ko'rinishi. Fin fin qizil; fyuzelyajga va uning ustiga perpendikulyar bo'lgan qisqa qora chiziqlar.
A former Canberra B.2 (WH876) used for development and trials work
Modified Canberra B.2 (WV787) at Newark Air Museum

A number of Canberras were used by English Electric for development work and trials on new equipment. It was also used by government establishments such as the Qirollik samolyotlarini yaratish va Qirollik radiolokatsiya tizimi. The Canberra proved to be a useful platform for such work and was used by a number of British tests and trials establishments. As well as those operated by English Electric, a number of engine manufacturers were also loaned Canberras as engine test beds; Armstrong Siddeli uchun Safir, Bristol Siddeli uchun Olimp, de Havilland Dvigatel kompaniyasi uchun Gyron Junior turbojet and Rolls-Royce Limited kompaniyasi for the Avon. Ferranti used four different Canberra B.2s for avionics development work.

Bir misol VV787, built as a Canberra B.2 in 1952, it was loaned to Armstrong Siddeli and fitted with Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire dvigatellar.[121] Keyinchalik u ko'chirildi Ferranti for trials for the Blackburn Buccaneer "s Moviy to'tiqush radar and fitted with a B(I).8 type nose and a Buccaneer style radome.[121] It next was moved to the Samolyot va qurol-aslaha eksperimental tashkiloti where it was modified to be used as a water-spray tanker aircraft for de-icing trials.[121] It would fly in front of the aircraft being tested which would fly into the artificial cloud created by the sprayed water to induce icing.[121] It was retired in 1984 and later preserved at the Newark havo muzeyi and is a National Benchmark airframe on the National Aviation Heritage Register.[122]

Flight records set by Canberras

  • 21 January 1951 – first non-stop unrefuelled transatlantik o'tish by a jet.[123][124]
  • 26 August 1952 – the prototype B.5 made the first double transatlantic crossing by a jet, with a total time of 10 hr 3 min.[125]
  • 4 May 1953 – Canberra B.2 WD952, o'rnatilgan Rolls-Royce Olympus engines set a world altitude record, flying at 63,668 ft (19,406 m)[126][127]
  • 9 October 1953 – winner of the 1953 London-Christchurch Air Race. 12,270 miles (19,750 km) covered in 23hr 51min – the average speed was 515 miles per hour (829 km/h). As at 2018, this record still stands.[128]
  • 29 August 1955 – altitude record, 65,889 ft (20,083 m)[126]
  • 28 August 1957 – altitude record, 70,310 ft (21,430 m): Canberra B.2 (WK163 ) bilan Napier Double Scorpion raketa dvigateli.[129][130]

