McDonnell Duglas Phantom Buyuk Britaniyada xizmat ko'rsatmoqda - McDonnell Douglas Phantom in UK service

A jet aeroplane with undercarriage down
Birinchi ingliz fantomi (XT595) McDonnell zavodiga tushadi Sent-Luis, Missuri 1966 yilda.

Birlashgan Qirollik McDonnell Duglas F-4 Phantom II 1960-yillardan 1990-yillarning boshlariga qadar uning asosiy jangovar samolyotlaridan biri sifatida. Buyuk Britaniya Phantom uchun birinchi eksport buyurtmachisi bo'lib, u oxir-oqibat o'z zimmasiga olgan rollar uchun ingliz dizaynlari atrofida siyosiy va iqtisodiy qiyinchiliklar sharoitida buyurtma qilingan. Phantom ikkalasida ham xizmat qilish uchun sotib olingan Qirollik floti "s Fleet Air Arm (FAA) va Qirollik havo kuchlari bir nechta rollarda, shu jumladan havo mudofaasi, yaqin havo qo'llab-quvvatlashi, past darajadagi ish tashlash va taktik razvedka.

Qo'shma Shtatlarda yig'ilgan bo'lsa-da, Buyuk Britaniyaning Phantoms kompaniyasi yirik loyihalarni bekor qilish natijasida ichki aerokosmik sanoatiga bosimni yumshatish vositasi sifatida juda katta miqdordagi ingliz texnologiyasi bilan alohida qurilgan maxsus partiyadir.[1] Dastlab Buyuk Britaniya uchun ikkita variant ishlab chiqarilgan: F-4K varianti boshidanoq havo hujumidan mudofaa sifatida ishlab chiqilgan tutuvchi FAA tomonidan Qirollik dengiz flotining samolyot tashuvchisidan boshqarilishi kerak edi va F-4M versiyasi RAF uchun taktik zarba va razvedka rollarida xizmat qilishi uchun sotib olindi. 1980-yillarning o'rtalarida Buyuk Britaniyaning havo mudofaasini kuchaytirish uchun 15 ta ikkinchi darajali F-4J samolyoti sotib olinganida, uchinchi Phantom variantini qo'lga kiritdi. Folklend urushi.

1969 yilda Phantom FAA bilan ham, RAF bilan ham xizmatga kirdi. FAA xizmatida u ikkinchi darajali ish tashlash rolini egallagan bo'lsa, tez orada RAF-da uni zarba berish uchun maxsus mo'ljallangan boshqa samolyotlar almashtirgan. 1970-yillarning o'rtalariga kelib, Phantom Buyuk Britaniyaning asosiy to'sig'iga aylandi, bu rol 1990-yillarning boshlariga qadar davom etdi.

Fon

A jet aeroplane on static display
Hawker Hunter
A jet aeroplane on static display
de Havilland dengizi Vixen

50-yillarning oxirlarida Britaniya hukumati o'zining dastlabki o'rnini bosish jarayonini boshladi ikkinchi avlod qirollik harbiy-havo kuchlari (RAF) va Fleet Air Arm (FAA) xizmatida bo'lgan reaktiv jangovar samolyotlar. O'sha paytda Britaniya aerokosmik sanoati hali ham Britaniya qurolli kuchlarini samolyotlarning asosiy ta'minotchisi bo'lgan va bir nechta kompaniyalarning dizaynlari xizmat ko'rsatgan. The 1957 yil mudofaa bo'yicha oq qog'oz sohada sezilarli o'zgarishlarni keltirib chiqardi, chunki hukumat yirik aviatsiya-kosmik ishlab chiqaruvchilarni yangi samolyot shartnomalarini rag'batlantirish vositasi sifatida birlashishga majbur qildi. Natijada ikkita katta guruh paydo bo'ldi; The Britaniya aviatsiya korporatsiyasi ning birlashishi bilan vujudga kelgan Inglizcha elektr, Vikers-Armstronglar, Bristol va Ovchilik va Hawker Siddeley Hawker Siddeley Aviation qo'shilishidan hosil bo'lgan, Folland, de Havilland va Blackburn.[2]

Bu vaqtda, RAF o'rnini bosmoqchi edi Inglizcha elektr kanberra uzoq masofaga yengil bombardimonchi interdictor roli va Hawker Hunter ichida yaqin havo qo'llab-quvvatlashi Qirollik floti flotni qabul qilish uchun samolyot qidirdi havo mudofaasi dan rol de Havilland dengizi Vixen. BAC o'zining English Electric sho'ba korxonasi orqali yangi yuqori samarali zarba beradigan samolyotni ishlab chiqarishni boshladi TSR-2,[3] odatiy va taktik yadro qurollari bilan uzoq masofaga, past darajadagi zarba topshiriqlariga hamda taktik razvedka uchun mo'ljallangan edi. Hawker Siddeley ham rivojlanayotgan edi P.1154, taklif qilingan ovozdan tez uning versiyasi P.1127 V / STOL bir qator rollarni bajarish uchun RAF va Qirollik dengiz flotiga sotilishi mumkin bo'lgan namoyishchi: yaqin havo yordami, havo ustunligi va flot havodan mudofaa.[4]

Plan views of two jet aeroplanes
P.1154 ning bitta o'rindiqli RAF va ikki o'rindiqli RN variantlari uchun rejalari.

1960-yillarning boshlarida samolyotlarni ishlab chiqarish tobora qimmatlashdi, natijada yirik loyihalar ko'pincha siyosiy va iqtisodiy muammolar botqog'iga aylandi. TSR-2 ni ishlab chiqarishda tannarx oshib ketdi va shu bilan birga Qo'shma Shtatlarda ishlab chiqarilayotgan potentsial arzon alternativ mavjud edi. General Dynamics F-111.[5] P.1154 Qirollik floti va RAF o'rtasida davom etayotgan xizmatlararo raqobatga duchor bo'ldi, bu samolyot uchun bitta samolyot bilan bajarib bo'lmaydigan ikkita farqli spetsifikatsiyani taqdim etishga olib keldi.[6]

1964 yil fevral oyida Qirollik floti P.1154 loyihasidan chiqib ketdi va yangi flot havo hujumiga qarshi vositani sotib olishga o'tdi.[7] Oxir-oqibat McDonnell F-4 Phantom[men], keyin bilan AQSh dengiz kuchlari mavjud bo'lgan va rejalashtirilgan samolyotlardan foydalanishga mo'ljallangan asosiy havo mudofaasi samolyoti sifatida samolyot tashuvchilar.[9] Bu Phantom ikkita dvigatelga ega bo'lganligi sababli (Dvigatel ishlamay qolganda ishdan chiqishni ta'minlaydigan), P.1154 dan arzonroq bo'lganligi va darhol mavjud bo'lganligi sababli, bu Qirollik dengiz flotiga juda mos edi.[10] Xuddi shu yilning oktyabr oyida, umumiy saylov olib keldi Mehnat partiyasi yana kuchga. Yangi hukumat mudofaani qayta ko'rib chiqishni o'z zimmasiga oldi va natijada 1966 yil fevral oyida nashr etildi oq qog'oz bir nechta loyihalarni, shu jumladan P.1154 va TSR-2 ni bekor qildi. Natijada, hukumat RAF uchun Kanberra va Hunter o'rnini bosadigan alternativalarni topishi kerak edi va oxir-oqibat ikki turni tanladi. Kanberrani uzoq masofali rolga almashtirish uchun (TSR-2 uchun mo'ljallangan), F-111 tanlangan, uning rejasi qayta ishlab chiqilgan, Hunter tomonidan bajarilgan rollar esa (P.1154 kerak edi) sotib olinishi) F-4 Phantoms-ni keyingi sotib olish yo'li bilan amalga oshiriladi.[11]

Phantom birinchi navbatda flot havodan mudofaa uchun ishlab chiqilganligi sababli, Qirollik dengiz kuchlari 1961 yildan beri AQSh dengiz kuchlari bilan ushbu rolda ishlaganligini hisobga olib, dengiz vikseni o'rnini bosuvchi samolyotni tanlashdan mamnun edi. muvaffaqiyatli amalga oshirildi teginish va qo'nish qo'nishi ikkalasida ham HMSGermes va HMSG'olib.[12][13][14] RAF unchalik g'ayratli emas edi, chunki Phantom birinchi navbatda yaqin havo qo'llab-quvvatlash rolini emas, balki havo mudofaasida ishlash uchun ishlab chiqilgan va Buyuk Britaniyaning umumiy buyurtmasining birlik narxini pasaytirishning bir usuli sifatida uning o'rniga Hunter o'rnini egallagan. .[15]

Three aircraft carriers in line
Britaniyalik samolyot tashuvchilarning uchligi; ularning kichik o'lchamlari Phantom-dan ulardan foydalanish uchun katta o'zgartirishlarga ehtiyoj borligini anglatardi.[16]

Qisman Britaniyaning aviatsiya-kosmik sanoatida ish bilan ta'minlanishni kafolatlash vositasi sifatida Buyuk Britaniyaning Phantoms-ning asosiy qismlari mamlakat ichida qurilishi to'g'risida kelishuvga erishildi.[1] Hawker Siddeley Aviation 1965 yil yanvar oyida McDonnell-ning Buyuk Britaniyadagi sherigi sifatida RAF va RN uchun Phantoms-da ta'mirlash, texnik xizmat ko'rsatish, loyihalash va o'zgartirish ishlari uchun mas'ul etib tayinlandi. Brough aerodromi.[17] Keyingi ish ikkala BACga topshirildi Varton muassasa va Qisqa birodarlar yilda Belfast.[18]

Keyinchalik AQSh dengiz flotida xizmat ko'rsatishning asosiy versiyasi bo'lgan F-4J varianti katta dizaynga binoan Buyuk Britaniyaning samolyotlari uchun asos bo'ldi. Eng muhim o'zgarish kattaroq va kuchliroqdan foydalanish edi Rolls-Royce Spey turbofan o'rniga GE J79 turbojet qirollik dengiz floti tashuvchilaridan operatsiyalarga ruxsat berish. Garchi bir nechtasi katta yangilanishlarga ega bo'lsa-da, Buyuk Britaniyaning barcha aviatashuvchilari J79-GE-8 va -10 quvvatli Phantoms ishlaydigan AQSh tashuvchilaridan kichikroq edi.[19] Kattaroq dvigatellarni joylashtirish uchun BAC butun orqa fyuzelyaj qismini qayta ishladi va qurdi.[18] The Vestingxaus AN / AWG-10 F-4J tomonidan olib boriladigan radar litsenziya asosida sotib olinishi va qurilishi kerak edi Ferranti FAA samolyotlari uchun AN / AWG-11 va RAF uchun AN / AWG-12 sifatida.[20] Umuman olganda, Buyuk Britaniyaning "Phantoms" ning tarkibi va jihozlarining taxminan yarmi ingliz ishlab chiqaruvchilari tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan bo'lib, keyinchalik barcha komponentlar Sent-Luisdagi McDonnell tomonidan yig'ish uchun yuborilgan.[18] Samolyotdagi o'zgarishlar ikkita variantni o'zlariga berilishiga olib keldi alohida qator harflar, FAA versiyasi F-4K va RAF versiyasi F-4M sifatida belgilangan.[21]

Dastlab, Qirollik dengiz floti va RAF uchun 400 tagacha samolyot sotib olish niyati bor edi, ammo yangi dvigatellarni joylashtirish uchun o'zgarishlarni ishlab chiqish qiymati bir birlik narxi oxir-oqibat F- narxidan uch baravar yuqori bo'lganligini anglatadi. 4J. Hukumat siyosati tufayli Phantom xaridlari uchun byudjet aniqlandi, shuning uchun bu xarajatlarni katta ishlab chiqarish hisobiga tenglashtirish mumkin emas edi va atigi 170 ta buyurtma berildi.[22]

Variantlar

A jet aeroplane with undercarriage down
Ishlab chiqarishgacha bo'lgan F-4K (XT597) A & AEE ning

Prototiplar

Buyuk Britaniya hukumati to'rtta prototipga (ikkita F-4K va ikkita F-4M), shuningdek, ishlab chiqarishgacha bo'lgan F-4K samolyotlariga buyurtma berdi. Birinchi Angliya Phantom, prototipi F-4K (belgilangan YF-4K), birinchi bo'lib 1966 yil 27-iyun kuni Sent-Luisdagi McDonnell zavodida uchib ketdi. Ikkinchisi 1966 yil 30 avgustda birinchi parvozini amalga oshirdi. Ikki ishlab chiqarishgacha bo'lgan F-4K samolyotlari prototiplar yonida ishlab chiqarilgan va dastlab ular uchun ishlatilgan. mos sinov sinovlari o'rnatilishi kerak bo'lgan turli xil tizimlar. Birinchisi katapulta / tutuvchi va pastki tushirish sinovlari uchun, ikkinchisi esa birinchi navbatda radar va raketa tizimlarini sinovdan o'tkazish uchun ishlatilgan. 1969 yildan 1970 yilgacha to'rttasi Buyuk Britaniyaga etkazib berildi Samolyot va qurol-aslaha eksperimental tashkiloti (A & AEE), Mudofaa Vazirligi Xaridlar Vazirligi, Rolls-Royce va BAC (va keyinchalik uning vorisi, British Aerospace ).[23][24] Birinchi F-4M prototipi (YF-4M deb belgilangan) birinchi bo'lib 1967 yil 17 fevralda uchgan va Buyuk Britaniyaga etkazib berishdan oldin uning holatini tekshirish uchun ishlatilgan.[25]

F-4K Phantom FG.1

F-4K Phantom FG.1
Phantom FG1 43Sqn.jpg
A Royal Air Force Phantom FG.1 ning 43 otryad 1980 yilda.
RolFilo havodan mudofaa qiruvchisi
Havodan mudofaa to'xtatuvchisi
Milliy kelib chiqishiQo'shma Shtatlar
Ishlab chiqaruvchiMcDonnell Duglas
Birinchi parvoz1966 yil 27-iyun
Kirish1968 yil 30 aprel (FAA)
1 sentyabr 1969 yil (RAF)
Pensiya1978 yil 27-noyabr (FAA)
1990 yil 30 yanvar (RAF)
HolatOlingan
Asosiy foydalanuvchiQirollik havo kuchlari
Fleet Air Arm
Ishlab chiqarilgan1966–69
Raqam qurilgan52 (2 prototip bilan birga)
Karyera
Ketma-ketXT595 - XT598[26]
XT857 - XT876[26]
XV565 - XV592[27]
XV604 - XV610 (bekor qilingan)[27]
An aeroplane on the deck of an aircraft carrier
HMS bo'yicha 892 NAS-ning fantomi Ark Royal 1972 yilda Omega (Ω) tailfin belgisi 892 NAS FAA-ning so'nggi tashuvchiga asoslangan sobit qanotli eskadrilyasi bo'lishi haqidagi tasavvurga ishora qildi.[28]

Qirollik floti

1964 yilda Phantom FAA-ga Qirollik dengiz flotining ikkinchi darajali zarba berish qobiliyatiga ega bo'lgan asosiy harbiy flotining havo hujumiga qarshi mudofaa samolyoti sifatida xizmat qilishiga buyruq berdi. Ushbu samolyotlar to'rtta aviatashuvchi kemaning kemalaridan foydalanishi kerak edi; ulardan kamida ikkitasi edi rejalashtirilgan yangi kemalar, qolgan ikkitasi mavjud bo'lishi kerak edi, ammo juda o'zgartirildi.[ii][30] O'sha paytda Qirollik dengiz flotining tashuvchi kuchlari turli xil va yoshdagi turli xil beshta flot yoki engil flot tashuvchilardan iborat edi.[31] Xizmatdagi beshtadan faqat Burgut va Ark Royal, ularning har biri 50 ming tonnani siqib chiqarganligi, Phantomni etarli miqdorda joylashtirish uchun etarlicha katta edi,[iii] shuning uchun samolyotning ishlashini ta'minlash uchun ushbu ikkita kemani qayta qurish rejalari tuzildi.[34][iv]

60-yillarda Buyuk Britaniyaning aviatashuvchi floti
KemaKo'chirishUzunlikBeamSamolyotlar soniIzohlarRef
Ark Royal53000 tonna (54000 tonna)803,5 fut (244,9 m)171 fut (52 m)50[37]
Burgut54100 tonna (55000 tonna)811,5 fut (247,3 m)171 fut (52 m)451959–64 yillarda katta rekonstruksiya qilingan[38]
G'olib35,500 tonna (36,100 tonna)231 m 781 fut (238 m)157 fut (48 m)361950-58 yillarda zamonaviy samolyotlardan foydalanishga imkon beradigan katta rekonstruksiya[38]
Germes28,700 tonna (29,200 tonna)224 m (744 fut)144,5 fut (44,0 m)28[38]
Kentavr27000 tonna (27000 tonna)737 fut (225 m)123 fut (37 m)26Qayta qurish tufayli birinchi navbatda boshqa kemalar yo'q bo'lganda foydalaniladi[39]
A jet aeroplane lands on an aircraft carrier
AQSh harbiy-dengiz kuchlari Phantom HMS bortiga tegib-qo'nishni amalga oshirdi Germes. Faqat Burgut va Ark Royal Phantom-ni muvaffaqiyatli ishlatish uchun etarlicha katta edi.[16]
A jet aeroplane with afterburners lit just before launch from an aircraft carrier
Spey-ning yondirgichlaridan chiqadigan issiqlik uchun maxsus suv bilan sovutilgan reaktiv portlash deflektorlari o'rnatilishi kerak edi. Ark Royal parvoz maydonchasiga katta zarar etkazmaslik uchun.[40]

To'rtta tashuvchining mo'ljallangan kuchiga qo'yiladigan talablar, fantomlarning beshta eskadroni kerak bo'lishini anglatardi.[22] Biroq, 1966 yilgi Mudofaa bo'yicha Oq kitobida hukumat ikkita yangi aviatashuvchini bekor qilishga qaror qildi, bu esa qirollik floti fantomlari uchun umumiy buyurtma kamayishiga olib keldi. Dastlab 140 ta buyurtma berildi, ular oxir-oqibat 48 ga qisqartirildi, yana etti kishi uchun imkoniyatlar mavjud edi.[41] Maqsad qolgan ikkita qattiq samolyot tashuvchi samolyotdan ish olib boradigan o'n ikkita samolyotning har biri bo'lgan ikkita oldingi otryadni yaratish edi. Qolgan 24 samolyotdan o'quv bo'linmasini shakllantirish va samolyot yo'qolgan taqdirda zaxira hovuzini ta'minlash uchun foydalanish kerak edi.[36]

Qirollik floti birinchi F-4K Phantoms-ni qabul qildi Britaniyalik belgi FG.1, 1968 yil aprelda.[42] Ular tayinlangan 700P harbiy-dengiz floti (NAS), bu intensiv uchish sinovlari bo'limi sifatida xizmat qilishi kerak edi. Muvaffaqiyatli parvoz sinovlari tugagandan so'ng, 767 harbiy-dengiz floti 1969 yil yanvar oyida FAA sifatida foydalanishga topshirildi o'quv otryad. Buning ortidan 1969 yil mart oyining oxirida 892 harbiy-dengiz floti Qirollik dengiz flotining birinchi operatsion Phantom bo'linmasi sifatida foydalanishga topshirilgan, kirish uchun mo'ljallangan Ark Royal bir marta uning uch yillik ta'miri 1970 yilda tugagan.[43][44] 892 NASning dastlabki ishi davomida uning uchta samolyoti samolyotga kiritilgan Daily Mail Transatlantik havo poygasi, 50 yilligini nishonlashga bag'ishlangan tanlov birinchi transatlantik parvoz.[45] 892 qo'mondoni ofitser Lt qo'mondoni Brayan Devis tomonidan ekipaj qilingan bitta samolyot, uning kuzatuvchisi sifatida Lt qo'mondoni Pit Goddard bilan to'rt soat 46 daqiqa rekord o'rnatdi. Floyd Bennett maydoni yilda Nyu-York shahri va Uisli aerodromi tashqarida London, besh yil davomida qayd etilgan rekord.[46][47]

FAA o'zining birinchi samolyotini qabul qilishi bilan bir vaqtda, A & AEE uchta FG.1ni "C" otryadiga etkazib berishdi. parvoz kemasining sinovlari bortda Burgut. 1969 yil mart va iyun oylarida ikkita sinov majmuasi muvaffaqiyatli o'tkazildi; birinchi kiritilgan yondashuvlar va teginish-qo'nish,[48] Sinovlarning ikkinchi to'plami to'liq ishtirok etdi katapulta ishga tushirish va hibsga olingan tiklanish.[49] Natijada qizdiring Spey turbofanlaridan, kema reaktiv portlash deflektorlari (JBD) ishlatilmadi; buning o'rniga dvigatellarning ishga tushirilishi uchun olinadigan issiqlikni so'rib olish uchun pastki qismga po'lat plitka o'rnatildi va ularning erishini oldini olish uchun har safar ishga tushirilgandan keyin yong'in shlanglari ishlatilgan.[50]

Ark Royal 1967 yilda Phantom-ni joylashtirish uchun jihozga kirgan; Bu katta rekonstruksiyani, shu jumladan kemaning samolyotda ishlashiga imkon beradigan bir nechta elementlarni o'z ichiga olgan - parvoz maydonchasi kattalashtirildi va 8 fully ° ga qadar to'liq burchak ostida ushlab turildi, ushlab turadigan mexanizm yangi suv purkagich tizimiga almashtirildi[51] Phantomning yuqori og'irligi va qo'nish tezligini ta'minlash uchun va jilov tutuvchilar[v] va suv bilan sovutilgan JBDlar[vi] katapultalarga o'rnatildi.[40] Ushbu ish tugagandan so'ng, Burgut shunga o'xshash modernizatsiyadan o'tishi rejalashtirilgan edi. Biroq, Qirollik dengiz flotida qattiq qanotli aviatsiyani rejali ravishda bekor qilish rejalashtirilgan qayta ishlashga olib keldi Burgut ettita qo'shimcha FG.1 variantlari qabul qilinmagan holda bekor qilinadi.[27] Natijada FAA Phantom parkini atigi 28 ta samolyotga qisqartirish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi.[41]

1970 yilda, Ark Royal uning tarkibiga 892 NASni kiritdi havo guruhi birinchi marta, jami 12 ta samolyot bilan. Qirollik floti Phantoms-dan birinchi operatsion foydalanish 1969 yilda, 892 NAS AQSh samolyot tashuvchisi bilan mashg'ulotlarga kirishgan paytga to'g'ri keldi. USSSaratoga ichida O'rta er dengizi va kemaning o'z F-4J samolyotlari bilan birgalikda havo hujumidan mudofaa vazifalarini bajargan.[52] Ushbu tarqatish moslashtirilgan modifikatsiyalar zarurligini ko'rsatdi Ark Royal. Dan dastlabki uchirishlar paytida Saratoga, yonib ketgandan keyingi issiqlik, oshdi hujum burchagi kengaytiriladigan burun g'ildiragidan kelib chiqqan holda, pastki plitalarining buzilishiga olib keldi, bu esa keyingi issiqlikni ishlatmasdan og'irlik bilan keyingi katapulta ishga tushirilishiga olib keldi.[35]