Variantlar

Qarang Martin B-57 Kanberra article for the US-built variants.
English Electric A.1
Company designation for the first four aircraft before being named Canberra.[131]
Canberra B.1
Prototypes for type development work and research at first known by the company designation A.1, four built.[132]
Canberra B.2
First production version, crew increased to three with addition of bomba nishoni, Avon R.A.3 engines with 6,500 lbf (28.91 kN) of thrust, wingtip fuel tanks. 418 built by English Electric (208), Avro (75), Xendli sahifasi (75) va Qisqa birodarlar va Xarland (60)[133] including eight for export (Australia, United States and Venezuela).
Canberra PR.3
Photo-reconnaissance version with a 14-inch section added to the fuselage to house the camera bay, internal fuel was increased and flat panel in the nose was removed. Needed only two crew. The prototype was flown on 19 March 1950 and the variant entered service in 1953.[134]
Canberra T.4
First trainer variant with dual controls and a crew of three.[134]
Canberra B.5
Prototype of second-generation Canberra with fuel tanks in the wings and Avon R.A.7 engines with 7,490 lbf (33.32 kN) of thrust, one built.
Canberra B.6
Production version based on B.5 with a 1 ft (0.3 m) fuselage stretch, 106 built by English Electric (57) and Short Brothers & Harland (49), includes 12 for export.[134]
Canberra B.6(RC)
RC = Radio Countermeasures (also known as B6(Mod) or PR16) – Specialist ELINT version with enlarged nose and Blue Shadow Side Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR). Only four produced, extended nose.[135]
Canberra B(I).6
Vaqtinchalik interdictor version for the RAF pending delivery of the B(I)8. Based on the B.6 with a detachable ventral pack housing four 20 mm Hispano Mk.V cannon for strafing; also had provision for two wing hard points. LABS (Low-Altitude Bombing System) for delivery of nuclear bombs. 22 produced.[67]
Kanberra PR.7
Photo-reconnaissance version based on B.6, had similar equipment to the PR.3 but had the uprated Avon 109 engines of the B.6 and increased internal fuel capacity, 74 built.[136]
Canberra B(I).8
Third-generation Canberra derived from B.6 as an interdictor.[134] Fitted with a new forward fuselage with teardrop canopy on the port side, and Navigator station forward of pilot (early marks had the navigator behind the pilot). Provision for a ventral pack similar to the B(I).6 with 4 20 mm (0.787 in) Hispano Mk.V cannon, one external hardpoint under each wing for up to 1,000 lb (454 kg) of bombs or unguided rockets, LABS (Low-Altitude Bombing System) for delivery of nuclear bombs. Prototype converted from the only B.5 and first flown 23 July 1954, 72 built including 17 for export and two converted from B.2s.
Preserved PR.9 XH135 da Kemble aeroporti. Note the offset pilot's soyabon. The navigator sits inside the nose section.
Canberra PR.9
Photo-reconnaissance version based on B(I).8 with fuselage stretched to 68 ft (27.72 m), wingspan increased by 4 ft (1.22 m), and Avon R.A.27 (Avon 206) engines with 10,030 lbf (44.6 kN) of thrust. Had the offset canopy of the B(I).8 with a hinged nose to allow fitment of an ejection seat for the navigator. A total of 23 built by Short Brothers & Harland.
Canberra U.10 (later designated D.10)
Remote-controlled target drones converted from B.2. 18 converted.[137]
Canberra T.11
Nine B.2s converted to trainers for pilots and navigators of all-weather interceptors to operate the Airborne Intercept radar, crew of four.
Canberra B(I).12
Canberra B(I).8 bombers built for New Zealand and South Africa.[134]
Canberra T.13
Training version of the T.4 for New Zealand, one built new and one conversion from T.4.[132][138]
Canberra U.14 (later designated D.14)
Remote-controlled target drones converted from the B.2 for Royal Navy. Six converted.[137]
Canberra B.15
Upgraded B.6 for use in the Far and Near East with under-wing hard-points for 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombs or rockets. New avionics and fitting of three cameras, 39 conversions.
Kanberra B.16
Similar to B.15 for use in Germany and fitted with Blue Shadow, 19 conversions
Canberra T.17
Electronic warfare training variant used to train surface-based radar and missile operators and airborne fighter and Airborne Early Warning crews in handling jamming (including chaff dropping) aircraft. 24 conversions from B.2 with extended nose for sensors.
Canberra T17A
Canberra T.17A
Updated version of the T.17 with improved navigation aids, a spectrum analyser in place of the previously fitted AN/APR-20, and a powerful communications jammer.[134]
Canberra TT.18
Target tug conversion of B.2 for the RAF and Royal Navy, 22 conversions.
Canberra T.19
T.11 with radar removed as silent target.[134]
Canberra B.20
B.2 with additional fuel tanks in the wings, litsenziyaga asoslangan Avstraliyada.[85][134]
Canberra T.21
Trainers converted from B.2 and B.20.[134]
Canberra T.22
Conversion of the PR.7 for Royal Navy's Fleet Requirements and Aircraft Direction Unit, used for training Buccaneer navigators.[134]
Canberra B.52
Refurbished B.2 bombers sold to Ethiopia.[134]
Canberra B(I).56
Refurbished B(I).6 bombers sold to Peru.[134]
Canberra PR.57
Tropicalized PR.7 for India.[134]
Canberra B(I).58
Tropicalized B(I)8 for India.[134]
Canberra B.62
10 refurbished B.2 bombers sold to Argentina.[134]
Canberra T.64
2 refurbished T.4 trainers sold to Argentina.[134]
Canberra B(I).66
10 refurbished B(I).6 bombers sold to India.
Canberra PR.67
2 refurbished PR.7s sold to India.
Canberra B(I).68
1 refurbished B(I).8 bomber sold to Peru.[134]
Canberra B.92
1 modified B.2 for Argentina, not delivered and embargoed in 1982.[139]
Canberra T.94
1 modified T.4 for Argentina, not delivered and embargoed in 1982.[139]
Short SC.9
1 Canberra PR.9, modified by Shorts as SC.9 and fitted with an AI.23 radar, plus IR installation in the nose for Qizil tepa air-to-air missile trials. Continued in use for radar missile development work, until broken up sometime between 1986 and 1998.[140]
Short SD.1
1 Canberra PR.3, modified by Shorts as SD.1 to be launch vehicle carrying two Short SD.2 variants of the Beechcraft AQM-37 Jayhawk high-speed target missiles, apparently called Stiletto in the UK, for trials by the Royal Aircraft Establishment.[141]
Canberra Tp52
Two B.2 aircraft modified with T.17 noses for ELINT duties with the Shvetsiya qirollik havo kuchlari