Davomida Ark Royal 'dastlabki uch yillik komissiya, dastlab ishlatilgan 892 NAS RNAS Yeovilton yilda Somerset uning uy bazasi sifatida, ko'chib o'tdi RAF Leuchars yilda Fife qaerda, u boshlamagan davrda, u o'z zimmasiga oldi Tezkor reaktsiya to'g'risida ogohlantirish (QRA) vazifalari RAFning 43 otryadining yonida. 892 NAS Shotlandiyaga ko'chib o'tishi bilan bir vaqtda, 767 NAS Qirollik Dengiz kuchlarining Phantom o'quv bo'linmasi sifatida tarqatib yuborildi - otryad FG.1dan foydalanishda FAA va RAF uchun qo'shma o'quv bo'limi bo'lgan. Uning o'rniga 1972 yil avgust oyida RAF Leuchars-da RAF tomonidan boshqariladigan Phantom Training Flight tashkil etildi.[53][54]

Phantom 1978 yilga qadar FAAda xizmat qildi Ark Royal nihoyat xizmatdan qaytarib olindi va qirollik dengiz flotida ushbu turni boshqarishga qodir bo'lgan bironta kema qolmadi. Oxirgi catapult ishga tushirilishi Ark Royal 1978 yil 27 noyabrda kema yakuniy joylashuvidan so'ng havo guruhini tushirish paytida 892 NAS-ning Phantom edi;[55] eskadron samolyoti etkazib berildi RAF Sit Athan yilda Uels, bu erda ular RAFga topshirilgan.[56] Qirollik dengiz kuchlari bilan xizmat ko'rsatish paytida, FAA avtoulovi tarkibidagi 28 kishidan iborat 10 ta aviahalokatda halok bo'lgan.[57]

Qirollik havo kuchlari

Lightning F.6
Phantom FG.1
Phantom chaqmoqdan masofa, avionika va qurol-yarog 'jihatidan to'suvchi sifatida sezilarli ustunliklarga ega edi.[58]

XMS rejalashtirilgan qayta tiklanishi bekor qilingandan so'ng Burgut unga Phantom-ni boshqarish uchun ruxsat berish uchun dastlab FAAga buyurtma qilingan jami 20 ta samolyot samolyotlari RAFga havo hujumidan mudofaa vazifasini o'tash uchun yo'naltirildi.[28] O'sha paytda RAFning asosiy tutuvchi edi Inglizcha elektr chaqmoq masofa, lite vaqti va qurol-yarog 'jihatidan ham yomon azob chekdi. Ushbu cheklovlar uning samaradorligiga to'sqinlik qildi, ayniqsa uzoq tutishda Sovet havo kuchlari va Sovet dengiz aviatsiyasi bombardimonchilar va razvedka samolyotlari Shimoliy dengiz va Shimoliy Atlantika. Shunday qilib RAF Leuchars-da yangi Phantom eskadrilyasi tuzildi,[53] Phantom-ning Lightning orqali yaxshilangan imkoniyatlaridan foydalanish uchun Buyuk Britaniyaning o'sha paytdagi eng shimoliy havo mudofaasi bazasi - u ko'proq yoqilg'ini tashiydi va natijada parvoz va chidamliligi yaxshiroq edi; unga kuchliroq radar o'rnatilgan edi; va u ko'proq raketalarni ko'tarishi mumkin edi (8 ga qadar, chaqmoq uchun 2 ta).[vii] 1969 yil 1 sentyabrda, 43 otryad Leucharsda Buyuk Britaniyaning Shimoliy QRA zonasining bir qismi sifatida yashinlar bilan birga faoliyat yuritgan 11 otryad va 23 otryad. 1972 yilda, 11 ta otryad 5 ta otryadga qo'shilish uchun qayta joylashtirilganda RAF Binbruk, uni Leucharda 892 NAS qirollik floti fantomlari almashtirdilar.[44][59]

HMS chiqarilgandan keyin Ark Royal 1978 yilda FAA fantomlari RAFga topshirildi va Leucharda ikkinchi otryadni tuzishda foydalanildi. Vaqtida, 111 otryad u erda 1975 yildan beri mavjud bo'lgan Phantom-ning FGR.2 versiyasini boshqaradigan joyda joylashgan edi.[60] 1979 yilda FG.1 va FGR.2 o'rtasidagi farqlardan kelib chiqadigan xarajatlarni tejash uchun sobiq harbiy-dengiz flotiga o'tkazilgan eskadron va FGR.2 samolyotlari boshqa Phantom bo'linmalariga tarqatildi. 111 otryad FG.1 ga aylangandan so'ng, 1972 yildan beri Leucharsda istiqomat qilib kelgan Phantom Training Flight bekor qilindi va barcha Phantom konversion mashg'ulotlari uchun javobgarlik 228 operatsion konversiya bo'linmasiga topshirildi.[53]

43 va 111 otryadlar ham FG.1ni 1989 yilgacha saqlab qolishdi, keyin yangisiga o'tdilar Tornado F.3. Ikki operativ otryadning tik turishi va xizmatning yakuniy chiqarilishidan so'ng, RAF FG.1 Phantoms-ning asosiy qismi yo'q qilindi.[61][62] Yigirma yillik xizmat davomida RAF avtohalokatda sakkizta FG.1-ni yo'qotdi.[57]

Operatorlar (FG.1)

F-4M Phantom FGR.2

F-4M Phantom FGR.2
Phantom RAF 92 Squadron (16300556157).jpg
Royal Air Force Phantom FGR.2 ning 92 otryad 1990 yilda.
RolHavodan mudofaa to'xtatuvchisi
Past darajadagi ish tashlash
Havodagi yordamni yoping
Milliy kelib chiqishiQo'shma Shtatlar
Ishlab chiqaruvchiMcDonnell Duglas
Birinchi parvoz1967 yil 17-fevral
Kirish23 avgust 1968 yil
Pensiya1992 yil 1-noyabr
HolatOlingan
Asosiy foydalanuvchiQirollik havo kuchlari
Ishlab chiqarilgan1966–69
Raqam qurilgan118 (2 ta prototip bilan birga)
Karyera
Ketma-ketXT852 - XT853[26]
XT891 - XT914[26]
XV393 - XV442[27]
XV460 - XV501[27]
XV520 - XV551 (bekor qilingan)[27]

Havodagi yordamni yoping

Ham TSR-2, ham P.1154 dasturlari bekor qilinganidan so'ng, RAF samolyotlarga uzoq masofali zarbada, yaqin havo qo'llab-quvvatlashida va razvedka rollarida talablar bilan qoldi. Buning natijasida ikkita samolyot sotib olindi General Dynamics F-111K, uzoq masofadagi taqiqlash roli uchun mo'ljallangan va F-4M Phantom, bu yaqin havo qo'llab-quvvatlashi uchun ishlatilishi mumkin; razvedka uchun ikkala samolyot ham o'rnatilishi kerak edi.[64][65] F-111K buyurtma qilinganidan keyin bir yil ichida bekor qilindi, ammo 150 ta Phantom uchun buyurtma Qirollik floti uchun Phantom buyurtmasi bilan birga davom etdi; oxir-oqibat RAF buyurtmasining 32 birligi bekor qilindi.[66] RAF Phantom, FGR.2 belgisini hisobga olgan holda, dengiz versiyasiga o'xshash bo'lib, dvigatellari jihatidan ba'zi bir oz farqlarga ega edi, avionika va samolyotdan emas, balki quruqlikdan foydalanish bilan bog'liq bo'lgan tuzilma.[67]

Birinchi RAF Phantom birligi edi 228 operatsion konversiya bo'limi, 1968 yil avgustda tik turgan.[53] Phantom operatsion xizmatga bir qismi sifatida kirdi Strike buyrug'i 1969 yil may oyida, qachon 6 otryad da tashkil topgan RAF Koningsbi taktik zarba rolida. 54 otryad o'sha yilning sentyabr oyida tuzilgan, undan keyin 41 otryad 1972 yilda taktik razvedka bo'limi sifatida. Yana to'rtta otryad tuzildi RAF Germaniya 1970 va 1971 yillarda: 2, 14, 17 va 31 otryad, barchasi RAF Bryuggen.[53]

Odatiy zarba o'rni bilan birga 14, 17 va 31 otryadlarga taktik yadro zarbasi vazifasi topshirildi SACEUR, Qo'shma Shtatlar tomonidan etkazib beriladigan qurollardan foydalangan holda.[68][69] Dastlabki ishdan so'ng, 2 ta otryad RAF Laarbruchga taktik razvedka rolida ko'chib o'tdi. Ikki taktik razvedka bo'linmasiga tayinlangan samolyotda to'rtta optik kamerani, an infraqizil chiziqlar va a yon tomonga qarab radar.[70]

1970-yillarda Frantsiya va Buyuk Britaniya RAF taktik zarbasi va razvedka topshiriqlarini bajarishi mumkin bo'lgan yangi samolyotni ishlab chiqmoqdalar: SEPECAT Yaguar 1974 yilda xizmatga kiritildi va Phantomning rolini qayta ko'rib chiqishga olib keldi, shu bilan birga, chaqmoqning to'suvchi sifatida cheklovlari yanada ravshanlashmoqda. RAF ning FGR.2 otryadlarining Yaguarni boshqarish uchun konversiyasi va undan foydalanish bilan birga Blackburn Buccaneer, Phantoms-ni havo hujumidan mudofaa rolida faqat tutuvchi sifatida ishlashga topshirishni boshlash mumkin degan ma'noni anglatadi.[53]

Havodan mudofaa

1974 yil oktyabr oyida 111 otryad chaqmoqdan Phantom FGR.2 ga aylanib, havo hujumidan mudofaa rolini bajaradigan birinchi bo'linma bo'ldi (1969 yildan beri FG.1 versiyasidan foydalangan 43 otryadga qaramay). Ko'proq Yaguarlar etkazib berilgandan so'ng, mavjud bo'lgan chaqmoq otryadlarini konvertatsiya qilishga imkon beradigan ko'proq xayollar chiqarildi;[71] 19 otryad va 92 otryad 1976 yilda va 1977 yilda konvertatsiya qilingan Germaniyada havo hujumiga qarshi mudofaa bo'linmasi joylashtirilgan RAF Gutersloh, bu eng yaqin RAF bazasi bo'lgan Sharqiy Germaniya chegarasi, ga RAF Wildenrath, Phantom-ning chaqmoqdan ustun turlaridan foydalanib.[22] Buyuk Britaniyada joylashgan yana uch otryad, 23, 29 va 56, shuningdek, 1974 va 1976 yillar orasida konvertatsiya qilingan.[22] FGR.2-ni tutuvchi sifatida ishlatgan birinchi bo'linma bo'lgan 111-otryad 1979 yilda Qirollik dengiz flotining qolgan samolyotlari RAFga o'tkazilgandan so'ng FG.1 versiyasiga o'tdi.[53] Keyinchalik Phantom 1987 yilda Panavia Tornado F.3 xizmatga kirgunga qadar o'n yildan ko'proq vaqt davomida RAF-ning asosiy to'xtatuvchisi bo'lib xizmat qildi.[72][73]

Phantom in grey-green camouflage
Phantom in air superiority grey
Dastlab havo-mudofaa bo'linmalariga yashil-kulrang kamuflyajda (tepada) etkazib berilgandan so'ng, RAF o'zining Phantoms (pastki qismida) uchun och kulrang rang sxemasini qabul qildi.[74][75]

Phantoms birinchi bo'lib interpektorlar otryadlariga etkazib berilganda, ular kulrang-yashil rangda qolishdi kamuflyaj rang sxemasi ko'proq zarba berish va ular amalga oshirgan yaqin havo qo'llab-quvvatlash missiyalari bilan bog'liq. 1970-yillarning oxirlarida RAF o'zining havo hujumidan mudofaa bo'linmalari uchun yangi ranglar bilan tajriba o'tkazishni boshladi, 56 ta otryadga taklif qilingan yangi sxemalarni sinab ko'rish vazifasi topshirildi. 1978 yil oktyabr oyida 56 ta eskadronning Phantom FGR.2 birinchi bo'lib havo rangining ustunligi yangi rangga bo'yalgan bo'lib, kichkina va past ko'rinishga ega bo'ldi. dumaloq va belgilar. Biroq, rumel kam ko'rinadigan ranglarda qolgan bo'lsa-da, yakka eskadron belgilari ko'proq kuzatiladigan o'lcham va ranglarga qaytdi.[74][75]

1982 yil may oyida 29 ta eskadronning uchta Phantomlari oldinga jo'natildi RAF Wideawake kuni Ko'tarilish oroli davomida RAF operatsiyalari uchun havo qopqog'ini ta'minlash Folklend urushi, almashtirish Harrierlar ning 1 otryad urush zonasiga tranzit qilingan.[76] 1982 yil oktyabrda, mojaro tugagandan so'ng va uchish-qo'nish yo'lagi rekonstruktsiya qilinganidan so'ng, 29 ta eskadron o'zining to'qqizta samolyotini ajratib qo'ydi. RAF Stenli uchun havo mudofaasini ta'minlash Folklend orollari.[77] 1983 yil mart oyida 23 ta otryad bu vazifani bajarishga kirishdi va 1988 yil oktyabrgacha o'sha erda bo'lib, ular almashtirilgunga qadar 1435 parvoz. Buyuk Britaniyaning Havodan mudofaa mintaqasidan butun bir eskadronning yo'qolishini qoplash uchun RAF ilgari AQSh dengiz kuchlari tomonidan ishlatilgan 15 ta F-4J Phantoms sotib oldi. Ushbu samolyotlar tomonidan boshqarilgan 74 otryad 1984 yildan 1991 yilgacha, ularning o'rnini TGRADOga aylanganidan keyin boshqa otryadlar tomonidan chiqarilgan FGR.2 Phantoms egalladi.[78]

Dastlab, Phantoms va Tornados bir-birlari bilan birga xizmat qilishlari kerak edi. RAF uchun jami 152 ta Tornado F.3s buyurtma berildi, bu to'rtta Fantom eskadroni va ikkitasini chaqmoq chaqirdi, ammo har bir havo hujumiga qarshi mudofaa otryadini to'liq aylantirish uchun etarli emas. Har ikkala 23 va 29 otryadlar Phantom FGR.2 dan 1987 va 1988 yillarda Tornadoga aylandilar, qolgan ikkita yashin otryadlarining konversiyasi bilan bir qatorda. Niyat Buyuk Britaniyada joylashgan Phantom eskadrilyalarini saqlab qolish edi RAF Vattisham, Buyuk Britaniyaning havo mudofaasi mintaqasining janubiy yarmini havo hujumidan himoya qilish uchun RAF Coningsby-dagi bir nechta Tornado birliklari bilan birga.[79] Germaniyada joylashgan yana ikkita otryad ham saqlanib qoladi.[80][81]

Oxiri Sovuq urush ammo Phantom birliklarini dastlab rejalashtirilganidan tezroq olib chiqib ketishiga olib keldi; ostida O'zgarishlar uchun imkoniyatlar mudofaa tekshiruvi Phantom xizmatdan qaytarilishi kerak edi. 1991 yil yanvar oyida 228 operatsion konversiya bo'linmasi tarqatib yuborildi, ilgari 1972 yildan 1978 yilgacha bo'lgan davrda FG.1 mashg'ulotlarini olib borgan Phantom Training Flight, ushbu turdagi malaka oshirish kurslarini o'tkazish uchun o'n ikki oy davomida qayta tiklandi.[53] Germaniyada RAFning borishi asta-sekinlik bilan amalga oshirilganligi sababli, oldinga yo'naltirilgan ikkita qism tarqatib yuborilishi kerak edi, shu bilan birga 1992 yil oxirida Buyuk Britaniyada joylashgan ikkita bo'linmaning tarqatilishiga olib keladigan havo hujumidan mudofaa otryadlari sonining kamayishi kuzatilishi kerak edi. .[82][78] Biroq, Phantom-ning yakuniy chiqarilishidan bir oz oldin, natijada operativ ravishda qaytarib olindi Granby operatsiyasi, Buyuk Britaniyaning Birinchi Fors ko'rfazi urushi, havo hujumidan mudofaa qopqog'ini ta'minlash uchun 19 va 92 otryadlarning samolyotlari oldinga yo'naltirilganda RAF Akrotiri; bu dastlab mashg'ulotga jalb qilingan va keyinchalik yuborilgan Tornadoslarni almashtirish edi Fors ko'rfazi mintaqasi.[83] Xizmatdan yakuniy chekinishlaridan so'ng, ba'zi istisnolardan tashqari, RAF FGR.2 parkining asosiy qismi bekor qilindi.[62] Uning ishlash muddati davomida 37 ta FGR.2 halokatga uchradi.[57]

Operatorlar (FGR.2)

  • Yaqin havo qo'llab-quvvatlash / taktik zarba
    • 6-sonli otryad (ish tashlash buyrug'i)
    • 14-sonli otryad (RAF Germaniya)
    • 17-sonli otryad (RAF Germaniya)
    • 31-sonli otryad (Germaniya RAF)
    • 54-sonli otryad (ish tashlash buyrug'i)
  • Taktik razvedka
    • № 2 (AC) otryad (RAF Germaniya)
    • 41-sonli otryad (ish tashlash buyrug'i)
  • Havodan mudofaa
    • 19-sonli otryad (Germaniya RAF)
    • 23-sonli otryad (Ish tashlash buyrug'i)
    • 29-sonli otryad (Ish tashlash buyrug'i)
    • 56-sonli otryad (Ish tashlash buyrug'i)
    • 74-sonli otryad (Ish tashlash buyrug'i)
    • 92-sonli otryad (RAF Germaniya)
    • 111-sonli otryad (Ish tashlash buyrug'i)
    • № 1435 parvoz (Britaniya kuchlari Folklend orollari )
  • O'qitish
    • 64-sonli (R) otryad[viii] (Operatsion konversiya bo'limi)
    • Phantom Training Flight (o'quv bo'limi)

F-4J (Buyuk Britaniya) Phantom F.3

F-4J (Buyuk Britaniya) Phantom F.3
F-4J(UK) Phantom of 74 Squadron in flight 1984.jpg
A Royal Air Force Phantom F.3 of 74 otryad 1984 yilda.
RolHavodan mudofaa to'xtatuvchisi
Milliy kelib chiqishiQo'shma Shtatlar
Ishlab chiqaruvchiMcDonnell Duglas
Birinchi parvoz1984 yil 10-avgust
Kirish19 oktyabr 1984 yil
Pensiya1991 yil 31 yanvar
HolatOlingan
Asosiy foydalanuvchiQirollik havo kuchlari
Ishlab chiqarilgan1984
Raqam qurilgan15
Karyera
Ketma-ketZE350 - ZE364[85]

Folklend urushidan so'ng, Buyuk Britaniya hukumati Argentinaning har qanday tajovuzidan saqlanish uchun Folkland orollari mudofaasini yangilay boshladi. Amalga oshirilgan chora-tadbirlardan biri 1982 yil oktyabr oyida 29 ta eskadrondan RAF Stenliga 9 ta FGR2 samolyotining joylashtirilishi, 23 ta eskadron 1983 yil mart oyida samolyotni qabul qilgan.[86] Folklend orollariga Phantoms eskadroni olib tashlanishi Buyuk Britaniyaning havo mudofaasida bo'shliqni qoldirdi va uni to'ldirish uchun darhol hech narsa topilmadi. Natijada, Buyuk Britaniya hukumati yana bir Fantom eskadrilyasini sotib olishga qaror qildi.[87]

RAF xizmatidagi samolyotlar Buyuk Britaniyaning texnik talablariga muvofiq ishlab chiqarilgan maxsus ishlab chiqarish partiyasi bo'lganligi sababli, bir xil samolyotlarni olishning iloji bo'lmaydi, shuning uchun 15 ta samolyot AQShning sobiq dengiz kuchlari F-4J samolyotlari tarkibidan sotib olingan. Aerokosmik texnik xizmat ko'rsatish va qayta tiklash markazi da Devis - Monthan harbiy-havo bazasi yilda Arizona.[87] F-4J tanlangan, chunki u RAF-ning F-4K va F-4M samolyotlari ishlab chiqarilgan va shu sababli ingliz samolyotlariga eng yaqin bo'lgan. Tanlangan 15 kishi Naval Air Rework Facility-da keng ko'lamli ta'mirlandi NAS Shimoliy orol va F-4S ga deyarli teng bo'lgan standartga keltirildi, bu AQSh dengiz kuchlari bilan xizmatdagi so'nggi variant edi, faqat farqlar yo'qligi etakchi chiziqlar va dubulg'a qurolini ko'rish.[87][88]

F-4J va Britaniyaning Phantoms o'rtasidagi katta farq Rolls-Royce Spey turbofanining yo'qligi edi, birinchisida General Electric J79-10B turbojet o'rnatilgan edi. Bu ingliz dvigatelidan kam quvvat ishlab chiqardi, ammo tezroq yonib yonib, past balandlikda biroz sustroq tezlanish hisobiga yuqori balandlikda yaxshi ishlashga imkon berdi. Baland balandlikda ishlashga uning kichikroq havo olishidagi pasayish yordam berdi.[87] Dastlab AIM-7 Chumchuq va AIM-9 Sidewinder tashish imkoniyatiga ega "havo-havo" raketalari (AAM), ular tez orada Skyflash va SUU-23A qurol qutisiga moslashtirilib, ularni RAFning boshqa Phantoms-lariga moslashtirdilar.[87] F-4J samolyotlari parkning qolgan qismi bilan ishlashga imkon beradigan modifikatsiyalarga qaramay, dastlab jihozlangan uskunalarning katta qismini saqlab qolishdi, hattoki ekipajlaridan Amerikadan foydalanishni talab qilishdi. uchar dubulg'alar.[22]