Operatorlar

Canberra (dark blue) and B-57 (light blue) operators[142]
SAAF Canberra T.4 at AFB Waterkloof, circa 1980
Venezuela Air Force Canberra, March 1972
Wreckage of a crashed Indian air force Canberra in Agra, India on 19 December 2005
 Argentina
  • Argentina havo kuchlari (12): purchased 10 refurbished ex-RAF B2s and 2 T4s (redesignated B62 and B64 respectively) in 1967. Two further aircraft were ordered in 1981 but were not delivered owing to the Falklands War.[143]
 Avstraliya
 Chili
 Ekvador
 Efiopiya

Efiopiya havo kuchlari (4)

 Frantsiya
 Hindiston
 Yangi Zelandiya
 Peru
 Rodeziya
 Janubiy Afrika
 Shvetsiya
 Birlashgan Qirollik
 Qo'shma Shtatlar
 Venesuela
 G'arbiy Germaniya
 Zimbabve

Omon qolganlar

Argentine Air Force Canberra Mk.62 at Aeronáutica Museo Nacional Buenos-Ayresda
Canberra Mk 20 (A84-235) in RAAF № 2 otryad jigar. Ekranda RAAF Base Wagga
One of three Canberras operated by the Luftwaffe muzeyda Gatow aeroporti
A Swedish Air Force Tp 52, (a Canberra T.11 secretly converted for ELINT missions), at Svedinos Museum

Several ex-RAF machines and RB-57s remain flying in the US for research and mapping work. About 10 airworthy Canberras are in private hands today, and are flown at air displays.

Argentina

At least five Canberras retired from the Argentine Air Force have been preserved in Argentina:

Avstraliya

Germaniya

Hindiston

  • A B(I)58 Canberra, serial IF907 is on display at the Hindiston havo kuchlari muzeyi, Palam in Delhi, India; it is one of several diverted off an RAF contract as part of a 68 aircraft deal for India placed in January 1957.[162][163]
  • A Canberra (no model number given; might be a PR57 photo-reconnaissance aircraft) is on display at the HAL Heritage Centre and Aerospace Museum Bangalorda.
  • A Canberra B(I)58, marked with serial IF908, is on display at the Shri Shivaji Preparatory Military School (SSPMS) in Pune. This is possibly former Royal New Zealand Air Force serial F1188, acquired by the Indian Air Force in November 1980.[164]
  • One more B(I)58 Canberra is preserved at Pune at the Lohegaon Air Station. Marked serial IF910, it is located on an active military base and is thus not open to the public.[165]
  • A Canberra T.4 marked IQ999 is on display at Cadet Hill in Deolali, Nashik.[166]

Maltada

Yangi Zelandiya

Norvegiya

  • Canberra T.17A WD955 "Echo Mike" Gifted to "Norsk Luftfartsmuseum" and flown to Bodø in 1995. Stored in complete condition in the museums hangar at Bodø MAS (not open to public).