Garchi yangi Phantoms-ga Britaniyaning F.3 nomi berilgan bo'lsa ham,[89][90] ular odatda F-4J (Buyuk Britaniya) deb nomlangan.[41][91] Ular birinchi parvozdan ikki oy o'tgach, 1984 yil oktyabr oyida tik turgan RAF Vattishamdagi 74 ta otryadga tayinlangan.[53] 1987 yilda xizmatga kirishni boshlagan Tornadoga o'tish paytida samolyot o'z xizmatida qoldi. 1990 yilda F-4M otryadlarini Tornadoning konversiyasi tufayli RAF qolgan FGR.2 samolyotlarini eng yaxshi uzatishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. 74 otryad, bu degani F.3 1991 yil yanvarida qaytarib olinishi mumkin edi.[78] Bir nechta istisnolardan tashqari, RAF-ning barcha F-4J-lari parchalanib ketgan.[62] 15 samolyot samolyotidan biri 1987 yilda halokatga uchragan, ikkala ekipaj a'zosi ham halok bo'lgan.[57]

Operatorlar (F.3)

O'zgarishlar

FG.1 va FGR.2

SUAF-23 / A qurol qutisi bilan RAF Phantom FG.1

Phantom FG.1 va FGR.2 o'xshash bo'lib, ular asosan bir xil dvigatellar va avionikalar bilan jihozlangan, ammo kichik farqlar mavjud edi. FG.1 dastlab Rolls-Royce Spey turbofanining Mark 201 versiyasi bilan jihozlangan edi, FGR.2 esa Mark 202 ga ega edi; Mark 201 gazni tanlash va dvigatelning reaktsiyasi o'rtasida kechikish darajasiga ega edi, bu 202 yilda bartaraf etildi. 201 oxir-oqibat Mark 203 versiyasiga ko'tarildi, uning yonishi uchun boshqaruv tizimi o'zgartirilib, tezroq yonishi va yoqilishi mumkin edi a bo'lgan taqdirda tezda qo'llaniladigan kuch bolter qirollik harbiy-dengiz floti aviatashuvchi kemalarining kichik katkalarida.[92][18] Ikkala variant ham a bilan o'rnatildi litsenziya qurilgan Westinghouse AN / AWG-10 avionika to'plamining versiyasi; FG.1 ga AN / AWG-11 o'rnatilgan edi, ular asosan a ga ega bo'lishlari bilan farq qilar edilar burun radomi samolyot fyuzelyajiga ilingan va orqaga o'girilib, ichida saqlashga imkon bergan angar samolyot tashuvchisi;[ix] tizim ikkalasi bilan birlashtirilishi uchun ishlab chiqilgan AGM-12 Bullpup raketa va WE.177 erkin tushish yadro quroli kerak bo'lganda. FGR.2 ga o'rnatilgan AN / AWG-12 buklanuvchi emas edi va turini dastlab xaritada qilingan ish tashlash rolini hisobga olgan holda erni xaritalash rejimini yaxshilagan; bunga Ferranti ittifoqdosh edi inertial navigatsiya / hujum tizimi (turi havo mudofaasi roliga o'tkazilganda olib tashlanadi).[22] Shuningdek, u SUU-23 / A qurol podasini boshqarish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lishi uchun tuzilgan; RAF tomonidan foydalanilgan FG.1-lar ham quroldan foydalana olishgan, ammo Qirollik dengiz flotining FG.1-lari bu imkoniyatga ega emas edi.[95][96]

Britaniya fantomlari va boshqa fantomlar

Two jet aeroplanes on catapults awaiting launch from an aircraft carrier
F-4K AQSh dengiz kuchlarining F-4J bilan birga. Bu kengaytirilgan nosewelni ko'rsatadi oleo Buyuk Britaniya samolyotlari, Qirollik dengiz floti kemalarida ekspluatatsiyani boshlashga qaratilgan.[97]

Angliya uchun qurilgan ikki xil Phantom turlari o'rtasida ozgina farqlar mavjud bo'lsa-da, ingliz fantomlari va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari uchun qurilganlar orasida juda katta farqlar mavjud edi. Rolls-Royce Spey turbofanining General Electric J79 turbojetiga almashtirilishi eng aniq narsa edi. Spey J79’dan qisqa, lekin kengroq edi, demak, Britaniya fantomlari qabul qilish yuqori havo oqimi uchun qayta ishlab chiqilishi kerak edi, bu ularni 20% ga ko'paytirdi (natijada o'sish bilan) sudrab torting ), fyuzelyaj esa 152 mm (6.0 dyuym) ga kengaytirildi. Yondirgichning holati, shuningdek, fyuzelyajning orqa qismini chuqurroq qilish kerakligini anglatadi.[98] Yordamchi kirish eshiklari orqa fyuzelyajga o'rnatildi.[99]

Britaniyalik Phantomning amerikalik ekvivalenti bilan taqqoslaganda, uning ko'rsatkichlari shuni ko'rsatdiki, uchish masofasi 30% ga qisqargan, balandlikka 20% tezroq ko'tarilgan, yuqori tezlik va uzoqroq masofani egallagan.[98] The Spey was more efficient at lower altitudes, and had better acceleration at low speed, giving British Phantoms better range and acceleration, which was shown during the deployment of 892 NAS to the Mediterranean aboard USS Saratoga in 1969, when the F-4K was repeatedly quicker off the deck than the F-4J used by the Americans.[100] It was less efficient at higher altitudes, the British Phantoms lacking speed compared to J79-powered versions owing to the increased drag of the re-designed fuselage.[18][98] This discrepancy became apparent when the F-4J was obtained by the UK in 1984; it was regarded as being the best of the three variants to serve in the RAF.[88]

The small size of the aircraft carriers Burgut va Ark Royal, from which the Royal Navy's Phantoms were intended to operate, compared to the US Navy carriers of the period, meant that the F-4K version required significant structural changes compared to the F-4J, from which it was descended, and which performed a similar role. As well as the folding nose radome to allow for storage in the smaller hangars of the British ships, it had to have a significantly strengthened undercarriage to account for the higher landing weight (British policy was to bring back unused ordnance). The F-4J featured a nosewheel oleo that extended by 20 inches (51 cm) to provide the correct attitude for launch from American catapults.[97] The F-4K's nosewheel oleo extended by 40 inches (100 cm) to increase the take-off attitude (the extension of the nosewheel put the Phantom at a 9° attitude[101]) due to the shorter and less powerful British catapults. It was also fitted with drooping aileronlar, enlarged etakchi chekka qopqoq and a slotted orqa samolyot, and increased flap and leading edge blowing, all to improve the lift and handling characteristics of operation from the much smaller carriers of the Royal Navy.[35][vii]

As the Phantom continued in service, other changes were made, most notably the Markoni ARI.18228 Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) fitted on top of the vertical stabiliser, exclusively on British models.[102] The RWR was fitted in the mid-1970s to the FG.1 and FGR.2 Phantoms, but not to the F.3. From 1978, the Skyflash AAM, derived from the AIM-7 Sparrow, began to be delivered to RAF Phantom units, and was used concurrently with the Sparrow; all three UK Phantom variants were eventually fitted to operate the Skyflash.[95]

  • UK versions compared[vii]

  • FG.1; 40 cm telescopic nosewheel oleo; hinged nose radome; wider and shorter engine exhausts; bigger air intakes; deeper rear fuselage; RWR installation on tailfin

  • FGR.2; no telescopic nosewheel; fixed nose radome; wider and shorter engine exhausts; bigger air intakes; deeper rear fuselage; RWR installation on tailfin

  • F.3; 20 cm telescopic nosewheel oleo; fixed nose radome; narrower and longer exhausts; narrower air intakes; shallower rear fuselage; no RWR installation on tail

Aircraft production

The first batch of Phantoms produced for the UK received seriallar in the XT range, with a total of 44 production models (20 FG.1s and 24 FGR.2s), as well as the four prototypes and two pre-production models being given XT serial numbers.[26] The bulk of the UK's specially built Phantoms were delivered with XV serials (94 FGR.2s and 28 FG.1s), while the two cancelled sets of airframes (32 FGR.2 and 7 FG.1) also received XV numbers.[27] The second-hand examples (15 F.3) obtained in 1984 received serials in the ZE range.[85]

Phantom locations

The RAF operated the Phantom from a number of bases in the UK, Germany and the Falkland Islands during its operational service, while the Royal Navy initially based its Phantom units at its main air station at Yeovilton; following the disbanding of the FAA's dedicated training squadron, its sole operational Phantom squadron was subsequently moved to take up residence at the RAF's base at Leuchars.[103][54]

Bases utilised by Royal Navy and Royal Air Force Phantom squadrons[44][53]
AsosiyYears usedNumber of squadrons[vii]
Phantom bases in the UK
RNAS YeoviltonApr 1968 - Sep 19723 × RN squadrons
RAF LeucharsSep 1969 - Jan 19901 × RN squadron
3 × RAF squadrons
1 × RAF flight
RAF KoningsbiMay 1969 - Apr 19875 × RAF squadrons
RAF VattishamNov 1975 - Sep 19923 × RAF squadrons
1 × RAF flight
Phantom bases in Germany (map displays Shimoliy Reyn-Vestfaliya )
RAF LaarbruchDec 1970 - Feb 19761 × RAF squadron
RAF BrüggenJun 1970 - Jun 19763 × RAF squadrons
RAF WildenrathDec 1976 - Jan 19922 × RAF squadrons
Phantom bases in the Falkland Islands
RAF StanleyOct 1982 - May 19852 × RAF squadrons
RAF tog'i yoqimliMay 1985 - Jun 19921 × RAF squadron
1 × RAF flight

Other UK Phantom proposals

Although the Phantom was ordered in 1966, the variants that were eventually constructed were not the first to be offered to the UK. McDonnell Aircraft had been conducting studies into the possibility of the Royal Navy using the Phantom on its carriers since 1959.

Other proposed Spey-powered Phantoms

McDonnell concluded that more power was needed than the J79 turbojet could provide to operate from the smaller decks of British carriers. So, they spoke to Rolls-Royce about whether the RB-168 Spey turbofan, then in development for use in the Blackburn Buccaneer, could be fitted to the aircraft.[104] In 1960, McDonnell approached the RAF with its model number 98CJ, which was an F4H-1 (later F-4B) with various modifications, including the installation of the Spey Mk.101 turbofan.[105] McDonnell continued studies, proposing afterburning Mk.101 engines in 1962, while trials of an F-4B fitted with an extendable nosewheel oleo took place aboard USSForrestal 1963 yilda.[104] In 1964, the company proposed the model 98FC, which was identical to the F-4D variant but would have been fitted with the RB.168-25R.[106]

RF-4M

A further proposal came after the order for the F-4M was being finalised, and was a result of the UK's need for an aircraft to perform the tactical reconnaissance role. For this, McDonnell offered two options:[107]

  • The standard F-4M fitted with a reconnaissance pod in place of the centreline fuel tank
  • A modified airframe, designated as RF-4M, with the reconnaissance equipment carried internally

Although the RF-4M would have had some advantages, it was discounted as the cost would have been greater, with consequently fewer aircraft purchased, while only those that had been modified would have been able to undertake the reconnaissance mission. Ultimately, the RAF chose the standard F-4M and external pod, which allowed all of its aircraft to perform all designated roles.[65]

F-4(HL)

Another idea that McDonnell proposed was a variation of the carrier-based Phantom, with the goal of improving catapult performance and lowering approach speeds. The F-4(HL), also known as Model 98HL, was planned as a Spey-powered aircraft with a longer fuselage and wingspan, less supurish, stabilators with increased area and air intakes with auxiliary blow-in doors to increase airflow at low speeds. This proposal was not taken forward.[108][109]

O'zgartirish

McDonnell Douglas proposed a variable geometry version of the Phantom, which was offered as a potential Phantom replacement.[110]

In the early 1970s, the RAF issued an Air Staff Requirement for the development of a new interceptor intended to replace both the Phantom and the Lightning.[81] An early proposal was McDonnell Douglas's plan for a Phantom with a variable-geometry wing.[110] This was rejected by the RAF owing to the fact that there was little apparent improvement in performance over the existing Phantom, and that it might affect the development of the "Multi-Role Combat Aircraft" (MRCA).[111] An alternative idea was to take the MRCA, which evolved into the Panavia Tornado, and develop an interceptor version. The UK's partners in the MRCA project displayed no enthusiasm for the idea of developing an air defence version of the Tornado, so the UK alone began the process, and the authorisation for what came to be known as the Tornado Air Defence Variant (ADV) was issued in March 1976.[81] The initial plan was for the Tornado to replace the remaining two squadrons of Lightnings, as well as all seven squadrons of Phantoms.[112]

While the Tornado was in development, the RAF looked at interim measures to replace the Phantom, which had been in service for over a decade by 1980, and was beginning to suffer from charchoq;[113] one proposal considered was the possibility of leasing or purchasing F-15 Eagles to re-equip 19 and 92 Squadrons, the units stationed in Germany.[72] Further suggestions were that up to 80 F-15s be procured, to replace the Phantom and Lightning squadrons then in service, or even cancel the Tornado entirely and purchase the F-15 with UK adaptations (specifically to be fitted with the AI.24 Foxhunter radar developed for the Tornado, and capable of carrying the Skyflash air-to-air missile).[114]

Tornado
Dengiz xariyeri
The Phantom was replaced in its air defence roles by the Tornado (top) and the Sea Harrier (bottom).[78][115]

Ultimately, the F-15 option was not seriously considered, as it was felt there would not be time or cost savings over the Tornado ADV.[114] It was later decided that the Tornado, once it had entered service, would only re-equip three of the Phantom squadrons; two Phantom units would be retained in the UK, and two in Germany.[116] Ultimately, the Tornado replaced the Phantom in four squadrons - the two FG.1 units at RAF Leuchars (43 and 111 Squadrons), plus two FGR.2 units (23 and 29 Squadrons), while 56 and 74 Squadrons, and the two Germany based units (19 and 92 Squadrons) retained the Phantom.[78]

In 1963, the prototype Hawker Siddeley P.1127 Short Take-Off and Vertical Landing (STOVL) aircraft undertook initial landings aboard Ark Royal, while three years later pre-production Hawker Siddeley Kestrel (which subsequently became the Harrier), conducted a series of extensive trials from HMSQo'rg'oshin, which proved the concept of using vertical landing aircraft aboard aircraft carriers.[117][118] At the same time, the 1966 Defence White Paper had laid out plans to withdraw all of the Royal Navy's conventional aircraft carriers, which would bring to an end the FAA's operation of fixed-wing aircraft from ships at sea, with it instead becoming a primarily rotary-winged tashkilot.[119] Because it was believed that 892 Naval Air Squadron would be the final carrier-based fixed-wing squadron to be commissioned into the FAA, their Phantoms each a poytaxt Omega (Ω) letter on their tailfins, intended to symbolise their place at the end of the Royal Navy's era of fixed-wing aviation.[28]

However, in the 1970s the Royal Navy was developing what was known as the "Through Deck Cruiser", a 20,000 ton ship with a full-length flight deck intended to embark a squadron of large dengiz ostiga qarshi urush vertolyotlar. Almost as soon as the first ship, HMSYengilmas, was ordered, another specification was added to the design: as well as the helicopters, a small squadron of STOVL aircraft would form part of the air group to act as a deterrent to long-range reconnaissance aircraft.[115] To this end, a navalised version of the Harrier was developed – over the life of the design process, the Sea Harrier's air defence role was augmented by responsibility for reconnaissance and maritime strike missions. In March 1980, 14 months after 892 Naval Air Squadron was decommissioned and its Phantoms turned over to the RAF, 800 Harbiy-dengiz floti was formed as the first operational Sea Harrier squadron.[120]

Aircraft replaced by and replacing the Phantom

Sir Sydney Camm, the Chief Designer at Hawker for many years, once said that no British aircraft could be considered a success until it was able to match the capabilities of the Phantom.[22] In the RAF and Royal Navy, it was the direct replacement in squadron service for a total of four different aircraft types, comprising nine separate variants. In turn, the Phantom was replaced in squadron service by three different aircraft (see table):

RolAircraft replaced by PhantomNo of squadronsSanaAircraft replacing PhantomNo of squadronsSana
Fleet air defenceSea Vixen FAW.2[43]Bittasi[44]1969Dengiz kemasi FRS.1[x][121]Ikki[121]1980
Tactical ReconnaissanceHunter FR.10[122]Bittasi[123]1970Jaguar GR.1[53]Yetti[53]1976
Canberra PR.7[124]Ikki[125][126]
Close Air Support / Tactical StrikeCanberra B.16[127]Bittasi[128]19691974
Canberra B(I).8[129]Bittasi[130]1970
Hunter FGA.9[131]Ikki[132][133]1969
Havodan mudofaaLightning F.2A[59]Ikki[134][135]1977Tornado F.3[53]To'rt[53]1987
Lightning F.3[59]Besh[59]1974
Lightning F.6[59]

Ko'rgazmada samolyotlar

Preserved UK Phantoms
F-4K
F-4K Phantom FG.1 XV582
F-4M
F-4M Phantom FGR.2 XT914
F-4J(UK)
F-4J(UK) Phantom F.3 ZE359

The below list details aircraft that were placed on display after service with the Royal Air Force or Royal Navy. The remaining aircraft were either lost in crashes or scrapped following withdrawal.[62]

YF-4K (prototype)
F-4K
F-4M
F-4J(UK)
Future preservation

In October 2019, the British Phantom Aviation Group announced plans to restore two of the remaining Phantoms not on public display, with the aim of finding display locations for them. In partnership with the 74 Squadron Association, the BPAG obtained ZE360, a Phantom F.3 stored at Manston in Kent, and one of only two remaining examples, with the ultimate goal of displaying it in its original RAF markings. The other planned restoration is of XT597, one of the two pre-production FG.1 aircraft that was used for its entire career by the A&AEE. Upon restoration, this will form part of the BPAG's collection.[153]

Specifications (F-4K)

McDonnell-Douglas F-4K Phantom 3-line drawing.png

Ma'lumotlar Aircraft of the Royal Navy since 1945,[44]

Umumiy xususiyatlar

Ishlash

Qurollanish

  • Havodan mudofaa
  • Urish
    • Up to 180 SNEB 68mm unguided rockets;
    • Mix of 500lb, 750lb and 1000lb free-fall or retarded bombs
    • B28 /B43 /B57 tactical nuclear weapons[69]

Avionika

  • Ferranti AN/AWG-11 Multi-Mode Radar
  • Marconi ARI18228 Radar Warning Receiver
  • Marconi AN/ASN-39A computer
  • AN/ARN-91 TACAN bearing/distance navigation system
  • Cossor IFF
  • STR-70P Radio Altimeter

The F.3 retained a high degree of American equipment, and was longer, lighter, and faster at altitude.[154][155][vii] The FG.1 and FGR.2 were broadly identical, with the only significant difference, aside from those already stated, being the ability of the FGR.2 to carry the dedicated reconnaissance pod built by EMI and containing the following:[156]

  • 2 × F.135 forward facing camera
  • 4 × F.95 oblique facing camera
  • Texas Instruments RS700 Infra-Red Linescan
  • MEL/EMI Q-Band Sideways Looking Reconnaissance Radar