Janubiy Afrika

Shvetsiya

English Electric Canberra 52002 (Swedish Air Force Tp 52) on display at the Shvetsiya havo kuchlari muzeyi yilda Linköping (Iyul 2019). The two Tp 52s were built as T.11s and secretly converted to the ELINT role in Sweden
  • One Canberra TP52, modified for ELINT with a T.11 style nose is preserved at the Svedinos Museum, Ugglarp.
  • The other Swedish Canberra was used for research and is on display at Shvetsiya havo kuchlari muzeyi yilda Linköping.

Birlashgan Qirollik

  • A B.2 Canberra (G-CTTS previously WK163) is located at Donkaster aeroporti. In August 1957, WK163 broke the world altitude record when it flew to 70,310 ft. As of July 2016, it is currently undergoing restoration to flightworthy condition, at which point it will be the only airworthy Canberra in Europe.[170][171]
  • A PR.3 Canberra (WF922) is on static display at the Midland havo muzeyi da Koventri aeroporti Angliyada. It was retired from the RAF in 1975. WF922 was recently fully restored.[qachon? ][172][173]
  • A PR.9 Canberra (XH171) is on display at the RAF Museum Cosford in its Cold War Collection.
  • A PR.9 Canberra (XH131) is on display at the Ulster aviatsiya jamiyati in their collection at the Maze Long Kesh Lisburn Northern Ireland
  • A T.4 Canberra (WH846) is on static display at the Yorkshire havo muzeyi York yaqinida.[174]
  • A T.4 Canberra (WJ874) is on display at the Cornwall Aviation Heritage Centre outside Newquay, Cornwall.
  • A PR.7 Canberra (WH791), a T.19 (WH904) and a modded B2 (WV787) Canberras are on static display at Newark havo muzeyi Nottingemshirda.[175]
  • A PR.3 Canberra (WE139) is on display at the RAF muzeyi Hendon north London.[176]
  • A B.2 Canberra (WH725) is on display at the Duxford imperatorlik urushi muzeyi Kambridjeshirda.[177]
  • A T.17 Canberra (WH740) is on static display at East Midlands Aeropark.[178]
  • A TT.18 Canberra (WJ639) is on static display at the Shimoliy Sharqiy aviatsiya muzeyi Sanderlend yaqinida.[179]
  • A B(I)8 Canberra (WT333) on display at Bruntingthorpe Proving Ground. It is being maintained to a serviceable condition and performs ground runs on open days.[180]
  • A T.4 Canberra (WE188) is on display at the Solway Aviation Museum, Carlisle Airport, Cumbria.[181]

Qo'shma Shtatlar

  • Two British-built Canberras are registered to High Altitude Mapping Missions, Inc. of Spokane, Vashington.[182][183] These are N30UP, a Canberra B(I)8/B.2/6, originally operated as WT327,[184] and N40UP, a Canberra B6, originally operated as XH567.[185]
  • One British-built RAF Canberra B2, subsequently converted to TT18 (target tug) for use by the Fleet Air Arm is displayed outside at Airbase Arizona of the Esdalik havo kuchlari at Falcon Field, Mesa, Arizona. This aircraft, originally WK142 in RAF and RN service, was sold in 1995 to an American buyer and carries N76764 as its US registration.[186]
  • One British-built RAF Canberra B2, subsequently converted to a TT18 target tug for use by the Fleet Air Arm is restored by the Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum Florida shtatining Titusvill shahrida.[187] This aircraft, WJ574, was involved in 'Project Robin' flying chase to the overflight Canberra tasked with photographing the Soviet Union's early V-2 rocket tests at Kapustin Yar.