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar
  1. ^ McDonnell bilan birlashtirildi Duglas aviatsiya kompaniyasi in 1967 to form McDonnell Duglas[8]
  2. ^ There were initial plans for as many as four CVA-01 class aircraft carriers, with at least three intended to replace Burgut, Ark Royal, G'olib va Germes[29]
  3. ^ G'olib departed on her final commission with a total of 10 Sea Vixens and 7 Buccaneers;[32] by contrast, Ark Royal was able to accommodate an air group including up to 12 Phantoms and 14 Buccaneers.[33]
  4. ^ Garchi Burgut va Ark Royal were the largest ships in the UK's carrier fleet, some sources have stated that the plan for Phantom operation was to see aircraft obtained for use aboard Ark Royal va G'olib.[35][36]
  5. ^ The launch bridle for the Phantom could only be used on that type, and was thus considerably more expensive than those used for other types. As a consequence, bridle catchers were fitted to the ends of the ship's new catapults so that the bridles could be reused.[40]
  6. ^ While undertaking trials aboard US carriers, the higher exhaust temperatures caused by the Spey turbofan led to significant damage to the flight decks of the American ships.[40]
  7. ^ a b v d e see data
  8. ^ 64 Squadron was the "shadow" squadron number of 228 OCU[84]
  9. ^ On 3rd June 1980, a Phantom FG.1 of 111 Squadron crashed as a result of the latches securing the radome failing in flight, causing the radome itself to swing open.[93][94]
  10. ^ Following the decommissioning of HMSArk Royal in 1978, the Royal Navy was no longer able to operate conventional fixed wing aircraft at sea. The British Aerospace Sea Harrier was introduced into both the air defence (replacing the Phantom) and strike (replacing the Qaroqchi ) roles in the FAA with 800 NAS va 801 NAS 1980 yilda[121]
Iqtiboslar
  1. ^ a b Davies 2016, p.25
  2. ^ "An Industry Regrouped". Parvoz. Iliffe & Sons. 78 (2686): 367–373. 2 September 1960. Archived from asl nusxasi 2009 yil 19 oktyabrda. Olingan 12 iyun 2013.
  3. ^ "Lessons of the TSR.2 Story". Xalqaro reys. Iliffe & Sons. 96 (3161): 570–571. 9 October 1969. Archived from asl nusxasi 2017 yil 1-dekabrda. Olingan 14 iyun 2013.
  4. ^ Buttler 2000, pp. 118–119.
  5. ^ Burke 2010, p. 274.
  6. ^ "The Rise and Fall of the P.1154" (PDF). Hawker Association Newsletter. Hawker Association: 4–5. Summer 2013. Archived from asl nusxasi (PDF) 2018 yil 15-avgustda. Olingan 29 may 2016.
  7. ^ Buttler, Toni (2003). British Secret Projects: Jet Bombers since 1949. Xinkli, Buyuk Britaniya: Midland nashriyoti. p. 121 2. ISBN  978-1-85780-130-9.
  8. ^ "McDonnell Douglas merger cleared". Fort Scott Tribune. 27 April 1967.
  9. ^ Thetford 1994, pp. 254–255.
  10. ^ McLelland 2017, p. 348.
  11. ^ Proctor 2014, p. 122
  12. ^ Thornborough and Davies 1994, p. 260.
  13. ^ HMS Hermes 1962-1964 Commissioning Book (PDF). p. 19.
  14. ^ Hobbs 2014, p. 280
  15. ^ McLelland 2016, p. 368
  16. ^ a b Benbow 2011, p. 179
  17. ^ Wilson, Michael (21 September 1967). "Preparing for the Phantom" (PDF). Parvoz. Iliffe Transport Publications. 92 (3054): 483–487. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2017 yil 5-dekabrda. Olingan 12 iyun 2013.
  18. ^ a b v d e Hobbs 2020, p. 257
  19. ^ Richardson 1984, p. 26.
  20. ^ Chant 2013, p. 434
  21. ^ "McDonnell Douglas Phantom". Tangmere harbiy aviatsiya muzeyi. 2019. Olingan 18 iyun 2020.
  22. ^ a b v d e f g Hobbs, David (2008). "British F-4 Phantoms". Air International. Key Publishing. 74 (5): 30–37.
  23. ^ "McDonnell Phantom FG1". Fleet Air Arm muzeyi. Qirollik floti milliy muzeyi. Olingan 10 iyun 2020.
  24. ^ "Not a lot of people know that..." National Cold War Exhibition. Royal Air Force Museum. 2013 yil. Olingan 10 iyun 2020.
  25. ^ Petit et al 1983, p. 172.
  26. ^ a b v d e "Serials in range XT". UK Serials Resource Centre. Wolverhampton Aviation Group. 2016 yil. Olingan 9 iyun 2016.
  27. ^ a b v d e f g "Serials in range XV". UK Serials Resource Centre. Wolverhampton Aviation Group. 2016 yil. Olingan 9 iyun 2016.
  28. ^ a b v Kent, Rick (22 September 2006). "McDonnell Phantom in British Service". IPMS Stockholm. Olingan 1 iyun 2015.
  29. ^ Sturton, Ian (2014). "CVA-01: Portrait of a Missing Link". In Dent, Stephen; Jordan, John (eds.). Warship 2014. London: Konvey. p. 30. ISBN  978-1-59114-923-1.
  30. ^ Jordan, David (Summer 2001). "Future Carrier Aviation Options: A British Perspective". Dengiz urushi kolleji sharhi. 54 (3): 79. Olingan 11 iyun 2020.
  31. ^ Elliott, Simon (2006). "CVA-01 and CVF - What Lessons Can the Royal Navy Learn from the Cancelled 1960s Aircraft Carrier for its New Flat-top?". RUSI jurnali. 151 (4): 52–55. doi:10.1080/03071840609442036. S2CID  219626897.
  32. ^ "British Carriers at Portsmouth 1954–2011". Hampshire Airfields. Olingan 7 iyul 2016.
  33. ^ Benbow 2011, p. 182.
  34. ^ Caygill 2005, p. 44
  35. ^ a b v Davies 2016, p. 31.
  36. ^ a b Beedle 2011, p. 197.
  37. ^ Hobbs 2013, p. 293
  38. ^ a b v Hobbs 2013, p. 267
  39. ^ Hobbs 2013, p. 237
  40. ^ a b v d Caygill 2005, pp. 42-43.
  41. ^ a b v "McDonnell Douglas Phantom FG1 (Nose section only)". National Cold War Exhibition. Royal Air Force Museum. 2013 yil. Olingan 10 iyun 2020.
  42. ^ Winchester 2010, p. 73.
  43. ^ a b HMS Ark Royal 1970–73 Commissioning Book (PDF). p. 75.
  44. ^ a b v d e f Hobbs 1982, p. 38.
  45. ^ Transatlantic Race (Newsreel). London: British Movietone. 1969 yil 1-may. Olingan 26 iyun 2020.
  46. ^ Snook, Colin. "Brian Davies AFC RN". Old Cicestrians. Chichester High School Old Boys Association. Olingan 26 iyun 2020.
  47. ^ Davies 2016, p. 52
  48. ^ "Not a Lot of People Know That..." National Cold War Exhibition. RAF Museum. 2013 yil 11-may. Olingan 19 iyun 2013.
  49. ^ Phantoms on HMS Eagle (Film). Britaniya yo'li. 8 June 1969. Olingan 29 aprel 2016.
  50. ^ HMS Eagle 1969-1970 Commissioning Book (PDF). p. 35.
  51. ^ "Spray-type Arresting Gear". Xalqaro reys. Hiffe Transport Publications. 82 (2787): 183. 9 August 1962. Archived from asl nusxasi 2016 yil 8-avgustda. Olingan 10 iyun 2016.
  52. ^ McLelland 2017, p. 354
  53. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n o p q "Royal Air Force Phantom Squadrons". RAF Yearbook. IAT Publishing: 16–18. 1992 yil.
  54. ^ a b "Leuchars". British Conservation Trust aerodromlari. Olingan 17 iyun 2020.
  55. ^ "On this day 27 November 1978". Fleet Air Arm Officer's Association. 2012 yil 27-noyabr. Olingan 18 iyun 2020.
  56. ^ McLelland 2017, p. 357
  57. ^ a b v d "F-4 Phantom – UK". ejection-history.org.uk. 15 November 2012. Archived from asl nusxasi 2015 yil 24 avgustda. Olingan 7 iyul 2015.
  58. ^ Darling 2012, p. 234
  59. ^ a b v d e Jackson, Paul (1988). "Farewell Lightning, Welcome Tornado". RAF Yearbook. Leicester: IAT Publishing: 62.
  60. ^ "RAF Leuchars saying farewell to Treble One's Tornado F3s". Kuryer. 2011 yil 18 mart. Olingan 25 sentyabr 2016.
  61. ^ "Clydeside Carnage: The Battered Remains of RAF Leuchars' Phantom Fleet". Urban Ghosts. 30 August 2013. Archived from asl nusxasi 2015 yil 8-iyulda. Olingan 1 iyun 2015.
  62. ^ a b v d "Aircraft Histories". The Phantom Shrine. Corsair Publishing. 3-dekabr, 2019-yil. Olingan 22 iyun 2020.
  63. ^ McLelland 2017, p. 365
  64. ^ Logan, Don (1998). General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark. Atglen, Pensilvaniya: Shiffer. p. 278. ISBN  0-7643-0587-5.
  65. ^ a b Gledhill 2017, p. 18
  66. ^ Davies 2016, p.33
  67. ^ "Equipment Fit". National Cold War Exhibition. Royal Air Force Museum. 2013 yil. Olingan 10 iyun 2020.
  68. ^ "Tactical Nuclear Weapons. 1971–1972". Milliy arxiv. p. 5. DEFE 11/470 E30. Olingan 11 iyun 2016.
  69. ^ a b Norris 1994, p. 64.
  70. ^ Williams 2016, p. 166
  71. ^ Braybrook, Ray (1981). "Lightning". RAF Yearbook. Leicester: WM Caple: 53.
  72. ^ a b Fricker, John (1980). "The RAF Looks Ahead". RAF Yearbook. Leicester: Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund.
  73. ^ "Tornado F.3: Tremblers' Farewell – the end of the Tornado F.3". Global Aviation Resource. 2011 yil 22 mart. Olingan 29 may 2016.
  74. ^ a b Eade, David. "The Wattisham Chronicles – Part five: Phantastic Phantom's arrival". Wattisham Aviation Society. Olingan 28 mart 2019.
  75. ^ a b "The Phantom". Wattisham Heritage Museum. Olingan 18 iyun 2020.
  76. ^ Smith, Gordon (31 May 2013). "Part 15. Royal Air Force – Role & Operations". Battle Atlas of the Falklands War 1982 by Land, Sea and Air. naval-history.net. Olingan 2 iyun 2015.
  77. ^ "29(R) Squadron". Qirollik havo kuchlari. 2015. Olingan 2 iyun 2015.
  78. ^ a b v d e Archer, Bob (1992). "Sunset for the Phantom". RAF Yearbook. IAT Publishing: 13–15.
  79. ^ Peacock, Lindsay (1990). "For F4 Read F3". RAF Yearbook. Fairford: IAT Publishing.
  80. ^ Jackson, Paul (1988). "Farewell Lightning, Welcome Tornado". RAF Yearbook. Fairford: IAT Publishing.
  81. ^ a b v Darling 2012, p. 189.
  82. ^ Tom King, Secretary of State for Defence (25 July 1990). "Defence (Options for Change)". Parlament muhokamalari (Xansard). United Kingdom: House of Commons. kol. 468–486.
  83. ^ Gledhill 2017, p. 413
  84. ^ Gledhill 2012, p. 186
  85. ^ a b "Serials in range ZE". UK Serials Resource Centre. Wolverhampton Aviation Group. 2016 yil. Olingan 9 iyun 2016.
  86. ^ Macfadyen, Ian (1992). "Phantoms over the South Atlantic". RAF Yearbook. Leicester: IAT Publishing: 63–66.
  87. ^ a b v d e Rawlings, John (1985). "The Tigers Are Back". RAF Yearbook. ABC: 33.
  88. ^ a b Davies 2016, p. 30.
  89. ^ "RAF Timeline 1980–1989". Qirollik havo kuchlari. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2013 yil 31-avgustda. Olingan 23 mart 2015. No 74 Squadron reforms at Wattisham with the delivery of the first of the F4J Phantoms, given the RAF designation Phantom F3
  90. ^ "No 74 Squadron". National Cold War Exhibition. Royal Air Force Museum. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 17-may kuni. Olingan 17 may 2016.
  91. ^ Davies 2016, p.30
  92. ^ "Dvigatel". National Cold War Exhibition. Royal Air Force Museum. 2013 yil. Olingan 10 iyun 2020.
  93. ^ Gledhill 2012, p. 89
  94. ^ "Radome Open". ejection-history.org.uk. 15 November 2012. Archived from asl nusxasi 2015 yil 25 avgustda. Olingan 19 iyun 2020.
  95. ^ a b "Weaponry". National Cold War Exhibition. RAF muzeyi. Olingan 20 sentyabr 2016.
  96. ^ Davies 2016, p. 24.
  97. ^ a b Hobbs 2009, p. 220
  98. ^ a b v The Phantom and the Spey (Information plaque in museum). RAF Museum, Hendon: Royal Air Force Museum. 2003 yil.
  99. ^ Davies 2016, p.31
  100. ^ Seider, Michael (January 1975). "Yank in the Royal Navy". Dengiz aviatsiyasi yangiliklari. Chief of Naval Operations. pp. 22–26. Olingan 11 iyun 2020.
  101. ^ Burns, J.G.; Edwards, M. (14 January 1971). "Blow, Blow Thou BLC Wind". Xalqaro reys. Flight Global. 99 (3227): 56–59. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2018 yil 11 fevralda. Olingan 31 mart 2016.
  102. ^ "Equipment Fit". National Cold War Exhibition. RAF muzeyi. Olingan 20 sentyabr 2016.
  103. ^ HMS Ark Royal 1970–73 Commissioning Book (PDF). p. 76.
  104. ^ a b Davies 2016, p. 14.
  105. ^ McDonnell model numbers (PDF) (Hisobot). McDonnell Douglas Aviation. 1 July 1974. p. 66. Olingan 9 iyun 2016.
  106. ^ McDonnell model numbers (PDF) (Hisobot). McDonnell Douglas Aviation. 1 July 1974. p. 83. Olingan 9 iyun 2016.
  107. ^ The Royal Air Force Phantom II (PDF) (Hisobot). McDonnell Aircraft. 1 August 1966. pp. 44–49. Olingan 9 iyun 2016.
  108. ^ McDonnell model numbers (PDF) (Hisobot). McDonnell Douglas Aviation. 1 July 1974. p. 93. Olingan 9 iyun 2016.
  109. ^ Lake 1992, p. 164
  110. ^ a b Davies 2013, p. 35
  111. ^ Rogoway, Tyler (18 October 2015). "The F-4 Phantom's Manufacturer Wanted To Give It Swing-Wings". Foxtrot Alpha. Olingan 18 may 2016.
  112. ^ Simpson, R.C. (1978). "Tornado means trouble...for WARPAC!". RAF Yearbook. Leicester: Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund.
  113. ^ "RAF faces the Fighter Gap" (PDF). Xalqaro reys. IPC Transport Press. 114 (3624): 727. 2 September 1978. Archived from asl nusxasi (PDF) on 18 February 2019. Olingan 26 may 2016.
  114. ^ a b "F-15s for the Royal Air Force?" (PDF). Xalqaro reys. IPC Transport Press. 114 (3625): 935. 9 September 1978. Archived from asl nusxasi (PDF) 2012 yil 12-noyabrda. Olingan 21 iyun 2016.
  115. ^ a b Wilson, Harold (7 October 1975). "Up, Up and Almost Away" (PDF). Dengiz sharhi. 64 (4): 291–298. Olingan 31 may 2015.
  116. ^ Jackson, Paul (1985). "A Refurbished Umbrella". RAF Yearbook. Leicester: Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund.
  117. ^ "Jasur class: Overview". National Cold War Exhibition. Royal Air Force Museum. 2013 yil. Olingan 18 iyun 2020.
  118. ^ Dow 2014, p. 214
  119. ^ White, Rowland (2010). Phoenix Squadron. London: Corgi Books. p. 40. ISBN  978-0-552-15290-7.
  120. ^ Parker, John (2003). Task Force - Untold Stories of the Heroes of the Royal Navy. London: sarlavha. p. 92. ISBN  978-0755312023.
  121. ^ a b v Hobbs 1982, p. 8
  122. ^ Walpole, Martin (2006). Best of Breed: The Hunter in Fighter Reconnaissance. Barsnley: Pen & Sword. p. 88. ISBN  978-1844154128.
  123. ^ "2 Squadron". Qirollik havo kuchlari. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 3-iyun kuni. Olingan 28 may 2016.
  124. ^ Barrymore-Halpenny, Bruce (2014). English Electric Canberra: The History and Development of a Classic Jet. Barsli: Qalam va qilich. p. 203. ISBN  978-1783461905.
  125. ^ "17 Squadron". Qirollik havo kuchlari. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 28 oktyabrda. Olingan 28 may 2016.
  126. ^ "31 Squadron". Qirollik havo kuchlari. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 26 iyunda. Olingan 28 may 2016.
  127. ^ "6 Squadron". Qirollik havo kuchlari. Olingan 28 may 2016.
  128. ^ "6 Squadron". Qirollik havo kuchlari. Olingan 28 may 2016.
  129. ^ "14 Squadron". Qirollik havo kuchlari. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017 yil 2 fevralda. Olingan 28 may 2016.
  130. ^ "14 Squadron". Qirollik havo kuchlari. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017 yil 2 fevralda. Olingan 28 may 2016.
  131. ^ Smith Watson, Ian (2018). History of the Gloster Javelin. Stroud: Fonthill Media. p. 157. ISBN  978-1781553749.
  132. ^ "43 Squadron". Qirollik havo kuchlari. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 30 mayda. Olingan 28 may 2016.
  133. ^ "54 Squadron". Qirollik havo kuchlari. Olingan 28 may 2016.
  134. ^ "No 19 Squadron". National Cold War Exhibition. Royal Air Force Museum. 2013 yil. Olingan 13 iyun 2020.
  135. ^ "No 92 Squadron". National Cold War Exhibition. Royal Air Force Museum. 2013 yil. Olingan 13 iyun 2020.
  136. ^ Ellis 2014, p. 209.
  137. ^ a b Ellis 2014, p. 222.
  138. ^ "Legendary F4 Phantom jet fighter comes ashore in Larne". Larne Times. 2015 yil 19-iyun. Olingan 28 may 2016.
  139. ^ "Black Mike heading to South Wales". Aviatsiya yangiliklari. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2019 yil 28 martda. Olingan 5 dekabr 2018.
  140. ^ Ellis 2014, p. 212.
  141. ^ Ellis 2014, p. 138.
  142. ^ Davies 2016, p. 53
  143. ^ Ellis 2014, p. 258.
  144. ^ a b Ellis 2014, p. 217.
  145. ^ Ellis 2014, p. 41.
  146. ^ Ellis 2014, p. 270.
  147. ^ a b Ellis 2014, p. 90.
  148. ^ Ellis 2014, p. 177.
  149. ^ Ellis 2014, p. 153.
  150. ^ Ellis 2014, Appendix A.
  151. ^ Ellis 2014, p. 29.
  152. ^ Ellis 2014, p. 24.
  153. ^ Winston, George (15 October 2019). "Two British Phantoms to Be Restored". Urush tarixi Onlayn. Olingan 5 dekabr 2019.
  154. ^ Wright 2018, p. 50
  155. ^ "F-4 Phantom II". Boeing. Olingan 22 iyun 2020.
  156. ^ Wright 2018, p. 45

Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • Baker, A.D. (1998). Dunyo flotlariga qarshi kurash bo'yicha dengiz instituti qo'llanmasi 1998-1999: ularning kemalari, samolyotlari va tizimlari. Annapolis, Merilend: Naval Institute Press. ISBN  978-0-13017-120-7.
  • Beedle, Jimmy (2011). The Fighting Cocks: 43 (Fighter) Squadron. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Publishing. ISBN  978-1-84884-385-1.
  • Benbow, Tim (2011). British Naval Aviation: The First 100 Years. Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN  978-1-40940-612-9.
  • Burke, Damien (2010). TSR2: Britain's Lost Bomber. Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press. ISBN  978-1-84797-211-8.
  • Buttler, Toni (2003). Britaniya maxfiy loyihalari: Jet bombardimonchilari 1949 yildan. Xinkli, Buyuk Britaniya: Midland nashriyoti. ISBN  978-1-85780-130-9.
  • Chant, Kristofer (2013). Qurol-yarog 'va harbiy texnika to'plami. Abingdon: Routledge Revival. ISBN  978-0-41571-068-8.
  • Keygill, Piter (2005). Kokpitdan xayol. Barsli: Casemate Publishers. p. 43. ISBN  978-1-84415-225-4.
  • Darling, Kev (2012). RAF Strike Command 1968–2007: samolyotlar, erkaklar va harakat. Barsli: Qalam va qilich aviatsiyasi. ISBN  978-1-84884-898-6.
  • Devies, Piter E. (2016). USN McDonnell Duglas F-4 Phantom II. Oksford: Osprey nashriyoti. ISBN  978-1-47280-495-2.
  • Devies, Piter E. (2013). USAF McDonnell Duglas F-4 Phantom II. Oksford: Osprey nashriyoti. ISBN  978-1-78096-608-3.
  • Dow, Endryu (2014). Pegasus - Harrierning yuragi. Barsli: Qalam va qilich. ISBN  978-1-47382-760-8.
  • Ellis, Ken (2014). Vayronalar va yodgorliklar - 24-nashr. Manchester, Angliya: Crecy Publishing. ISBN  978-0-85979-177-9.
  • Gledxill, Devid (2017). Sovuq urushdagi xayolparastlik: RAF Vildenrat, 1977–1992. Barsli: Qalam va qilich kitoblari. ISBN  978-1-52670-408-5.
  • Gledxill, Devid (2012). Fokusdagi xayol: Buyuk Britaniyaning sovuq urush jangchisiga navigatorning ko'zi. Stroud: Fonthill Media. ISBN  978-1-78155-048-9.
  • Xempshir, Edvard (2013). Suvayshning sharqidan Sharqiy Atlantika tomon: Britaniyaning dengiz siyosati 1964–70. Farnham: Ashgate nashriyoti. ISBN  978-1-13827-134-0.
  • Xobbs, Devid (1982). 1945 yildan beri Qirollik floti samolyoti. Liskeard: dengiz kitoblari. ISBN  978-0-90777-106-7.
  • Xobbs, Devid (2009). Bir asr aviatashuvchisi. Barsli: Seaforth nashriyoti. ISBN  978-1-84832-019-2.
  • Xobbs, Devid (2013). Britaniyaning samolyot tashuvchilari: dizayn, ishlab chiqish va xizmat ko'rsatish tarixi. Barsnley: Seaforth nashriyoti. ISBN  978-1-84832-138-0.
  • Xobbs, Devid (2020). Britaniyaning "Carrier Strike" floti: 1945 yildan keyin. Barsnley: Qalam va qilich. ISBN  978-1-52678-544-2.
  • Leyk, Jon (1992). Osmondagi hayoliy ruh. London: Aerospace Publishing. ISBN  978-1-880588-04-8.
  • Martin, Patrik (2012). British Phantoms: Phantom FG Mk.1 va FGR Mk.2 qirollik floti va RAF xizmatida 1966-1978. Erlangen: Ikki karra xunuk kitoblar. ISBN  978-3-935687-84-3.
  • Martin, Patrik (2013). British Phantoms: 1979-1992 yillarda Royal Phantom Service-da Phantom FG Mk.1, FGR Mk.2 va F-4J (Buyuk Britaniya).. Erlangen: Ikki karra xunuk kitoblar. ISBN  978-3-935687-85-0.
  • McLelland, Tim (2016). Britaniyaning Sovuq urush bombardimonchilari. London: Fontill. ISBN  978-1-78155-534-7.
  • McLelland, Tim (2017). Britaniyaning Sovuq urush jangchilari. London: Fontill. ISBN  978-1-78155-630-6.
  • Nikolas, Jek (2005 yil iyul). "Bak uchun katta portlashlar: Britaniyaning 1960-1998 yillardagi taktik yadro kuchlari". Air International. Vol. 69 yo'q. 1. 45-49 betlar. ISSN  0306-5634.
  • Norris, Robert (1994). Britaniya, Frantsiya va Xitoyning yadroviy qurollari, Yadro qurollari Databook, jild. V. Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN  978-0-81331-612-3.
  • Pettit, Martin, ed. (1983). Britaniya harbiy samolyotlarining seriyalari va markalari. Britaniya aviatsiya tadqiqot guruhi / Nostalgair / Aviatsiya sevimli mashg'ulotlari do'koni. ISBN  978-0-90633-904-6.
  • Proktor, Yan (2014). Sovuq urushda qirollik havo kuchlari, 1950-1970 yillar. Barsli: Qalam va qilich. ISBN  978-1-78383-189-0.
  • Richardson, Dag (1984). "3-bob: qo'zg'alish". Zamonaviy Fighting Aircraft F4. London: Salamander kitoblari. ISBN  978-0-86101-133-9.
  • Sumner, E.K. (1971 yil yanvar). "Ark Royal: Buyuk Britaniyaning g'ururi". Dengiz aviatsiyasi yangiliklari. Dengiz operatsiyalari boshlig'i. 36-39 betlar.
  • Sturtivant, Rey (2004). 1946 yildan buyon Fleet Air Arm sabit qanotli samolyotlar. Tonbridge: Air-Britaniya. ISBN  978-0-85130-283-6.
  • Thetford, Ouen (1991). 1912 yildan buyon Britaniya dengiz samolyoti. London: Putnam. ISBN  978-0-85177-849-5.
  • "RAF va FAA Phantom yo'qotishlari". Chiqish tarixi. 15 Noyabr 2012. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2015 yil 24 avgustda. Olingan 1 iyun 2015.
  • Uilyams, Grem (2016). Rapsodiya ko'k rangda: Sovuq urush davrida RAF qiruvchi uchuvchisining hayoti. London: Fonthill Media. ISBN  978-1-78155-535-4.
  • Vinchester, Jim (2010). Jet Fighters: Ichkarida va tashqarida. London: Amber kitoblari. ISBN  978-1-90744-619-1.
  • Rayt, Kevin (oktyabr 2018). "Fantomlar RAF xizmatida" (PDF). Aviatsiya yangiliklari. Stemford: Key Publishing Limited. 42-51 betlar. Olingan 17 iyul 2020.