Specifications (Canberra B(I).6)

English Electric Canberra orfografik proektsiyasi
Rolls-Royce Avon engine on display, Temora Aviation Museum, 2011

Ma'lumotlar Combat Aircraft Recognition[188]

Umumiy xususiyatlar

  • Ekipaj: 3
  • Uzunlik: 65 ft 6 in (19.96 m)
  • Qanotlari: 64 ft 0 in (19.51 m)
  • Balandligi: 4.78 m masofada 15 fut 8 dyuym
  • Qanot maydoni: 960 sq ft (89 m2)
  • Havo plyonkasi: ildiz: RAE/D 12% symm ; maslahat: RAE/D 9% symm[189]
  • Bo'sh vazn: 21,650 lb (9,820 kg)
  • Brutto vazni: 46000 funt (20,865 kg)
  • Maksimal parvoz og'irligi: 55,000 lb (24,948 kg)
  • Elektr stansiyasi: 2 × Rolls-Royce R.A.7 Avon Mk.109 turbojet engines, 7,400 lbf (33 kN) thrust each

Ishlash

  • Maksimal tezlik: 580 mph (930 km/h, 500 kn) at 40,000 ft (12,192 m)
  • Maksimal tezlik: Mach 0.88
  • Jang maydoni: 810 milya (1300 km, 700 nmi)
  • Parom oralig'i: 3,380 mi (5,440 km, 2,940 nmi)
  • Xizmat tavanı: 48000 fut (15000 m)
  • Toqqa chiqish darajasi: 3,400 ft/min (17 m/s)
  • Qanotni yuklash: 48 kg / kvadrat metr (230 kg / m)2)
  • Bosish / og'irlik: 0.37

Qurollanish

  • Qurollar: 4 × 20 mm Hispano Mk.V to'p mounted in rear bomb bay (500 rounds/gun), yoki 2 × 0.30 in (7.62 mm) machine gun pods
  • Raketalar: 2 × unguided rocket pods with 37 2-inch (51 mm) rockets, yoki 2 × Matra rocket pods with 18 SNEB 68 mm rockets each
  • Raketalar: A variety of missiles can be carried according to mission requirements, e.g: 2 × AS-30L havo-yer raketalari
  • Bomba: Total of 8,000 lb (3,628 kg) of payload can be mounted inside the internal bomba joyi and on two underwing hardpoints, with the ability to carry a variety of bombs.
    Typically, the internal bomb bay can hold up to 9 × 500 lb (227 kg) bombs, yoki 6 × 1,000 lb (454 kg) bombs, yoki 1 × 4,000 lb (1,814 kg) bomb; while the pylons can hold 4 × 500 lb (227 kg) bombs, yoki 2 × 1,000 lb (454 kg) bombs.
    Nuclear weapons: in addition to conventional ordnance, the Canberra was also type-approved for taktik yadro quroli delivery, including the MK 7, B28 (Mod 2, 70 kiloton yield), B57 va B43 (as part of a qo'shma dastur with the United States) plus the Qizil soqol va WE.177 A (Mod A, 10 kiloton yield) yadro bombalari.[190] Hammasi yadro qurollari were carried internally.

Shuningdek qarang

Bilan bog'liq rivojlanish

Taqqoslanadigan roli, konfiguratsiyasi va davridagi samolyotlar

Tegishli ro'yxatlar

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

  1. ^ The inability of the Canberra to perform the nuclear mission led to American Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers being loaned to Britain as a stopgap measure until the domestically produced V bombardimonchi trio of medium bombers entered service.[53]
  2. ^ The linescan equipment came from reconnaissance pods which were used by RAF Fantomlar before they were replaced by Yaguarlar in the reconnaissance role.[73]
  3. ^ The Avro Lincoln was a development of the famous Avro Lankaster bomber, the Lincoln would be the last piston-propelled bomber for several nations as jet-powered bombers quickly rendered them obsolete.[81]
  4. ^ In September 1956, Minister for Air Athol Taunli wrote of the Canberra bomber being limited by conventional weapons, and that the deployment of taktik yadro qurollari would noticeably increase its effectiveness; Bosh Vazir Robert Menzies was an opponent to their acquisition.[84]
  5. ^ To help protect against ground anti-aircraft fire, armour plating was designed and fitted to Canberras deployed to Vietnam.[90]

Iqtiboslar

  1. ^ a b v d e Mason 1994, p. 371.
  2. ^ Hartley, Keith (28 November 2014). Aerokosmik sanoatning siyosiy iqtisodiyoti: o'sish va xalqaro raqobatbardoshlikning asosiy omili?. Edvard Elgar nashriyoti. ISBN  978-1-78254-496-8.
  3. ^ Cenciotti, David. "NASA's WB-57 Battlefield Airborne Communication Node gets new sensors, paint scheme for more clandestine missions." Aviasist, 2012 yil 4 sentyabr. Olindi 14 sentyabr 2012 yil.
  4. ^ Balta, Dovud. "Amerikaning eng muhim jangovar samolyoti eskirgan, chirkin ... va NASA tomonidan boshqarilgan." Simli, 10 sentyabr 2012. Olindi 14 sentyabr 2012 yil.
  5. ^ a b v Qonun 2002, p. v66.
  6. ^ a b Gunston va Gilchrist 1993, p. 53.
  7. ^ a b v d e f g h Gunston va Gilchrist 1993, p. 54.
  8. ^ Buttler 2004, p. 213.
  9. ^ a b Petter-Bouyer 2005, 52-53 betlar.
  10. ^ Gunston va Gilxrist 1993, 53-54 betlar.
  11. ^ a b Walker 8 may 1969 yil, p. 758.
  12. ^ Devies, Glin (2014). Lisandrdan Lightning Teddy Petter samolyotlari dizaynerigacha. Tarix matbuoti. p. 79. ISBN  9780752492117.
  13. ^ Polmar 2001, p. 11.
  14. ^ a b v Walker 8 may 1969 yil, p. 759.
  15. ^ a b v Ransom and Fairclough 1987, p. 176.
  16. ^ Parvoz 1949 yil 15-dekabr 766.
  17. ^ a b v d Halvorson 2009, 10-19 betlar.
  18. ^ a b Gunston va Gilxrist 1993, 56-57 betlar.
  19. ^ a b v d e Gunston va Gilchrist 1993, p. 55.
  20. ^ a b v d e f Gunston va Gilchrist 1993, p. 57.
  21. ^ a b v d e Gunston va Gilchrist 1993, p. 56.
  22. ^ a b Walker 8 may 1969 yil, 758-bet, 760-761.
  23. ^ Barns va Jeyms 1989, p. 508.
  24. ^ a b v Donald 1986, p. 18.
  25. ^ Uilson, Styuart. Linkoln, Kanberra va F-111 Avstraliya xizmatida. London: Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd., 1989 y. ISBN  0-9587978-3-8.
  26. ^ Gunston va Gilchrist 1993, 57-58 betlar.
  27. ^ a b v d "Kanberra PR.3." Aeromilitariya, (Air-Britaniya ), 1978 yil 4-son, 87-90-betlar.
  28. ^ Ransom and Fairclough 1987, p. 168
  29. ^ a b v Gunston va Gilchrist 1993, p. 59.
  30. ^ Gunston va Gilchrist 1993, p. 60.
  31. ^ Ransom and Fairclough 1987, p. 161.
  32. ^ a b Ransom and Fairclough 1987, p. 173.
  33. ^ a b Ransom and Fairclough 1987, p. 179
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Tashqi havolalar

Tashqi video
video belgisi Avalon Airshow-da Kanberra bombardimonchisi, 2003 yil
video belgisi Pathe News kanberradagi hisoboti, 1951 yil
video belgisi Kanberrada 1998 yilda hujjatli film